第三講代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞

1、2012初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義（三）代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞 （教 師）一、代詞1.定義：為避免重復(fù)而用來(lái)代替前文提到的名詞的詞2.分類：共八類，分別為人稱代詞（主格和賓格）、物主代詞（形容詞性和名詞性）、反身代詞（-self）、指示代詞（this, that, these, those), 疑問(wèn)代詞(wh-)，不定代詞(some,any及其與thing，body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞等等），相互代詞(each other, one another)和關(guān)系代詞。3.人稱代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1）不同人稱代詞的順序問(wèn)題a.單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)? you,he/she and I；you ,him/he

2、r and me（賓格）b.復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋簑e,you and they; （主格）；us，you and them注意： 在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。a. 在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)。 It was I and John that made her angry. (我和約翰) b. 在長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩，長(zhǎng)官對(duì)下屬說(shuō)話時(shí)，如長(zhǎng)官為第一人稱。 I and you try to finish it.（我和你）2) it 的特別用法a.作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)Its necessary to buy that dictionary. I consider it important to a

3、sk the teacher. (不用that) b. it表示時(shí)間，天氣，季節(jié)，距離，還可以指代上文內(nèi)容。It rains all the year. Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterday. It was of great interest.3) 人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，常用賓格而不是主格。- Id like to stay here for another week. - Me too. （I）4. 物主代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1) 形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞作用，后面一定要有 （有/沒(méi)有）名詞；名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞，后面一定沒(méi)有（有/沒(méi)有）名詞。比較：這

4、本書(shū)是我的。This is my book. This book is mine.2) 物主代詞不可與 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置修飾一個(gè)名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。3) 雙重所有格（a friend of mine 的用法）公式為：a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞e.g. How many friends of yours （你的多少朋友）will come to the party?

5、5. 反身代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1) 可作賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，但不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。判斷正誤: Myself drive the car. (F) I myself drive the car. (T) 2) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)代詞與主語(yǔ)指同一人時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)要用反身代詞。 You should be proud of yourself. (you)比較: Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）Mary saw her in the mirror. （she）（看到另外一人）3) oneself親自（做），相當(dāng)于personally, in person；by onese

6、lf獨(dú)自（做），相當(dāng)于alone或獨(dú)立做；for oneself 獨(dú)立（做），自己動(dòng)手做，相當(dāng)于without being helped或者“為自己”b. You should go to see him yourself. (you) 你應(yīng)該親自去見(jiàn)他。He likes to take a walk by himself. (he) 他喜歡獨(dú)自一人去散步。You should work out problem for yourself. (you) 你應(yīng)該獨(dú)立解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。4) teach oneself 自學(xué) enjoy oneself 過(guò)得愉快 dress oneself 自己穿衣服 c

7、ant help oneself 情不自禁 help oneself to 隨便吃/請(qǐng)自便 talk / speak to oneself 自言自語(yǔ)6.指示代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1）this, these常指時(shí)間，空間離說(shuō)話者較近人或物；that，those常指時(shí)間，空間離說(shuō)話者較遠(yuǎn)人或物。2) that, those用來(lái)代替前面說(shuō)過(guò)的事物以免重復(fù)。The weather in Wuhan is much colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. (用this/that填空) The radios made in Guangzhou are better tha

8、n those made in Changchun. 3) that有時(shí)可代替句子或句中的一部分。 He was ill. Thats why he didnt come. 7.疑問(wèn)代詞 who/whomWho put the light out before I finished my work?Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?With whom did you go to the concert?8.不定代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1) 包括all, both, each, either, neither, mor

9、e, little, few, much, many, *another, *other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one以及something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.2) 以上既可起名詞作用也可用作形容詞，但標(biāo)*的除外，他們只能作定語(yǔ)；“以及”后面的只能起名詞作用。3) all VS both: all指三者及三者以上; both指兩者。a. all的主謂

10、一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。All goes (go) well. All of the students come (come). b. both一般修飾可數(shù)名詞（兩者），謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)Both Mary and Mike are students. （be）We both can speak English. (speak)We are both students. 位置在名詞前，行為動(dòng)詞前，be動(dòng)詞之后。（前/后）4) either VS neither: either指兩者中任意一個(gè); neither指兩者中沒(méi)有一個(gè)，全否定。 a.作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)，但

