虛擬語氣 (4)

1、虛 擬 語 氣I. 虛擬語氣的形式與基本用法一、虛擬語氣的形式虛擬(條件)語氣中，主句與從句中謂語動詞的形式可分為下面四類假設類型條件從句謂語動詞形式主語謂語動詞形式與現在事實相反動詞的過去式(be用were而不用was)would(第一人稱可用should)+動詞原形與過去事實相反had+ -ED分詞would(第一人稱可用should)+have + -ED分詞與將來事實相反were to + 動詞原形would(第一人稱可用should)+動詞原形與將來事實可能相反should + 動詞原形would(第一人稱可用should)+動詞原形二、虛擬語氣的基本用

2、法1. 與現在的事實相反1) What type of automobile would you buy ？A if you have free choice to choose the cars available todayB if you are free to choose among all the cars available todayC if all cars available were free to be chosen by youD if you were free to choose among all the cars available today2. 與過去的事

3、實相反(有時主句中的should have done表示責備或后悔)2) ，he would have come to class.A If Mike is able to finish his homeworkB Would Mike be able to finish his homeworkC If Mike could finish his homeworkD If Mike had been able to finish his homework3) If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably

4、the 1940 unemployment rate of 14 still further.A would riseB would risenC would have risenD had risen4) Topgrade A diamonds had not B increased so sharply C in value in the late seventies D if one company had not controlled almost all of the worlds supply.3. 與將來的事實相反5) The report would be A released

5、 last January if new developments had not B made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from C the first series of D experiments.6) It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I ask him to go to your place.A willB wouldC shallD might7) If you to see Mary，wh

6、at would you tell her?A areB will be goingC mustD were4. 與將來的事實可能相反(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是萬一 明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。 事實上 現在天氣很好，明天下雨的可能性應該不大，然而也說不準。(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能見到她的話我就把這件事告訴她。三、例題解析1) D為準確答案。2) D為準確答案。3) C為準確答案。4) B錯

7、。改為would have not。5) A錯。改為would have been。6) B為準確答案。7) D為準確答案。II 虛擬語氣的特殊表現形式一、表示“好像”：除了if條件從句外，由as if和as though等引導的狀語從句表示方式時，意思是“好像”,這時從句中的謂語動詞應用虛擬語氣。其動詞形式用過去時(be用were的形式)表示所說的與現在的事實相反；用過去完成時表示所說的與過去的事實相反1) Violetta has a curious A expression on B her face as though she was smiling C about something

8、 that amused her D .二、特殊連詞的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的從句(這時謂語多用should加動詞原形)We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我們不敢跟王先生開玩笑，恐怕他生氣。)He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加緊步伐，生怕在急行軍中掉隊。)Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel

9、 that he is inferior to my other guests. (我對他特別關照，唯恐他感覺到比我的其他客人低人一等。)Hes working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加緊學習唯恐考試不及格。)三、介詞短語表示虛擬： 有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞短語來表示，或通過上下文或其他方式表示出來。如 but for, but that, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without

10、等表示讓步假設He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失敗了。)We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假設我們有更有利條件，我們還會做得更好。)2) But for his help，I .A should not have succeededB had not succeededC did not succeedD have not succeeded3) The complex society of a modern A c

11、ivilization would be B impossible not having C the art of writing D .4) But that he came to help me, I .A could not have succeededB did not succeedC could not succeedD cant but succeed四、虛擬錯綜條件句：上面幾種假設類型中，主句與從句的謂語動詞形式應前后呼應。但是，如果主句與從句的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，謂語動詞形式應做適當調整If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it t

12、o you yesterday. 假如我有自行車，昨天早就借給你了。(主句與過去事實相反，從句與現在事實相反。) I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我當時對你作錯了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保證我不是故意的。)5) If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of thi

13、s country so serious.A wouldnt beB will not have beenC wouldnt have beenD would have not been6) If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently .A you will find any difficulty nowB you would have found any difficulty nowC you would find any difficulty nowD you have find any difficulty no

14、w五、省略虛擬條件句：虛擬條件從句中的謂語動詞如果是were或should(could, might), had等詞時，可以省略連詞If, 但要將were或should(could, might), had助動詞移至主語前形成句子例裝(參見第十三章“倒裝句”)7) today, he would get there by Thursday.A He is starting outB If he starts outC Would he start outD Were he to start out.8) ，John would not have failed.A If he has liste

15、ned to meB Had he listened to meC If he listened to meD As soon as he listened to me9) I known it，I should have told him.A HaveB HadC HavingD If10) Hadnt my car broken down，I the train.A should have caughtB might catchC could catchD had caught六、例題解析1) C錯。 改為were smiling。2) A為正確答案。3) C錯。 改為without。4)

