英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤(1)

1、英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤分析一 不一致( Disagreements)所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致， 它還包括了數(shù)的不一致 時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一 致等例 When one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了錢(qián)，他就能想干什么就干什么 ) 剖析： one是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)，因而本句的 have應(yīng)改為 has ;同理， want應(yīng)改為 wa nts.本句是典型的主謂不一致改為： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二 修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位( Misplaced Modifiers ) 英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同

2、，同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變 化對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視， 因而造成了不必要的誤解 例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析： better 位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末三 句子不完整( Sentence Fragment)s 在口語(yǔ)中，交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣上下文等， 不完整的句子完全可以被理解 可 是書(shū)面語(yǔ)就不同了， 句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清， 這種情況常常發(fā)生在主 句寫(xiě)完以后，筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生例 There are

3、 many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspa per and so on .剖析：本句后半部分 for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on” . 不是 一個(gè)完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ)，不能獨(dú)立成句改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspap er.四 懸垂修飾語(yǔ)( Dangling Modifiers ) 所謂懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏

4、輯關(guān)系混亂不清 例如：At the a ge of ten, my grandfather died.這 句中 at the age of ten只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí)， 但沒(méi)有說(shuō) 明” 誰(shuí)”十歲時(shí)按一般推理不可能是 my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修 飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential. 剖析：句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚 改為：To do well in

5、college, a student needs good grades.五 詞性誤用 (Misuse of Parts of Speech) “詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等 例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析： negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.六 指代不清 (Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清， 或者先后所用的代詞不一 致。試看下面這一

6、句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. (瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?) 讀完上面這一句話(huà)， 讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚， 誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。 如 果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確， 意思就一目了然了。 這個(gè)句 子可改為：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. 例 1. And we can also know the soc

7、iety by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人稱(chēng)代詞 we 和反身代詞 yourself 指代不一致。改為： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.七 不間斷句子 (Run-on Sentences) 什么叫 run-on sentence?請(qǐng)看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“ There are many ways”. 以及“ We ge t to know the outside

8、world.”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world或. ：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world八 措詞毛病 (Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題，囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫， 教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限， 影響了學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成良好的 推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來(lái)就用。所

9、以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤 比比皆是。例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. (農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。 ) 剖析：顯然，考生把 obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作 substance“物質(zhì)”了。 另外“ the increasing use 不( 斷增加的使用 )” 應(yīng)改為“ abusive use 濫( 用)”。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/

10、leads to pollution.九 累贅 (Redundancy)言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。 寫(xiě)句子沒(méi)有一個(gè)多余的詞； 寫(xiě)段落沒(méi)有一個(gè)無(wú)必要的句子。 能用 單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. 本句的“ the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語(yǔ)從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用 從句”可以改為： In spite of his laziness, I like him.例 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is j

11、ust the thing to be used t o buy the thing they need.剖析：整個(gè)句子可以大大簡(jiǎn)化。改為：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.十 不連貫 (Incoherence) 不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語(yǔ)，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的 毛病。例 The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.剖析： The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的 it 不連貫。 It 與 things 在數(shù)

12、方面不一致。 改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一 綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤 (Comprehensive Misusage) 所謂“綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤”，是指除了上述十種錯(cuò)誤以外，還有諸如時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)， 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，大小寫(xiě)等方面的錯(cuò)誤。例 1 Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our s eat, cloth, live, go etc.作文開(kāi)頭部分1-1 對(duì)立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法 ,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 適用于有爭(zhēng)議性的主題 .例如 (e.g)

13、1 . When asked about , the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that But I think/view a bit differently.2 . When it comes to , some people believe that Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the profer/lat

14、ter .)3 . Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that Theyclaim/believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether1-2 現(xiàn)象法 引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問(wèn)題 , 然后評(píng)論 .e.g 1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.2. Recently the issue

15、 of the problem of/the phenomenon of . has been brought into focus. ( has been braught to public attention)3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.1-3 觀點(diǎn)法 開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山 ,直接了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鲎约簩?duì)要討論的問(wèn)題的看法.e.g: 1. Never history has the cha

16、nge of . been as evident as . Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of . been more visible/popular than.2. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that.3. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity toNow people become inc

17、reasingly aware/conscious of the importance of 4 . Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that1-4 引用法 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法 , 來(lái)引出文章要展開(kāi)論述的觀點(diǎn) !e.g: 1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people .Education is not complete w

18、ith graduation. Such is the opinion of a greatAmericanphilosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2. How often we hear suchstatements/words like theses/this .In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this .1-5 比較法 通過(guò)對(duì)過(guò)去 ,現(xiàn)在 兩種不同的傾向 ,觀點(diǎn)的比較 , 引出文章要討論的觀點(diǎn) .e.g: 1.