11、有時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)也可以。Either of the films is/are good. Neither of the films is/are good. b.作定語(yǔ)與單數(shù)名詞連用。Either film is good. Neither film is good.c.可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。She can't sing，neither (can) he. 5) neither VS nor a.如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。e.g. If you don't do it，neither should I.(neither/nor) b.如同一個(gè)人不做不同的事用nor，不

12、用neither。e.g. He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.6) no one VS none:No one 一般指人，其后不能加of短語(yǔ)；none 既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短語(yǔ)。No one常用來(lái)回答who的提問(wèn)；none常用來(lái)回答how many/ much的提問(wèn)。 - Who told you the news? - No one. I read the newspaper. (no one/ none) -How much money have you got on you? - None.a. none of表示若干人（物）中一個(gè)也不

13、，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。b.在答語(yǔ)中none可單獨(dú)使用。e.g. -Are there any pictures on the wall?-None.7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指與前面的名詞同類的另一事物，既同名異物；that, it表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個(gè)，而it 與所指名詞為同一個(gè)。e.g. I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) (one/ that/ it)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個(gè)) I

14、 can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.(同一物) 8) some VS anya. some也可與單數(shù)名詞連用,意為"某一"（= a certain）e.g. You will be sorry for this some day. b. any可用于肯定句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three novels. You may read any. c. some用于肯定疑問(wèn)句中：說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為對(duì)方的答案會(huì)是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。Would you like句式中，表委婉請(qǐng)求或建議

15、，如： Would you like some coffee?9) one/ another/ the other / others: one the other只有兩個(gè) some the others有三個(gè)以上others = other people/things; the others = the rest剩余的全部another 泛指另一個(gè) a.一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物)，一個(gè)用one，另一個(gè)用the other。b.一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個(gè)用one，另一個(gè)用one (another)，第三個(gè)可用the other，a third。c.一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物some，剩余的全部用the o

16、thers。10) a few, little, a few, a little: (a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞; a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點(diǎn); few / little為否定含義，沒(méi)有多少了。 固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) *many a (=many)Generally, a mild, sunny climate, with little rain.11) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，要放在不定代詞后面。 I have nothi

17、ng important to deal with now.(沒(méi)有什么重要的)二、介詞1. 當(dāng)介詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用ing形式。They are frightened of going into the area.2. 意義相近的介詞的區(qū)別：1）in, after, latera. in表從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始一段時(shí)間以后,往往和一般將來(lái)時(shí)肯定句連用e.g.Hell reach here in two days b. after表以過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，“過(guò)之后”，其后既可接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，又可接時(shí)段。但是，如果after用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)，那么其后應(yīng)接時(shí)間點(diǎn)。He left there after two o&

18、#39;clock that afternoon.They started to go again after two days. I think he'll come here after three o'clock.c. later指“以后”、“后來(lái)”，可以指過(guò)去，也可指將來(lái)，是副詞，常常放在時(shí)間段的名詞之后。Three days later he got to Beijing.2) at, in, on表示時(shí)間的區(qū)別a. at用于表示時(shí)刻、時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)。e.g. at noon, at present, at Christmasb. in用于表示周、月、季節(jié)、年，泛指的上

19、午、下午、晚上。c. on表示具體的節(jié)日、幾月幾號(hào)、星期幾。on Teachers Day, on Tuesday morningd.注意：泛指一般的上午（下午）時(shí)用in，但特指某日的上午（下午）時(shí)用on。e.g. on a cold nighte.在this, last, next, every等詞前面不能再加介詞this morning, last Friday, next Sunday3) in, by , with表示“用”a. with表“用工具”后面的名詞，要加上冠詞或代詞。b. in表“用材料”后面加物質(zhì)名詞，不能加冠詞。c. by表“用手段”后面用名詞單數(shù)，不能加冠詞。She

20、always goes to school by bike. The guard cut one boot open with a knife.He writes in black ink.4) 表示 “排除” “包括”的介詞 初中階段,表示“排除”的介詞: but, expect, expect for. 表示 “包括”的介詞: besides.besides 除還,計(jì)算在內(nèi); except 除之外,不計(jì)算在內(nèi).I like English, math, Chinese besides P.E. 除了體育，我還喜歡英語(yǔ)，數(shù)學(xué)和語(yǔ)文。We are all Chinese except Tom

21、in our class. 除了Tom，我們都是中國(guó)人。5) 表示地點(diǎn)，方位的介詞： on, over, under, above, belowa. on表示在某物面上，與此物接觸。e.g. There are two maps on the wall.b. over表示在某物正上方，與此物不接觸或橫在某物上或覆蓋在某物上；under在正下方，是over的反義詞。 There is a light over Li Ming. There is a ball under the table.c. above意為 在上，強(qiáng)調(diào)“高于”；below是above的反義詞。也指溫度，海拔。We were

