農(nóng)業(yè)水資源培訓(xùn)資料(英文版)

1、Symposium on Environmental Changes and Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources, (Oct. 2122, 2011, Shijiazhuang, China)Agricultural water saving studies for a sustainable water management in the North China Plain (NCP)Changming LiuAgricultural Resources Research Center, CASKey Lab, IGSNRR, CAS, Water

2、 Science College BNU Outline p Major features of NCPs water resourcesp Main Water issues: rapid social-economic development and climate changep Agricultural water-saving: the highlightsp Discussions of some ideas of water-savingp Agricultural water-saving: Policy & Countermeasuresp Major feature

3、s of NCPs water resourcesAnnual precipitation in mmAverage annual precipitation from 1951 to 2008 The NCP: in the semi-arid & semi-humid region. Annual precipitation around 350 and 800 mm The monsoon season (June to September) contributes more than 80% of annual rainfall Major features of NCPs w

4、ater resourcesPotential evapotrnspiration in mmAnnual Potential evapotrnspiration in the NCP is high varies between 796 and 1257 mm resulting in much water loss Average annual Potential evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2008 p Major features of NCPs water resourcesAridity indexThe aridity index varies

5、from 1.0 to 3.2. Its in the climate transition zone. pMajor features of Chinas water resourcesAnnual evapotraspiratiom in mmAverage annual evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2008 calculated by the Budyko hypothesis.pMajor features of Chinas water resourcesAnnual runoff in mmSharp decline river flows int

6、o the seaPer Capita water amount pMajor features of Chinas water resources Water Consumption to avalaible water resources in % in ChinaAfter Dr Shao Yisheng，Ministry of ConstructionWater use / water availability in %p Major features of NCPs water resourcesSummary NCP is the most water shortage area

7、in China as per capita water 300 m3 only. Total water withdrawal: 37 km3 / a(2009) exceeding available water Overdrawing groundwater has resulted in aquifer water depletion as a water crisis Agricultural water use about 25.3 km3 / a(2009), making up about 68.5% of total withdrawal Water-saving is ve

8、ry crucial Attribution: Water stress from rapid development: Current GDP growth is speeding up incuding NCP regionp Main Water issues: Rapid development Water stress from increased water demand: increased water consumption per capita.p Main Water issues: Rapid development Population density of China

9、 (Xu et al.)The NCP has a population of about 0.15 billion, accounting for 12% of Chinas total population.The daily water consumption per capita has been increasing from less than 0.03 m3 in 1959, to more than 0.10 m3 in 1995, and to more than 0.20 m3 in 2000 Attribution: Water stress from increased

10、 water demand. Irrigation demand approached a limit.p Main Water issues: Rapid development Irrigated area in NCP from 1949 to 2008Attribution: Climate change impact as warming upp Main Water issues: Climate change lTemperature increase: 1.1 for last 50 years in China as an averagelTemperature in the

11、 NCP increase about 1.7 from 1960 to 2010.Increase in temperature from 1951 to 1999 (Wang et al.) Temperature in northern China increased more serious than that in southern ChinaAttribution: impact of precipitation declinep Main Water issues: Climate change Observed change in annual precipitation fr

12、om 1960 to 2009 by 753 national stationsAnnual precipitation anomalies in the NCP from 1955 to 2009. The The average annual precipitation during was 567.9 mm from 1955 to 1979, while that was 503.5 mm from 1980 to 2009, decreased about 11.4%.Attribution: Increase in drought frequency p Main Water is

13、sues: Climate change In 20102011, 60 years record drought hit Northern ChinaThe distribution of Drought in the spring of 2011Wheat seedings that have withered in NCPConsecutive 82 days without rain in Beijing, the longest period without precipitation in 60 yearsThirstyDry landscapeSharply increased

14、water consumption in the NCP lead to the dramatic decrease in streamflow into the Bohai sea in last half century.Annual streamflow into the sea decreased dramatically, from 16.10 km3 in 1960s to 1.62 km3 during the years 2000 to 2008, decreased about 90%.The streamflow into Bohai sea in the last hal

15、f centuryGroundwater depletion in the regions of the US, Europe, China and India and the Middle East for the year 2000 (mm a1).- Wada et al.,2010, Geophysical Research Letters. Groundwater depletion - a worldwide issueThe NCP is one of the four regions which have serious issues of groundwater deplet