16、 A為正確答案。5) A為正確答案。6) C為正確答案。7) D為正確答案。8) B為正確答案。9) B為正確答案。10) A為正確答案。III 從句中須用虛擬語氣的情況 一、在wish的賓語從句中 1. 動詞wish后跟由that引導的賓語從句(that經常被省略)要用虛擬語氣表示一種不可實現的愿望。賓語從句中用過去時(be 用were的形式)表示與現在事實相反,用過去完成時表示與過去相反 She wishes she had more money. (她真希望有更多的錢。) / I wish I didn't say that. (要是我不說這件事就好了。) / I wished

17、I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident. ( 我要是不那么憂郁就好了，那也就不會發(fā)生那場事故了。) 1) I wish I knew A you were arriving B today. I would have met C you at D the station if I had. 2) She wishes that we didnt send A her the candy B yesterday because C shes on D a diet. 3) My brother is in A C

18、alifornia on B vacation，but I wish he was C here so that he could help me repair my car D . 2. 當wish的賓語從句表示一種愿望、要求時，可用過去時，也可用would動詞原形 I wish you would stay here longer. (我希望你在這兒多呆一會。) / She wishes you wouldn't go. (她希望你不要走。) 3. would rather(寧愿),would sooner(寧愿), had rather(寧愿) 等詞或短語后面的從句中的謂語動詞應

19、使用一般過去時表示虛擬語氣，表示與過去相反的也可用過去完成時 4) Id rather you anything about it for the time being. A doB didnt doC dontD didnt 5) I rather you did it. A hadB shouldC shallD have 6) I much rather it was forgotten. A willB couldC wouldD shall二、在某些特殊概念詞的賓語從句中：一些表示提議、主張、要求、命令、緊要等概念的詞語，由于它們本身隱含說話者的主觀意見，認為某事應該或不應該怎樣，這

20、些詞語后面的“that”從句應用虛擬語氣，且均以“should”表示這種語氣，但事實上“should”常被省略，故此從句中謂語動詞用原形。這些詞可分為下列幾類 1. 下列動詞后“that”引導的賓語從句 suggest(建議)， propose (提議)， recommend(建議)， move (提議)， advise(建議)， insist(堅持)， urge(極力主張)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, command(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(寧愿)， urge(敦促)。 7) T

21、he chairman requested that .A the members studied more carefully the problemB the problem was more carefulnessly studiedC with more carefulness the problem could be studiedD the members study the problem more carefully8) The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting.A would be discuss

22、edB will be discussedC be discussedD may be discussed9) The doctor insisted that his patient .A that he not work too hard for three monthsB take it easy for three monthsC taking it easy inside of three monthsD to take some vacations for three monthsWhen I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said

23、, “The razor and water do the job. ” (當我建議他用刮胡膏時，他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費了幾天功夫尋找理論根據，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉動的。)One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我們

24、建議學生應在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)2. 下列表示主張、要求、命令、愿望、建議等概念結構后的主語從句或邏輯上的主從結構(如下列形容詞作賓語從句的補足語時，這時賓語從句一般用it來代替)：這時that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用“should 動詞原形”或省略should，只用動詞原形it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(極重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必須的)，urgent(緊要的)，advisable(應該的)，proper(適當的)，obligatory (必須的)，desirable(今人滿意的，值得的)

25、，appropriate(合適的)，fitting (合適的), strange (奇怪)】that； it is(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, dicided】 that .10) From the standpoint of the longterm strategic interest of the West it is imperative that .A their territorial unity being a safeguardB their unity is a terr

26、itorial safeguardC theyre a territorial safeguardD their territorial unity be a safeguard11) The irritable A sergeant was B insistent that nothing supersedes C the drilling(訓練) of the forty new men D .12) It is extremely A necessary that you will realize B that reading is not only C a physical D and

27、 metal process.3. 下列表示主張、要求、命令等概念的名詞后面可以跟接“that”引導的語從句和同位語從句。這種由that引導的從句其謂語動詞通常用should動詞原形或省略should。這類詞有：order, request, requiremetn, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提議)，proposal(建議)，recommendation(建議)，understanding(協議), resolution(決定，決議)13) The judge assen

28、ted to the suggestion that .A both of the criminals will soon be set freedomB some of the criminals there are of guilt onlyC the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare societyD the prisoner be sentenced to death4. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句，我們經常用“should動詞原形(或完成形式)”

29、，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。14) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?A It is believedB Should they believeC They would believeD If they would believe15) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.A will leaveB may leaveC leaveD leaves5. 另外，在“開放式條件句”(open conditional clause)和讓步狀語從句中should是被省略了的。在這種情況下