22、flying above the clouds. Part of the Netherlands is below the level of the sea.6) by, until (till)a. by在前（時(shí)間）；截至（到）一般和完成時(shí)連用,不可作連詞 How many English books had you read by the end of last year? b. until（till）直到為止（時(shí)間）可與多個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用,既可以作介詞，也可以作連詞，until和till可以通用，till一般不用于句首。在肯定句中，表示“做某事直到時(shí)間為止”，要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；在否定句

23、中，表示“直到才”，可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。Eg. Nothing happened until 5 o'clock. （作介詞）The street is full of traffic from morning till night. （作介詞）Continue in this direction until you see a sign. （作連詞）I won't stop shouting until you let me go. （作連詞）They went to other towns and waited until the water level fell again.

24、（作連詞）7) 某些介詞的省略be busy (in) doing sth. have difficulty/ trouble doing (in) sth.(in) this/ that way spend(in) doing sth.have a good time (in) doing sth. waste(in) doing sth.There is no use/good (in) doing sth.三、連詞1.定義：連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)、句子與句子的詞2.分類：從連詞本身的含意及其所連接的成分的性質(zhì)來(lái)看，可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。1) 常用來(lái)并列同類性質(zhì)的詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短

25、語(yǔ)或分句與分句的并列連詞and, or, neither.nor, either.or, not only.but also, both.and2）引導(dǎo)從句的連詞叫做從屬連詞，分連接代詞和連接副詞兩種。3.重難點(diǎn)：1）or在非否定句中表“或者”，在否定句中代替ande.g. Are you a teacher or a student? I dont like reading or writing. 2) 當(dāng)either.or., neither.nor, not only., but also.并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最靠近的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致，即就近原則。Either his par

26、ents or he himself is (be) at home now.Neither my classmates nor I am (be) reading now. Not only her friends but also Lucy was (be) here yesterday. 3) 當(dāng)連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與 as well as 前面的主語(yǔ)一致；謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與not onlybut also 與后面的主語(yǔ)一致。My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy classical music. Not only my parents b

27、ut also my elder sister enjoys classical music.4) that用于引導(dǎo)陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句，可以（可以/不可以?）省去。 She says that she likes watching TV very much.5) because 和 so 不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子；though /although 不能和but 連用。6) if, whether連接由一般疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。They are wondering if they can get the money back. 四、冠詞: 定冠詞the，不定冠詞a, an1.要用the的

28、特別情況:1) 兩人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)特定的比較級(jí)前。He is the taller of the two children in his family.2）only, very, same 修飾名詞時(shí)。That's the very thing I've been looking for. 3) 用在形容詞、動(dòng)名詞、過(guò)去分詞前表示一類人或物或某種抽象概念。the rich (poor, old, young, sick, dead, new, blind, wounded); the true; the living ;the dying; the unexpected; th

29、e unknown;4) 用在單數(shù)名詞前表示某一類人或事物。 The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.5) 慣用語(yǔ): in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in th

30、e end, on the whole（大體上，基本上）， by the way 6)用在海洋、河流、山脈、群島、某些國(guó)名等名詞前。the Atlantic; the Alps; the Yellow sea; 7)用在某些組織機(jī)構(gòu)、報(bào)刊、雜志、學(xué)校、歷史朝代、三軍、船只、飛機(jī)等名詞前。The World Trade Center, the Empire State Building, the Peoples Daily, the Times, the University of Beijing (但Beijing University), the International Climate

31、Conference, the YHA, 8）用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人，夫婦倆”。The Greens are watching TV. (Green全家)2.要用不定冠詞的特別情況：1）用在可數(shù)名詞前,泛指人、事或物的類別，相當(dāng)于any。e.g. A child needs love. 2）用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前,表示 “一陣、一份、一類、一場(chǎng)”等 e.g. Id like an ice-cream.3）用在姓名前或+姓氏前,表示”某一個(gè),某位”,有不肯定的意味;也可表示 “一位”,指某家庭成員。 A Mr Thomson wanted to see you. 4) 與序數(shù)詞用表 “再一

