DNA基因的本質(zhì)

1、Motivation for Research Global markets are becoming so volatile and competitive that There is a need for adaptable artefacts such as cars, aircraft, satellites, machine tools, robots, houses 四氟板、尼龍棒、有機(jī)玻璃板Research Hypotheses Complexity is a prerequisite for adaptation Complexity can be designed into

2、artefacts with a view to making them adaptiveResearch Method Experimenting with large swarms of software agents Discovering design principles from results achieved during experimentation Knowledge transfer from social, cultural, organisational, biological and physical complex systemsExamples of Comp

3、lex Systems Global economy (Soviet economy is an example of a disaster caused by attempts to impose centralised control on a complex system) Street traffic in London (suffers from excessive constraints imposed on drivers) Aids epidemics in Africa (successfully resists attacks) Global terrorist netwo

4、rks (successfully resists attacks) The Internet (successfully resists attacks) A human being (a beautiful example of distributed decision making and adaptation)A Mercedes Manufacturing PlantSupplier 1storetransportertransporterstorestoretransporterAutonomouscomponentAutonomouscomponentAutonomouscomp

5、onentMachine-tool 1Machine-tool 2storeAn Aircraft-Airport SystemSensors TransmitterAircraft to airport ServiceServicedemandServicedemandResourcesService ProvidersSchedulerCrewIntelligent Geometry CompressorVane 1AgentVane 2AgentVane 3AgentVane 4 AgentEfficiency AgentGlobal Logistics NetworkSupplier

6、1storetransportertransporterstorestoretransporterIntelligentparcelsIntelligentparcelsIntelligentparcelsDestination 1Destination 2storeA Family of Space Robotsrobot 3 robot 4 robot 5robot 1robot 2A Colony of Agricultural Machinerymini-tractor 3 Mini-tractor 4 mini-tractor5mini-tractor1mini-tractor2A

7、Swarm of Agents Controlling a Machine Tool Safety AgentPerformanceAgentBookkeepingAgentSchedulingAgentMaintenanceAgentOther Intelligent Networks Fleets of communication satellites Armadas of very small spacecraft Networked road traffic system Smart matter ( sensors, actuators and agent running proce

8、ssors/memories embedded in physical materials)Common Features No central control system Distributed decision making Network configuration Rich information processing activity Adaptation A Tentative DefinitionA system is complex if It has a wide variety of behaviours and there is an uncertainty which

9、 behaviour will be pursued It consists of autonomous components, Agents, capable of competing or co-operating with each otherNOTE: Uncertainty in complex systems is due to the occurrence of unpredictable events rather than because of our lack of understanding of the systemComplexity Space Uncertaint

10、y Variety High complexity regionLow complexity region01Edge of chaosWhy is Complexity Beautiful?The features which make Complex Systems beautiful are: Emergent properties properties that do not exist in constituent Agents these properties emerge from Agent interaction Adaptation to unpredictable cha

11、nges in their environmentThe Mechanism of AdaptationCOMPLEXITY EMERGENT INTELLIGENCE AUTONOMY SELF-ORGANISATION ADAPTATIONIntelligence Intelligence is the ability to solve problems under conditions of uncertaintyIntelligence is a prerequisite for autonomy (the ability to select a behaviour without b

12、eing instructed/controlled)Automation, in contrast, is a predictable and repeatable process performed under instruction/control An Intelligent Agent knowledge, skillsattitudes & valuesreal world objects and eventscognitive filter:formal informationsysteminformal informationsystemintelligent agentEme

13、rgent Intelligence Intelligence emerges from the interaction of Agents An Agent makes a tentative proposal to affected Agents and they in turn suggest improvements The quality of decisions improves in a stepwise manner The final decision is agreed by consensus after a period of negotiationsSelf-Orga

14、nisationThe ability to change own configuration autonomously To disconnect certain nodes and connect new ones To connect previously disconnected nodes to the same or to other nodes To acquire new nodes To discard existing nodesExample: An aircraft broadcasts requirements to selected service nodes at

15、 the airport which respond by scheduling required services to be available at the touchdownAdaptation The ability to change behaviour in order to achieve own goals under conditions of the occurrence of unpredictable events To react to a change in demand by autonomously rescheduling resources require

16、d to satisfy the change To re-allocate resources to other projects To discard surplus recourses To acquire new resourcesExample: a compressor autonomously reacts to a sudden change of load by self-adjusting positions of vanes and thus moving away from a surge/stall conditionsPerformance affectingFea

17、tures of Complexity The number of decision making nodes Connectedness among the nodes Access to domain knowledge Skills in applying knowledge Motivation to achieve goals (pro-activity) Acceptance of/resistance to change Risk acceptance/aversionDesigning Complexity into an Artefact means deciding: Ho

18、w many decision-making Agents are required How extensive should be connectivity between Agents How to obtain and organise domain knowledge How to build into the Agents Skills Motivation Attitudes to risk Attitudes to change How to guide Agent negotiationConstructing a Virtual Market A Virtual Market

19、 is a market in which autonomous demands and resources compete for each other without being subjected to any central control (only to certain constraints) A large number of problems can be transformed into a resource allocation problemExamples of Virtual Markets eCommerce the allocation of goods/ser

20、vices to demands Logistics the allocation of resources in time and to a location Control the allocation of behaviours to requirements Project management the allocation of resources to time slots Data mining the allocation of records to clusters Text understanding the allocation of meanings to wordsA

21、 Typical Complex SystemTwo ParadigmsCOMPLEX SYSTEMSCONVENTIONAL SYSTEMSTwo ParadigmsCONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS(complexity is controlled)Hierarchies Sequential processingCentralized decisionsInstructionsData-driven PredictabilityStability Pre-programmed behaviourCOMPLEX SYSTEMS(taking advantage of complexi

22、ty)Networks Parallel processingDistributed decisionsNegotiationKnowledge-driven Self-organizationEvolutionEmergent behaviourResearch Hypotheses Complexity is a prerequisite for adaptation Complexity can be designed into artefacts with a view to making them adaptiveGlobal Logistics NetworkSupplier 1s

23、toretransportertransporterstorestoretransporterIntelligentparcelsIntelligentparcelsIntelligentparcelsDestination 1Destination 2storeIntelligence Intelligence is the ability to solve problems under conditions of uncertaintyIntelligence is a prerequisite for autonomy (the ability to select a behaviour without being instructed/controlled)Automation, in contrast, is a predictable and repeatable process performed under instruction/controlAdaptation The ability to change behaviour in order to