法律語言(英文)

1、法律文本要求詳盡及準確，不能引起任何歧義，這必然導(dǎo)致其句法結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜。法律英語已在句法層次上形成了自身的特色：多為長句、完整句，通常是陳述句，常使用被動句和名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。而法律漢語有相同之處，也有不同之處，下面會通過對比詳盡介紹。（一） 復(fù)雜長句和簡短句的結(jié)合使用 中文行文忌長句，以短句、分句為主，而法律英語常常使用長句。把長句的原語，譯為短句、分句的譯入語，需要我們認真研究，進行大量的實踐。才能掌握這方面的翻譯技巧。 法律條文依靠法律語言包含性來規(guī)范多樣的社會行為，因此法律語言必須具有高度的概括性。這一特點體現(xiàn)在句法上即表現(xiàn)為簡短句子的使用。 請看下面的例子： 1、中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于

2、人民。（中華人民共和國憲法總綱第二條） 2、The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.（The Constitution of United States of America, Article IV, Section 2） 在這類簡單句中，漢語法律條款常常是無主語的句子，而在英文法律條款一定是主謂齊全的，因此在翻譯英語被動句時，可以將其轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的無主語句子。 同時，為了確保法律的準確性和嚴密性，法律語言中多使用

3、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句來避免立法上的漏洞。結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句所包含的信息量大，在描述復(fù)雜事物時可以達到敘事具體，說理嚴密，層次分明的效果。 如：公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的人員，利用職務(wù)上的便利，將本單位的財物非法占為己有，數(shù)額較大的，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；數(shù)額巨大的，處五年以上有期徒刑，可以并處沒收財產(chǎn)。國有公司、企業(yè)或者其他國有單位委派到非國有公司、企業(yè)以及其他單位從事公務(wù)的人員有前款行為的，依照本法第三百八十二條、第三百八十三條的規(guī)定定罪處罰。（中華人民共和國刑法第271條） 這個特點在法律英語中也很突出，如：No person shall be a Senator or Representati

4、ve in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an exec

5、utive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. (The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment 14) 法律英語的句法特征之一就是長句的使用，往往出現(xiàn)從句套從句的現(xiàn)象

6、，一個長句包含了連環(huán)的若干個從句，中間還有插入語。由于正式的法律文本或條例中，對中心詞的限定過多，對某一概念成立的條件限定也多，所以造成長句多，短句少的現(xiàn)象。這些長句的運用確保了法律英語的嚴謹性。句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)很復(fù)雜，多為復(fù)合長句。句中的定語，狀語等對其所修飾概念的內(nèi)涵及外延的界定起了很大作用。 翻譯好這樣的長句，主要采用“切割法”，即在原文句子中的主從句聯(lián)接處、連詞處、關(guān)系代詞處切斷。翻譯時，首先要著重理解原文，分析長句中各個意群的關(guān)系，然后按意群，并按其邏輯關(guān)系，譯成漢語分句；使得譯文能夠?qū)哟畏置?，意思連貫，語言通順，邏輯性強。 例1：China shall establish or de

7、signate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods，services，TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and, after publication of its laws, regulations or other measures in such journal ,shall provide a reasonab

8、le period of comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented, except for those laws, regulations and other measures involving other national security, specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would imp

9、ede law enforcement.(95 words ) 盧敏：42 參考譯文：中國應(yīng)設(shè)立或指定一官方刊物，用于公布所有有關(guān)或影響貨物貿(mào)易、服務(wù)貿(mào)易、TRIPS或外匯管制的法律、法規(guī)及其他措施，并且在其法律、法規(guī)或其他措施在該刊物上公布之后，應(yīng)在此類措施實施之前提供一段可向有關(guān)主管機關(guān)提出意見的合理時間，但涉及國家安全的法律、法規(guī)及其他措施、確定外匯匯率或貨幣政策的特定措施以及一旦公布則會妨礙法律實施的其他措施除外。 解析：此句是由兩個并列動詞構(gòu)成的句子“China shall establishandshall provide”,其中并列連詞and之后包含“after publicat

10、ion”和“before such measure”兩個時間狀語從句同時修飾第二個并列句，句子末尾是“except for”介詞短語引導(dǎo)的條件狀語。 例2：We hereby declare that this invoice amounting to USD 4,500 is in all respects correct and contains full and true statement of the particulars of the goods and of the price actually paid or to be paid for the said goods and