32、,又一” She has called on the president a third time but hasnt seen him yet.5) 要用不定冠詞的慣用短語(yǔ): in a way; have a try; make a living; take an interest in; lend a hand; for a while; in a hurry; in a word; take a rest/bath/walk3.有些詞組中有無(wú)冠詞含義是不同的，比較：in hospital 住院in the hospital在醫(yī)院（參觀或工作）at table 在吃飯 by day 白天a

33、t the table 在桌子旁 by the day 按日計(jì)算take place 發(fā)生 in future 今后take the place of 取代 in the future 將來(lái)go to church / college/ prison /school 做禮拜/ 上大學(xué)/ 坐牢/上學(xué)go to the church/ college / prison /school 到教堂去/ 到大學(xué)去/ 到監(jiān)獄去/ 到學(xué)校去4. 表示某一類事物的方法。A cat has sharp eyes at night. Cats are loved by many people.The cat can

34、 catch the mouse.第三講 代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞 鞏固練習(xí) （教師）I. 選擇(C ) 1. Only _ know it. A. I and heB. he and youC. he and ID. I and you(D ) 2. The price of a watch is higher than _ of a pen. A. it B. price C. anyD. that (D ) 3. -Do you like these computers? - No, I dont like _. A. all themB. them allC. someD. any(C

35、) 4. -Look, who is coming? -_ must be our English teacher. A. SheB. He C. It D. This(B ) 5. -How many policemen did you see? -_.A No oneB. NoneC. Not many onesD. No many(D ) 6. He ran too fast for _ to catch up with. A. everybodyB. somebodyC. nobodyD. anybody(A ) 7. Mum, do we have _ meat in the fri

36、dge？- No, we have _ left.A. enough, little B. lots of, anyC. much, many D. a few, few(B ) 8. If you drove more carefully, your uncle would be all right and you wouldnt have hurt _. A. youB. yourself C. yours D. yourselves(B ) 9. When shall we meet next time, next Wednesday or Thursday? - _ day is OK

37、. A. AnyB. EitherC. EveryD. Some(D ) 10. Here is a seat for _. A. both us B. us both C. both of us D. B and C(B ) 11. -Which of your parents is a doctor? - _. Theyre _ teachers. A. Neither, all B. Neither, bothC. None, allD. None, both(B ) 12.The moonlight is coming in _ the window and the room seem

38、s quiet and beautiful.A. across              B. through        C. over D. past(B ) 13.You can study the grammar _ memorizing it.A. with B. by C. in D. on(A ) 14.In the UK, smoking kills about 114

39、,000 people each year, 300 people die every day because of smoking, and _ them many are young smokers.A. among B. betweenC. fromD. in(D ) 15. It was a great day but we did not enjoy it _ the beginning.A. on B. for C. with D. at (C ) 16. Many sportsmen are getting ready _ the 2008 Beijing Olympic Gam

40、es.A. to    B. with      C. for    D. on(C ) 17. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? _.A. In three days. B. After three days.C. In three days time. D. Three days later.(A ) 18. He went to Shanghai _ September, 1991 and came back _ a cold

41、morning last year.A. in; on B. on; in C. on; on D. in; in (C ) 19.I hear you have got a ticket _ the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.Yes, I got it _ my uncle.A. of, from B. to, byC. to, fromD. or, to(D ) 20. Tom sat _ the classroom, looking at the old trees _ the classroom.A. behind, in the

42、 front of B. at the back of, in the front ofC. behind, in front of D. at the back of, in front of (A ) 21. I don't like to sit _ Tom's right. I would like to sit _ the back row.A. on; in B. in; on C. on; at D. at; on( B ) 22. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthdays.A. on, on B.

43、at, on C. in, in D. in, on (D ) 23.How do you like the two pairs of shoes?They dont fit me well. They are _ too big _ too small.A. not only; but also B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; or(C ) 24. -What do you think of the book about Harry Potter? -I like it very much. Its _ interesting _ exciti

44、ng.A. neither, nor B. not, but C. not only, but also D. either, or(C ) 25. Mary got up late this morning, _ she didnt catch the first bus.A. because B. for C. so D. or (B ) 26. -Its a long story, but there are few new words in it. -Good! _it will be hard for children.A. So B. Or C. But D. And (C ) 2

45、7. I hardly knew anything about it _ you told me.A. since B. after C. until D. when ( C) 28.Whats wrong with my son, doctor?n _ serious. Just a slight cold.A. Something B. AnythingC. NothingD. Everything(A ) 29. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with _. A. the otherB. anotherC. othersD. other( B) 30. - Can I get you a drink?n Thats very nice of you. I have already got _. A. itB. oneC.