16、ionNCPGroundwater overdraft: sever in NCP The North China Plain is the major consumer of groundwater, accounting for 44% of the whole countrys groundwater use.The annual groundwater use for China was about 105.6 billion m3, among which 92.21 billion m3 (87.3%) was consumed by northern China. The Nor

17、th China Plain has become one of the most overexploited regions in the world Annual groundwater withdrawal averaged from 1997 to 2008 in China(data come from the Chinese Ministry of Water Resources)p Main Water issues: Groundwater depletion Ground fissure resulting from overdraft of groundwater in t

18、he North China Plain (in Hebei province）The depth to groundwater was 11.06 meters in 1978, and has been subsequently reduced to 36.12 meters in 2009, with an average annual decline rate of 0.81 meters Long-term (the year from 1972 to 2009) data of groundwater level has been recorded at the Luancheng

19、 National Station (located in the North China Plain), a member of Global Terrestrial Observation System (observed data come from Chinese Academy of Sciences)groundwater level fluctuated with irrigation seasonGroundwater level desceningObserved at Luancheng stationSummary: to save groundwater in the

20、NCP is very urgent p Agricultural water-saving: A highlightWater-saving is core of rational water management To adapt to climate change To realize highest potential use of available water To increase water economy with high benefit To control blind development of regional water resources and promote

21、 water demand management To maintain eco-environment against degradation To foster participation management institutionsWater-saving”Killing Many Birds With One Stone”！Water saving is the best for adaptation to climate change impact on water resources p Discussions of some ideas of water-saving:1.Fi

22、eld water cycle / five water interactions 2. interface control of water fluxes3. agricultural water-saving system +11098765432Five water interactionTransformationof hydro-statesAAirPlantSoilAquiferSurfacePVRGS1.Field water cycle / five water interactions A coupling subsystem of water interaction(交換的

23、系統(tǒng)耦合交換的系統(tǒng)耦合)PRSGVP1P / RP / SP / GP / VRR / P1R / SR / GR / VSS / PS / R1S / GS / VGG / PG / RG / S1G /VVV / PV / RV / SV / G1)!( !nmnmCnmmm: Elements = hydro-state number or sub-system numbern: combination = number of coupling subsystemsm(n = 2), matrix: n = 2, combination = 10: (1)P-R(降雨徑流降雨徑流)； (

24、2)P-S(有效降水有效降水)； (3)P-G(地下水降水補(bǔ)給地下水降水補(bǔ)給)； (4)P-V(植物截留降水植物截留降水)； (5)R-S(土壤水對徑流影響土壤水對徑流影響) (6)R-G(地表水地下水關(guān)系地表水地下水關(guān)系) (7)S-G(滲漏與地下水上升滲漏與地下水上升)；(8)R-V(徑流過程的初損徑流過程的初損) (9)G-V(植物利用地下水植物利用地下水)； (10)G-V(根系吸水根系吸水)。 n =3，combination = 10： (1)P-R-S(考慮前期土壤水的降水徑流關(guān)系，考慮前期土壤水的降水徑流關(guān)系，API模型模型)； (2)P-R-G(三水轉(zhuǎn)化三水轉(zhuǎn)化)； (3)P

25、-R-V(降水徑流的初損降水徑流的初損)； (4)P-S-G(降水入滲補(bǔ)給地下水降水入滲補(bǔ)給地下水)； (5)S-V-P(水在土壤水在土壤-植物植物-大氣系統(tǒng)中的傳輸或大氣系統(tǒng)中的傳輸或SAPC系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng))； (6)G-V-P(地下水地下水-植物植物-大氣系統(tǒng)，地下水垂直排泄大氣系統(tǒng)，地下水垂直排泄)； (7)G-S-P(三水轉(zhuǎn)化三水轉(zhuǎn)化)； (8)G-V-R(地下水與地表水關(guān)系的植物影響地下水與地表水關(guān)系的植物影響)； (9)V-S-G(植物對土壤水與地下水的影響植物對土壤水與地下水的影響)； (10)V-S-R(植物對土壤入滲與徑流的影響植物對土壤入滲與徑流的影響)。 n = 4，combi