11、 the actual quantity thereof and that no other invoice has been or to be furnished to anyone else, and that the goods are of Chinese origin, and that on discount or rebate had been or will be allowed other than that shown on this invoice. 盧敏：42 參考譯文：茲聲明發(fā)票金額4500美元是正確的；發(fā)票對本批貨物和對所說貨物及其實際數(shù)量已付或?qū)⒏兜膬r格的所有詳細

12、情況的陳述是全面而真實的；同時我們聲明沒有其他的發(fā)票已經(jīng)或?qū)⑻峁┙o其他人；同時聲明產(chǎn)品是中國產(chǎn)；除了本發(fā)票上所示，我們沒有或?qū)o予折扣。 解析：此句為主從復(fù)合句，主體結(jié)構(gòu)是“”后引導(dǎo)四個引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。分析好句子結(jié)構(gòu)后，可根據(jù)原句順序來翻譯。 例3：If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the general nature, leading marks, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods which the carrier or ot

13、her person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or, where a “shipped” bill of lading is, issued, loaded, or if he had no reasonable means of checking such particulars, the carrier or such other p

14、erson must insert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying these inaccuracies, grounds of suspicion or the absence of reasonable means of checking. 盧敏:32 參考譯文：如果承運人或代其簽發(fā)提單的其他人確知或者有合理的根據(jù)懷疑提單所載有關(guān)貨物的品類、主要標(biāo)志、包數(shù)或件數(shù)、重量或數(shù)等項目沒有標(biāo)準地表示實際接管的貨物，或在簽發(fā)“已裝船”提單的情況下，沒有準確地表示實際裝船的貨物，或者他無適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒▉砗藢@些項目，則承運人或其他人必須在提單上

15、做出保留，說明不符之處、懷疑根據(jù)或無適當(dāng)?shù)暮藢Ψ椒ā?解析：此句取自聯(lián)合國1978年海上貨物運輸公約中有關(guān)提單的條款。該句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，修飾語多，翻譯時要注意分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，步步為營，以免使譯文發(fā)生歧義。 例4: 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗期間內(nèi)犯新罪或者發(fā)現(xiàn)判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷緩刑，對新犯的罪或者新發(fā)現(xiàn)的罪作出判決，把前罪和后罪所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。 參考譯文：If, during the probation period of suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is s

16、uspended commits a crime again or it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced, he has committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, the suspension shall be revoked and another judgment rendered for the newly committed or discovered crime; the punishment to be executed shall be d

17、ecided on the basis of the punishments for the old crime and the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law. 例5：在少數(shù)民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地區(qū)，應(yīng)當(dāng)用當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫恼Z言進行審理；起訴書、判決書、布告和其他文書應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)實際需要使用當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫囊环N或者幾種文字。 參考譯文：In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community

18、or where a number of nationalities live together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or language commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages commonly used in locality.本帖最

19、后由 sid 于 2009-9-8 09:12 編輯（二） 英文中的被動句和中文中的主動句的比較使用 在法律文獻中,英語中的被動語態(tài)使用范圍很廣。為了保持法律語言的準確性、客觀性, 避免主觀臆斷之嫌, 許多話多用被動式表達。主要原因在于法律文本是用于規(guī)范行為人的權(quán)利義務(wù)以及相關(guān)法律后果。被動句也正突出了動作的承受者，客觀的體現(xiàn)有關(guān)事項的規(guī)定。而漢語常喜歡使用主動句。詳情請看以下例子及幾種翻譯技巧。1、保留原主語, 譯成相應(yīng)的主動句。 英語中較常使用被動句, 而漢語正好相反。因此, 可將出現(xiàn)的被動句保留原主語, 譯成符合漢語習(xí)慣的主動句。 例1： The civil law system can

20、 be traced back to Roman Law. 大陸法系可追溯到羅馬法。 例2： Criminal law is enforced on behalf of the state. 刑法以國家名義執(zhí)行。 例3： This Agreement is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. 參考譯文：本協(xié)議以中文文本簽署。如有必要，本協(xié)議可以譯成其它文字。 解析：此例直接將英語的被動句譯成了漢語的主動句。孫萬彪：193 例4：禁止破壞婚姻自由，禁止虐待老人、婦女和兒童。 參

21、考譯文：Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited. Maltreatment of old people, women and children is prohibited. 8：22 解析：中文法律條文中的“禁止”常常被譯為“be prohibited”。此句強調(diào)的是被禁止的內(nèi)容，即不可破壞婚姻自由，虐待老人、婦女、兒童等弱勢群體，故在此使用被動句。 例5：Heads of federal departments are named by the President, and judges are either elected di

