英語國家概況3-4

1、2021/8/141Lecture 3 England2021/8/142Learning focusA brief introduction to EnglandThe Beginning of Britain The early settlers Roman Conquest Anglo-Saxon Conquest Viking Raids Norman ConquestEnglish Revolution Civil War The Republican experiment of Cromwell Restoration Glorious Revolution 2021/8/1432

2、021/8/144EnglandCharacteristics of EnglandCharacteristics of EnglandHighly urbanizedPhysically largest with largest populationDominance in: size/ culture/ economy - take England for UKMountains and Rivers in EnglandMountains and Rivers in EnglandPennines (奔寧山脈）奔寧山脈）: the backbone（背脊骨）（背脊骨） of Englan

3、d Lake district（湖區(qū)）（湖區(qū)）2021/8/145Lake Districtin North West EnglandA popular holiday destinationbeing famous for its lakes (the 15 lakes radiate like the spokes of a wheel from a central hub)Lake PoetsLake Poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, etc.2021/8/146The Beginning of EnglandThe Beginni

4、ng of EnglandThe Early Settlers (55BC)Roman Conquest (55BC410AD)Anglo-Saxon Conquest (410-871)Viking Raids (871-1042)Norman Conquest (1066)2021/8/147The Early settlers (-55BC)8,000 years ago Britain became an islandNatives of Britain: Celts/Britons Celts/Britons: a people dominated much of western E

5、urope and central Europe Settled in British Isles about 700BC 2021/8/148Celtic civilizationStonehenge (巨石柱）About 5,000 years agoThe most famous pre-historic monument and tourist attraction2021/8/149Roman Conquest (55BC410AD)InvasionTimeInvaders155BC54BCRoman Emperor:Julius Caesar243ADRoman Emperor:C

6、laudius2021/8/1410Roman civilization The month “July” was invented by Julius Caesar himselfThe Diary Julius Caesar wrote in England marked the beginning of the written history of EnglandAchievement in architecture: “All roads lead to Rome” -built temples, towns, theatres, find building and roads.Ach

7、ievement in agriculture - drained the marshes, clear away the forests, and taught Celts to cultivate their landAchievement in politics - introduced a system of organized governmentHadrians Wall(哈德良長城）2021/8/1411Anglo-Saxon Conquest (410-871)Angles, Saxons and Jutes (Germanic peoples) invadedWarring

8、period Angles: East Anglia, Mecia, and Northumbia Saxons: Essex, Sussex and Wessex Jutes: KentThe name “England” was given by Angles. (Angles land).Anglo-Saxons: the forefather of the EnglishAnglo-Saxon Conquest marked the beginning of the Old English2021/8/1412King ArthurHe united the BritishHis fa

9、mous “round table” knights a more democratic systemHe drove the Saxons back with his magical sword A hero of the BritishAgainst forefather of the English2021/8/1413Viking Raids/Danish Invasion (871-1042)From Scandinavia /DanmarkFrom1017-1041- England was ruled by Danish kings. A cultural division be

10、tween north and south England: “Saxons” VS “Danes”2021/8/1414Alfred the Great(871-899)King of WessexIn war: “father of British navy”In peace: Promoting the teaching of Christianity His translations were regarded as “the beginning of the prose literature in England2021/8/1415Norman Conquest (1066)Who

11、 Duke of Normandy: William the Conqueror (from northern France)Time October 14,1066Cause: the dispute over the throne William (Duke of Normandy, King Edwards cousin) Harold (Brother of King Edwards wife and hereditary ruler of Wessex)Event William defeated the English king Harold. (turning point: th

12、e battle of Hasting)Significance Last invasion from outside marks the formal establishment of feudalism in England marks the beginning of the middle English bilingualism 2021/8/1416William the conquerorPolitics: consolidation of the monarchyReligion: make himself head of bishopsMilitary: build the t

13、ower of LondonEconomy: make a general survey about the wealth of EnglandDomesday Book (1086)2021/8/1417Robin HoodHeroic Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans“Merry men” : robbed from the rich to give to the poor2021/8/1418British invasion historyInvasion TimeInvaders43ADThe Romans5th centuryThe An

14、gels, Saxons and Jutes8th centuryThe Vikings1066Normans2021/8/1419English Revolution (1640-1688)-transfer of the power from the monarchy to the parliamentCivil War (1642-1649)Republican experiment of Cromwell (1649-1658)The Restoration of Charles II (1660)Glorious Revolution (1688) 2021/8/1420Civil

15、War (1642-1649)Background: Charles I believed in “divine rights of king”(君權(quán)神授）and dismissed the parliament for 11 years (1629-1640). It was only when he needed an army to fight against Scotland that he recalled the parliament but was refused by the parliamentBetween The Roundheads (supporters of the

16、 parliament, led by Cromwell) The cavaliers (supporters of the king)Result The execution of Charles I and his son was driven out of England Cromwell established the Republican England, the commonwealth of England 2021/8/1421Glorious Revolution (1688)Background James II was a catholic, the parliament invited his daughter and son-in-law from Holland to take the throne.Effects marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy, a mona