26、nation = 5： (1)P-R-S-G (四水轉(zhuǎn)化四水轉(zhuǎn)化)； (2)P-R-S-V (植物與土壤對降水徑流影響植物與土壤對降水徑流影響)； (3)V-R-S-G (植物對三水轉(zhuǎn)化的影響植物對三水轉(zhuǎn)化的影響)； (4)V-P-R-G (植物對降水徑流與地下水的影響植物對降水徑流與地下水的影響)； (5)G-S-V-P (考慮地下水影響的考慮地下水影響的SAPC系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng))。 n = 5，combination = 1： P-V-R-S-G (五水轉(zhuǎn)化五水轉(zhuǎn)化), water interaction of five sub-systems (five hydro-states)。2. int

27、erface control of water fluxes IGBP- BAHC, 1997Expanded “SPAC” Basic equation:tzDzkzS z t,Boundaries: Air and aquifer To couple air water and groundwater IA=0.4Ym+0.4WUE+0.1(Rs+Tr)+0.1DI Detecting physiological and ecological index synthesisYm: grain yieldWUE: water use efficiencyRs: stoma resistanc

28、eTr: transpiration rateDI: drought indexSoilWaterAtmos.W a t e r &EnergyTransferAtmosphereRadiationPARReflective radiation Direct radiationWind speedTemperature, humidityDifference of Ta and RH PrecipitationVegetationInterceptionAlbedoBiomassLAISpatial distr. of leavesVegetation heightLeaf water

29、 potentialStomatal conductanceRootRoot water potentialRoot semi-diameterRoot length and weightDistribution of rootsRoot depthSoil Root water potentialSoil heat fluxWater infiltration Soil evaporationPhysical charactersSoil water charactersSoil water contentSoil matrixGroundwater Evapotranspirationnt

30、ionEvaporationTranspirationRoot water uptakemovementnWater movementEnergy change and tension for water transferG r o u n d w a t e r rechargeVariation of groundwaterComplexity SystemsATMCROPSoilG.WG - SPACRunoffInfiltrationLateral FlowSoil Layer 1Soil Layer nEvaporationTranspirationInterceptionOvers

31、toreyUnderstoreyTranspirationGround SurfaceSoil moistureETseepageWater balance+ GroundwaterRstemRrootRleafAtmosphereSPAC systemVarieties heredityReduce water lossIrrigation varieties(Air-leaf)mulching(Air-soil)Uptaking(Soil-root)+Decrease the exploitationprecipitationThrough-fullinterface controlIA=

32、0.4Ym+0.4WUE+0.1(Rs+Tr)+0.1DI 綜合分值 品種 最高產(chǎn)量 WUE 蒸騰強(qiáng)度 氣孔阻力 葉水勢 抗旱系數(shù) 加權(quán)平均 占 最大 位次 6203 93.10 93.37 92.09 91.64 100.00 92.52 93.79 96.60 3 6172 100.00 96.12 88.26 91.92 99.38 92.51 94.70 97.54 2 萊3279 79.60 98.58 84.20 100.00 91.91 100.00 92.38 95.15 5 4185 93.10 93.37 89.06 81.78 88.33 92.69 89.72 92.4

33、1 7 6365 99.43 100.00 100.00 98.44 92.44 92.22 97.09 100.00 1 煙優(yōu) 361 94.11 92.43 92.08 85.31 96.95 92.92 92.30 95.07 6 9905 93.68 94.89 89.60 83.65 96.36 97.36 92.59 95.37 4 Measurements of physological indexes of various varieties for water saving optios Leaf-Atmosphere interface controln Different

34、 varieties have WUE differences from 15% to 20%，from which a water saving variety gene can be selected for controlling higher transpiration.n Wheat： 4185、 6365、Shixin733 n Corn： Zhengdan958，Laiyu2，Yedan20 Root-Soil interface control60%65%70%65%55%Soil water index0.1496 0.2061 0.3645 0.1116Sensitive

35、indexMature Grain-fillingSpinningStem-elongationSeedlingGrowing stageSummer maizeSummer maize50%60%60%65%55%60%Soil water index-0.0870.10160.27210.3145-0.12130.0712Sensitive indexMatureGrain-fillingAnathesisStem-elongationRecoveragePre-dormancyGrowing stageWinter wheatWinter wheatTo adopt lower limi