22、rectly by the people or are appointed by elected officials. 參考譯文：聯(lián)邦政府各部部長由總統(tǒng)任命，法官由人民直接選舉，或者由選舉出來的官員任命。 解析：一般情況下，以“by somebody”表示動作發(fā)出者時，可借助漢語中表被動意義的詞如“被”、“由”、“得到”等譯為被動句。 例6：憲法的修改，由全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會或者五分之一以上的全國人民代表大會提議，并由全國人民代表大會以全體代表的三分之二以上的多數(shù)通過。法律和其它議案由全國人民代表大會以全體代表的過半數(shù)通過。 參考譯文：Amendments to the Constitu

23、tion are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National Peoples Congress and adopted by a vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress. Laws and resolutions are to be adopted by a majority vote o

24、f all the deputies to the Congress. 8:26 解析：（1）除了被動句的表達方法，提醒讀者注意關(guān)于分數(shù)的表達方法，以及專有名詞的譯法；例如句中“過半數(shù)通過”，“常務(wù)委員會”及“議案”等。（2）漢語中的“由”字句常被翻譯為by 句式。而by句式正是英語行文中表現(xiàn)被動結(jié)構(gòu)的典型標(biāo)志。2、用原句的賓語充當(dāng)譯文的主語, 譯成主動句。 例1：When a controversy is presented to a court or a lawyer, the immediate problem is to find the appropriate code provis

25、ion covering the situation and then to apply it to the problem at hand. 參考譯文：當(dāng)法院或律師遇到一項爭端時, 其迫在眉睫的問題是查出與案情有關(guān)的適當(dāng)?shù)姆ǖ錀l文, 然后把該條文適用于手頭的問題。 例2：The plant, machinery and equipment, components and the Product shall be insured by JVC for adequate replacement value against fire, storm, tempest, accident, flood

26、, theft and other risks which may destroy or diminish the value of the Products or which may render the Products until for consumption. 參考譯文：合營公司應(yīng)為廠房、機器設(shè)備、部件和產(chǎn)品投保，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)、暴風(fēng)雨、風(fēng)暴、事故、水災(zāi)、盜竊和可能損害或降低產(chǎn)品的價值或使產(chǎn)品不適用于消費的其它風(fēng)險，保險獲得的賠付應(yīng)足以重置該財產(chǎn)。 解析：由于漢語被動句用得比較少，有時將以by 引導(dǎo)的動作發(fā)出者譯成漢語句中的主語；這樣更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣，且避免了“頭重腳輕”。3、增添

27、主語, 譯成主動句。 當(dāng)原文中沒有行為主體, 但譯文在意義和句法上需要說明行為主體時, 應(yīng)把意會的行為主體提出來作為主語,譯成主動句。 例如:It is now accepted as a scientific fact that no two people has the same finger- prints. 參考譯文：如今人們把沒有兩個人有相同的指紋看作是科學(xué)事實。（3） 陳述句為基本句型 根據(jù)句子使用目的的不同，英語句式分為四大類：陳述句、祈使句、疑問句和感嘆句。漢英法律語言中的句法最顯著特點之一即為基本句型傾向單一化-陳述句型。這一特點的形成是由法律語言正面客觀地陳述事理的特點決定

28、的，同是陳述句型亦與質(zhì)樸簡潔的法律語言特點相符。陳述句型在法律條文中的比例為98%以上。陳述句可以用于表達準確、嚴密、客觀、規(guī)范的內(nèi)容，正符合法律文書的寫作要求。比如以下法律條文； 例1: 勞動是一切有勞動能力的公民的光榮職責(zé)。國營企業(yè)和城鄉(xiāng)集體經(jīng)濟組織的勞動者都應(yīng)當(dāng)以國家主人翁的態(tài)度對待自己的勞動。國家提倡社會主義勞動競賽，獎勵勞動模范和先進工作者。國家提倡公民從事義務(wù)勞動。 參考譯文：Work is a matter of honor for every citizen who is able to work. All working people in State enterprises

29、 and in urban and rural economic collectives should approach their work as the master of the country that they are. The State promotes socialist labor emulation, and commends and rewards model and advanced workers. The States encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labor. 8：19 例2：中華人民共和國公民有受教育

30、的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。國家培養(yǎng)青年、少年、兒童在品德、智力、體質(zhì)等方面全面發(fā)展。 參考譯文：Citizens of the Peoples Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education. The State promotes the all-round development of children and young people, morally, intellectually and physically. 8:20 例3：中華人民共和國國旗是五星紅旗。中華人民共和國國徽，中間是五星照耀下的天安

