《中級微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》pr8e_ch03ly

1、Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.* of 40Consumer PreferencesBudget ConstraintsConsumer ChoiceRevealed PreferenceMarginal Utility and Consumer ChoiceCost-of-Living IndexesC H A P T E R 3Prepared by:Fernando Quijano, IllustratorConsumer BehaviorCHAPTER OUTLIN

2、E2 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.第三章第三章 消費(fèi)者行為消費(fèi)者行為consumer behavior 3 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.第三章第三章3.1消費(fèi)者偏好3.2預(yù)算約束3.3消費(fèi)者選擇3.4顯示偏好3.5邊際效益與消費(fèi)者選擇3.6生活成本指數(shù)4 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,

3、 Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.消費(fèi)者行為消費(fèi)者行為理論消費(fèi)者行為理論 描述消費(fèi)者如何在不描述消費(fèi)者如何在不同的商品和服務(wù)之間分配其收入以使幸福最同的商品和服務(wù)之間分配其收入以使幸福最大化。大化。下述三個獨(dú)立的步驟是理解消費(fèi)者行為的最佳方法:消費(fèi)者偏好預(yù)算約束1. 消費(fèi)者選擇5 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Consumer PreferencesMarket BasketsMARKET BASKETUNITS

4、 OF FOODUNITS OF CLOTHING6 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Some Basic Assumptions about Preferences 有關(guān)偏好的一些基本假設(shè) Completeness: Preferences are assumed to be complete. 完備性:偏好是完備的，Note that these preferences ignore costs. 7 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson E

5、ducation, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Transitivity: Preferences are transitive. 傳遞性:偏好是可傳遞的。More is better than less: Goods are assumed to be desirablei.e., to be good. 越多越好8 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.EAG. Indifference Curves 無差異曲線

6、無差異曲線 indifference curve Curve representing all combinations of market baskets that provide a consumer with the same level of satisfaction.9 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.10 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfel

7、d, 8e. Indifference Maps無差異曲線簇?zé)o差異曲線簇 indifference map Graph containing a set of indifference curves showing the market baskets among which a consumer is indifferent.11 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.INDIFFERENCE CURVES CANNOT INTERSECTFIGURE 12 of 40

8、Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.The Shape of Indifference Curves13 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.The Marginal Rate of Substitution邊際替代率(MRS) 為獲得一個單位的一種商品，必須放棄的另外一個商品的數(shù)量CONVEXITY 擬凸性擬凸性 When the MRS diminis

9、hes along an indifference curve, the curve is convex.14 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements 完全替代品與完全互補(bǔ)品完全替代品與完全互補(bǔ)品完全替代品 當(dāng)一種商品對另一種商品的邊際替代率是常數(shù)時 ，兩種商品即為 完全替代品。 完全互補(bǔ)品 當(dāng)兩種商品的邊際曲線是直角形狀，他們的MRS為0或1，此時兩商品為完全互補(bǔ)商品。bad 厭惡品

10、 少一點(diǎn)比多一點(diǎn)好的商品15 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.PERFECT SUBSTITUTES AND PERFECT COMPLEMENTS16 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. UTILITY AND UTILITY FUNCTIONS 效用和效用函數(shù)效用和效用函數(shù) utility Numerical score represe

11、nting the satisfaction that a consumer gets from a given market basket.效用 消費(fèi)者從一個市場籃子中得到的滿足程度的數(shù)值表示。u (F,C ) =FC17 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. ORDINAL VERSUS CARDINAL UTILITY 序數(shù)效用和基數(shù)效用序數(shù)效用和基數(shù)效用 序數(shù)效用序數(shù)效用 能產(chǎn)生對市場籃子排序的效用函數(shù)被稱能產(chǎn)生對市場籃子排序的效用函數(shù)被稱為序數(shù)效用函數(shù)為序數(shù)效

12、用函數(shù)。 基數(shù)效用基數(shù)效用 能描述一個市場籃子在多大程度上比另一個更受偏好的的效用函數(shù)。18 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Market baskets associated with the budget line F + 2C = $80 預(yù)算線 購買商品F和C的總支出等于收入的情況下，所有的商品F和C的組合。Budget Constraints 預(yù)算約束預(yù)算約束ICPFPCF(3.1)19 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Educat

13、ion, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.(3.2)20 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. The Effects of Changes in Income and Prices 收入和價格變化的效應(yīng)21 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.價格變化的效應(yīng)價格變化的效應(yīng)FIGURE 22 o

14、f 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Consumer Choice 消費(fèi)者選擇消費(fèi)者選擇 效用最大化的菜籃子必須滿足兩個條件: 它特必須位于預(yù)算線上.1. 他必須能給予消費(fèi)者其最偏好的商品和服務(wù)的組合23 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.24 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microec

15、onomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. marginal benefit 邊際效益 額外一單位商品的消費(fèi)所對應(yīng)的收益 marginal cost 邊際成本 額外一單位商品的消費(fèi)所對應(yīng)的成邊際效益邊際效益=邊際成本邊際成本滿足程度最大化的點(diǎn)符合：MRS = PF/PC(3.3)25 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.角落點(diǎn) 在一個市場籃子中消費(fèi)者的邊際替代率位不等于價格比的情況。 （LY: equality is allowed, not stri

16、ct)FIGURE Corner Solutions 角落點(diǎn)角落點(diǎn)26 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.如果一位消費(fèi)者選擇兩個菜籃子中的一個，那么消費(fèi)者未必偏好那個被選中的菜籃子。（why? budget）如果一位消費(fèi)者選擇兩個菜籃子中的一個，并且被選中的菜籃子比另一個更貴，那么消費(fèi)者必定偏好那個被選中的市場籃子。Revealed Preference27 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconom

17、ics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. marginal utility (MU) 邊際效用 對從消費(fèi)額外一單位的商品中所獲得的額外滿足的度量 diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減 隨著一種商品的消費(fèi)越來越多，額外的數(shù)量的消費(fèi)所帶來的效用增加也越來越小。Marginal Utility and Consumer Choice邊際效用與消費(fèi)者選擇邊際效用與消費(fèi)者選擇28 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.邊際效用與消費(fèi)者選

18、擇3.5(/)MU/MUCFFC 0MU() MU ()FCFCMRS MU /MUFCMRS/PPFCMU/MU/PPFFCCMU/MU/PPFFCC 邊際相等原則邊際相等原則 是花在所有商品上的每一美元所帶來是花在所有商品上的每一美元所帶來的邊際效用相等。的邊際效用相等。 LY: max U=U(x1,x2) st p1x1+p2x2=M three ways to explain: math, figure and language29 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld

19、, 8e. ideal cost-of-living index Cost of attaining a given level of utility at current prices relative to the cost of attaining the same utility at base-year prices.理想生活成本指數(shù) 就是以當(dāng)前的價格達(dá)到一個給定效用水平所花成本相對于基期價格所達(dá)到相同效果所花成本的比值.Cost-of-Living Indexes生活成本指數(shù)生活成本指數(shù) cost-of-living index Ratio of the present cost

20、of a typical bundle of consumer goods and services compared with the cost during a base period.生活成本指數(shù) 指商品和服務(wù)的典型消費(fèi)組合在當(dāng)期的成本與基期的成本之比30 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Laspeyres Index Laspeyres price index Amount of money at current year prices that an individual requires to purchase a bundle of goods and services chosen in a base year divided by the cost of purchasing the same bundle at base-year prices.拉氏物價指數(shù) 以當(dāng)期價格