36、t index by limited irrigationEffects of straw mulching on soil evaporationSummer maizeWinter wheatWheat straw mulching can decrease soil evaporation 40-50mm；Summer maize straw mulcing can decrease soil evaporation 39.7mm. Soil-Atmosphere interface controlb051015202530起身- 拔節(jié)拔節(jié)- 孕穗孕穗- 開花開花- 灌漿灌漿- 成熟土壤

37、蒸發(fā)（m m ）覆蓋不覆蓋3. agricultural water-saving system Water-saving agriculture is a complex system involving agronomic and hydraulic engineering techniques in the integrated management of water, soil and crop resources. Only when water-saving agriculture is considered as an integrated system can comprehe

38、nsive water-saving measures be properly evaluated and applied. pDiscussions of some ideas of water-saving:Agriculture Water-saving systemsRational exploitation and utilization of water resourcesIrrigation engineering and techniquesAgronomic water-saving practicesWater-saving management measuresAgric

39、ulture Water-saving System complexFour sub-systems context 3. agricultural water-saving system Rational exploitation and utilization of water resourcesEffective use of precipitationFive-water interaction mechanismsUtilization of low quality waterRainwater harvesting systemRain-fed agricultureSoil wa

40、ter reservoir establishmentFive-water interaction systemInterface processesUtilization of brackish waterSewage utilization alter creatingConjunctive well &canal irrigationEfficient water source subsystem for agricultureWater-saving agronomic measuresWater-matched productionBiological water savin

41、g technologyWater-saving irrigation schemeWater-matched agricultural structureWater-matched plantingWater saving biological basisSoil moisture conservancyFertilizer applicationLimited irrigationWater saving breeding Regulated deficit irrigationControlled alternative irrigationMulching techniqueTilla

42、ge measureAgronomic measures subsystem Water-saving engineering and technical measurerWaters conveyance worksWater-saving irrigation techniquesAssociatied canal systemsLined canal (cleek proof)Water conveyed through low pressure pipeWater conveyed through surface pipe Drip irrigationSprinkler irriga

43、tionSeeping irrigationRational surfaceBorder irrigation with small plotsIrrigation on the filmIntermittent irrigationDitch irrigation (fine flow)Alternative ditch irrigationengineering and technical measures subsystem Water-saving management subsystemInstitutions規(guī)章制度與節(jié)水法規(guī)組織機(jī)構(gòu)管理政策OperationTech-econom

44、yEco-environment多種經(jīng)營綜合作用水量調(diào)控、調(diào)度量水設(shè)施監(jiān)測農(nóng)田生態(tài)平衡水源保護(hù)（水量、水質(zhì)）工程維護(hù)、改建配水計(jì)劃自動(dòng)化控制技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)核算水價(jià)與水費(fèi)制度節(jié)水措施推廣應(yīng)用人員編制Managt. PolicyOrg. departmentPersonnelLegislationWater fee/priceTech popularise economic accountingdiversified economyAuto. control Water allocationWater measuringMaintaining struc.Water regulating Monitor

45、ing protectionEnvironment Ecology Achievements obtained by system integration at Luancheng Station in NCP Water-saving system integration demonstrated a highest benefit as integration of agronomic and irrigation tech.:l Water-saving quantity: 1500 m3 / ha.l Grain yield: winter wheat + corn = 15 t /

46、ha.l Earning increase: 1500 RMB / ha. p Agricultural water-saving: Policy & CountermeasuresMajor understandingAgricultural water-saving is of great significance to ensure food security for China with its largest sized population of worlds 22%. We will be facing a great challenge to meet 1.5 bill

47、ion population in about 30 years to come. Major understanding1. Food security is subject to water supply;2. Agriculture uses the most amount water & dominant consumer; 3. Agriculture can use all-kind of water, including “green and blue waters”and recycling water and unconventional water as well;

48、 Major understanding4. Water saving is complex systems & needs multidisciplinary technologies;5. Water saving has great potential;6. Agriculture widely uses all-kind of water, including “green and blue waters”and recycling water as well; Major understanding7. To resolve water shortage problem, biotech has a prosperity advantages:(1) high reliability for water saving; (2) high efficiency; (3) high capability (4) high applicability and (5) low cost compared with water diversions