31、門，周圍是谷穗和齒輪。中華人民共和國首都是北京。 參考譯文：The national flag of the Peoples Republic of China is a red flag with five starts. The national emblem of the Peoples Republic of China consists of an image of Tiananmen in its centre illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and cogwheel. The capital of

32、the Peoples Republic of China is Beijing. 8:49-50 例4：All legislative Power herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 參考譯文：本憲法所授予之立法權(quán)，均屬于由參議院及眾議院組成之美國國會。 例5：The right of citizens of the United States, who are eight

33、een years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. 參考譯文：凡年滿十八歲或十八歲以上之美國公民的投票權(quán)，聯(lián)邦政府或任何州均不得以年齡為由而加以否決或剝奪之。 例6：No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of Pres

34、ident, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article beco

35、mes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. 參考譯文：任何人被選為總統(tǒng)者，不得超過兩任。任何人繼位為總統(tǒng)或代行總統(tǒng)之職權(quán)者，其期間如超過一任中兩年以上者，任滿后僅能再連任一次。本條款對于國會提出本條款時之總統(tǒng)不適用之；本條款對于實施時已繼任為總統(tǒng)或代行總統(tǒng)職權(quán)而補足原任期間者，亦不適用之。（4） （四）多為完整主謂句少見省略句 應(yīng)法律文書結(jié)構(gòu)完整性和表意嚴密性的要求，法律英語中的句子多為主語、謂語都具備的完全主謂句，即完整

36、句。通常不使用省略句，以免造成意義不清，避免歧義；并且不厭其煩地一次又一次地使用完全主謂句結(jié)構(gòu)。請看例句: 例1：鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民政府執(zhí)行本級人民代表大會的決議和上級國家行政機關(guān)的決定和命令，管理本行政區(qū)域的行政工作。省、直轄市的人民政府決定鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的建置和區(qū)域劃分。 參考譯文：Peoples government of townships, nationality townships, and towns execute the resolutions of the Peoples congresses at the corresponding levels as well as

37、the decisions and orders of the State administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas. Peoples governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and geographic division

38、 of townships, nationality townships, and towns. 例2：民族自治地區(qū)的人民代表大會有權(quán)依照當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓恼?、?jīng)濟和文化的特點，制定自治區(qū)條例和單行條例。自治區(qū)的自治條例和單行條例，報全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會批準后生效。自治州、自治縣的自治條例和單行條例，報省或者自治區(qū)的人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會批準后生效，并報全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會備案。 參考譯文：The peoples congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exerc

39、ise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Stand

40、ing Committee of the National Peoples Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and the counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the peoples congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall

41、be reported to the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress for the record.8:45 解析：本例中，“自治條例”和“單行條例”等詞匯重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，以確保意思表達得準確，以防歧義。 例3: 最高人民檢察院是最高檢察機關(guān)。最高人民檢察院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地方各級人民檢察院和專門人民檢察院的工作，上級人民檢察院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下級人民檢察院的工作。 參考譯文：The Supreme Peoples Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ. The Supreme Peoples

42、 Procuratorate directs the work of the peoples procuratorates at various local levels and of the special peoples procuratorates. Peoples procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels. 例4：買方自1997年7月1日起分三年償付賣方全部設(shè)備的總金額。 參考譯文：The buyers shall reimburse the sellers the total va

43、lue of the entire equipment by installments in three years stating from July 1st, 1997. 例5：本新區(qū)內(nèi)外商投資企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的出口產(chǎn)品，除國家另有規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品外免征關(guān)稅。 參考譯文：Exports manufactured by foreign-invested enterprises in the New Area are duty-free, unless otherwise regulated by the State. 例6：All States have the duty to contribute to

44、 the balanced expansion of the world economy, taking duty into account the close interrelationship between the well-being of the developed countries and the growth and development of the developing countries, and the fact that the prosperity of the international community as a whole depends upon the

45、 prosperity of its constituent parts. (選自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約第39條第（1）款) 參考譯文：所有國家有義務(wù)對世界經(jīng)濟的均衡發(fā)展做出貢獻，要適量考慮到發(fā)達國家的福利同發(fā)展中國家的增長和發(fā)展之間的密切關(guān)聯(lián)，并考慮到整個國家社會的繁榮依賴于其組成部分的繁榮。（5） （五）名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的使用 根據(jù)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)詞典 的界定，名詞化(nominalization)是“指從其它某個詞類形成名詞的過程或指從一個底層小句得出一個名詞短語的派生過程”。 Trauth&Kazzazi 也認為名詞化是指名詞從其它詞類的派生，如動詞(feeling，swearing，