19、 For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people .2. People used to think that . (In the past, ) But people now share this new .1-6 故事法 先講一個(gè)較短的故事來(lái)引發(fā)讀者的興趣 , 引出文章的主題 .e.g: 1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt The phenomenon of. has aroused pu

20、blic concern.2 . I have a friend who . Should he ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our dailylife.3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.1-7 問(wèn)題法 先用討論或解答的設(shè)問(wèn) , 引出自己觀點(diǎn) , 適用于有爭(zhēng)議性的話(huà)題 .e.g: Should/What ? Op

21、tions of . vary greatly , some ., others . But in my opinion , .作文主體部分 原因結(jié)果分析3-1-1. 基本原因 - 分析某事物時(shí) , 用此句型說(shuō)明其基本的或者多方面的原因 e.g: 1. Why . ? For one thing. For another .2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing.For another Still another .3 . A number of factors , both physical and

22、 psychological affect /both individual and social contribute to 3-1-2 另一原因 在分析了基本原因之后 , 再補(bǔ)充一個(gè)次要的或者更重要時(shí)用 !e.g: 1. Another important factor is 2. . is also responsible for the change/problem.3. Certainly , the . is not the sole reason for 3-1-3 后果影響 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者帶來(lái)的影響 .e.g: 1. It will produce a profo

23、und/far-reaching effect/impact on2 . In involves some serious consequence for 比較對(duì)照句型3-2-1. 兩者比較 - 比較兩事物 , 要說(shuō)出其一超過(guò)另一個(gè) , 或肯定一事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn) , 也肯定其缺 點(diǎn)的時(shí)候用 !e.g: 1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.2. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.3. There is n

24、o doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.3-2-2 . 兩者相同 /相似 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒(méi)有的特點(diǎn)時(shí)用 !e.g: 1. A and B have several things in common.They are similar in that2. A bears some striking resemblances to B.作文結(jié)尾部分2-1 結(jié)論性 通過(guò)對(duì)文章前面的討論,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點(diǎn) e.g: 1. From what has been discussed

25、above, we may safely draw the conclusion that2. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable 2-2 后果性 揭示所討論的問(wèn)題若不解決 , 將產(chǎn)生的嚴(yán)重后果 .e.g: 1. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of . , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of 2. Obviously , if we ignore/ar

26、e blind tothe problem , there is every chance that . will be put indanger .2-3 號(hào)召性 呼吁讀者行動(dòng)起來(lái) , 采取行動(dòng)或提請(qǐng)注意 .e.g: 1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of 2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency .2-4 建議性 對(duì)所討論的問(wèn)題提出建議性的意見(jiàn) , 包括建議

27、和具體的解決問(wèn)題的方法 .e.g: 1. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there areways. The most popular is Anothermethod is . Still another one is 2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.2-5 方向性的結(jié)尾方式 其與建議性的唯一差別就是對(duì)問(wèn)題解決提出總的 , 大體的方向或者指明前景 .e.g: 1. Many solutions are bei

28、ng offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .2. There is no quick method to the issue of ., but . might be helpful/beneficial.3 . The great challenge today is There is much difficulty , but 2-6 意義性的結(jié)尾方式 文章結(jié)尾的時(shí)候 ,從更高的更新的角度

29、指出所討論的問(wèn)題的重要性以及其深遠(yuǎn)的意義 !e.g: 1. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit 2. In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly 提綱式模塊（I ）說(shuō)明原因型模塊（一）Nowadays

30、 ,there are more and more XX in some big cities . It is estimated that ( 1 ). Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that ( 2 ) .Besides,( 3 ) . The third reason is ( 4 ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( 5 ) . It is high time that som

31、ething were done upon it. On the one hand, ( 6 ). On the other hand ,( 7 ). All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX . 注釋?zhuān)?1 )用具體數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明 XX 現(xiàn)象(2 )原因一(3 )原因二 (4 )原因三 (5 )指出主要原因 (6 )解決建議一 (7 )解決建議二Generation gap between parents and children Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstan

32、ding between parents and children which is so- called generation gap . It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their childrens unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned). Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and

33、children? Maybe the reasons can be listed as f ollows .The first one is that ( the two generations, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes ,thus the disagreement often rises between them) . Besides,(due to having little in common to talk about , they are not willing to

34、 sit face to face ) . The third reason is (with thepace of modernlife becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they dont spare enough time to exchange ideas ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( lake of communication and understanding each other) .