46、twiddling ones thumbs)或形容詞(redness，the inconceivable，the good，ones contemporaries)，但也可從名詞派生(womanhood)。也就是說，“名詞化”本身是一個過程，這一過程不管是派生或是零轉(zhuǎn)換，其結(jié)果都是出現(xiàn)或產(chǎn)生名詞。 在英語法律文本中，使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，可使行文流暢、簡潔，表達客觀、精確。有關(guān)學(xué)者曾對20篇不同文體的英文中名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)象做過統(tǒng)計，結(jié)果顯示不同文體中名詞化的應(yīng)用差異是相當(dāng)大的：法律文體最高，達83.5%；科技文體為72.6%；新聞文體為40.3%；而童話寓言最少，為0.7%。法律文體的名詞化程度最高，

47、正是其追求精確、權(quán)威和信息的緣故（趙軍峰，2006：1112）。 例1： 禁止任何組織或者個人擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序，破壞國家經(jīng)濟計劃。8:11 參考譯文：Distribution of the socio-economic order or disruption of the State economic plan by any organization or individual is prohibited. 解析：漢語文本中，用詞為動詞“擾亂”“破壞”，而在英語文本中確實名詞“distribution”“disruption”. 例2： 國家保護社會主義的公共財產(chǎn)。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手

48、段侵占或者破壞國家和集體的財產(chǎn)。 參考譯文：The State protects socialist public property. Appropriation or damaging of State or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited. 例3: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be constructed to deny or disparage o

49、thers retained by the people.（選自美國憲法） 參考譯文：即使本憲法列舉了某些權(quán)利，人民享有的其他權(quán)利并不因此而視為取消或剝奪。 例4：The obligation under Article 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights. 參考譯文：

50、第三條和第四條項下的義務(wù)不適用于由WIPO支持締結(jié)的多邊協(xié)議中有關(guān)獲得和維持知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的程序。盧敏：34（6） （六） 平行句式的運用 法律文本，尤其是立法文本，主要采用條款形式規(guī)定法律事項。為保證信息的完整性、詳盡性，需要將大量信息羅列在有限的條款之中；為避免條款過于繁瑣，常采用平行句式。平行的成分可以是詞、短語，也可以是分句，甚至是段落。其特點在于排列有序，層次分明，前后照應(yīng)，很好地體現(xiàn)了法律文體的嚴謹性。 例1：無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的精神病人，由下列人員擔(dān)任監(jiān)護人： （一）配偶 （二）父母（三）成年子女（四）其他近親屬（五）關(guān)系密切的其他親屬，朋友愿意承擔(dān)監(jiān)護責(zé)任，經(jīng)精神病人

51、的所在單位或住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會同意的（選自中華人民共和國民法通則）參考譯文: A person from the following categories shall act as guardians for a mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct: (1) spouse ; (2) parent ; (3) adult child (4) any other near relative; (5)any other closely connected relative or f

52、riend willing to bear the responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighborhood or village community in the place of his residence.例：企業(yè)法人由于下列原因之一終止：（1）依法被撤銷（2）解散（3）依法宣告破產(chǎn)（4）其他原因 參考譯文：An enterprise as legal person shall term

53、inate for any of the following reasons:（1）if it is dissolved by the law;（2）if it is disbanded;（3）if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or （4）for other reasons. 例3：Section 8 - Powers of CongressThe Congress shall have the power1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises,

54、 to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States:國會有權(quán)規(guī)定并征收稅金、捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，用以償付國債并為合眾國的共同防御和全民福利提供經(jīng)費，但是各種捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，在合眾國內(nèi)應(yīng)劃一征收 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United S

55、tates:以合眾國的信用舉債3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes:管理與外國的、州與州間的，以及對印第安部落的貿(mào)易 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:制定在合眾國內(nèi)一致適用的歸化條例，和有關(guān)破產(chǎn)的一致適用的法

56、律5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures:鑄造貨幣，調(diào)議其價值，并確定外幣價值，以及制定度量衡的標(biāo)準6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States:制定對偽造合眾國證券和貨幣的懲罰條例7. To establish post-offices and pos

57、t-roads:設(shè)立郵政局及建設(shè)驛路8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries:為促進科學(xué)和實用技藝的進步，對作家和發(fā)明家的著作和發(fā)明，在一定期限內(nèi)給予專利權(quán)的保障9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court:設(shè)置最高法院以下的各級法院10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high