35、It is high time that something were done upon it. On the one hand, (children should respect their parents ).On the other hand ,( parents also should show solicitue for their children). All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap .第二天：(I )說(shuō)明原因型 模塊( 2 )In recent years , xx has caused a

36、 heated debate on ( 1 ). The factors for ( 2 ) .First of all ,( 3 ).Then , there comes a case that ( 4 ). Moreover , ( 5 ) . Especially when ( 6 ) . Indeed, these unique points canbe collected to remind people that ( 7 ).In this way ,we should behave just like ( 8 ). The impact of Television In rece

37、nt years , with the development of science and technology ,80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels .It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children ). Many parentsare worried about the impact of so much televisionon children. The fa

38、ctors for (parents worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it .) .First of all ,(with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then , there comes a case that ( some studies have show that excessive watching of te

39、levision by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). Moreover , ( the effect on childrens minds are more serious than the effect on childrens bodies ) . Especially when ( the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them ) . Indeed, these unique points

40、can be connected to remind parents that ( they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their childrens TV viewing ).In this way ,children will not be influenced too deeply .(I )說(shuō)明原因型模塊( 3)Currently, XX has been the order of the day .This does demonstratethe theory - nothin

41、g is morevaluable than XX .It is clear that (1 ). If you ( 2), as a result , your dreams will cometrue . On the contrary, if you ( 3). Failure will be followingwith you .It turns out thatall your plan falls through .No one can deny another fact that ( 4 ) .You dont haveto look very far to find out t

42、he truth , in respect that we all know (5 ) . It will exert aprofound influence upon ( 6 ). With reference to my standpoint ,I think ( 7 ).注釋?zhuān)? ： XX 的第一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn) 2： 支持 XX 的做法 3：不支持 XX 的做法 4： XX 的第二個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn) 5：舉例證明優(yōu)點(diǎn)二 6：說(shuō)明 XX 優(yōu)點(diǎn)三的影響第三天我寫(xiě)的相應(yīng)作文： The importance of self-confidence Currently, self-confidence has been

43、 the order of the day . This does demonstrate the theory - nothing is more valuable thanself-confidence.It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in ones abilities ). If you ( are full of self-confidence ,it will bring your creative power to play , arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you o

44、vercome difficulties ), as a result , your dreams will come true .On the contrary, if you ( have no confidence inyourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). Failure will be following with you It turns out that all your plan falls through .No one can deny another fac

45、t that(self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed) .You dont have to lookvery far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know (thesecret of Maria Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence,the latter in particular) . It will exert aprofou

46、nd influence upon ( the achievement of ones ambitions ).Withreference to my standpoint ,I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).(I)說(shuō)明原因型 模塊( 4)For most of us today ,( 1).From above ,we can find that the reasons why (2) are asfollows.The primary reason ,I think, is (3). Secon

47、d,( 4).The third reason, actually ,is ( 5). Thesignificance for (6 ).Therefore ,( 7 ).注釋?zhuān)?1)人們針對(duì) XX 的態(tài)度和舉措(2)歸納現(xiàn)狀(3)第一個(gè)原因(4) 第二個(gè)原因(5) 第三個(gè)原因(6) 重申造成現(xiàn)狀的最重要原因(7) 我的建議我寫(xiě)的模塊()的相應(yīng)的作文，僅供參考PollutionMost of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious prob lem . lots of plants

48、trees corps are destroyed by bad air .many fish die of poisonous water . thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas . therefore , environm ental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling ,or bringing death n ot only to human beings , but also to

49、 wild life .) from above ,we can find that the reasons w hy (environment are polluted more and more seriously) are as follows. the primary reason ,I think , is (the reason of harmful substances into environment . for example ,to prevent insec ts ,farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so

50、 as to have bumper harvests . howev er ,they pollute air ,water and land ).second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ).the third reason actually is (the result of a growing population inthe world . everyday , so much litter and waste are poured out from houses ,also pollute the environment ).the significance for (controlling pollution ) noted that its high time that more effective measures should be taken .therefore ,(new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories . moreover ,in the househo