初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)-十大詞類全集精挑細(xì)講.doc

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)-十大詞類全集精挑細(xì)講詞類 英語(yǔ)名稱 意義例 詞名詞The Noun (縮寫(xiě)為n) 表示人或事物的名稱Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠詞The Article (art)用在名詞前幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或事物 a, an, the代詞The Pronoun (pron)用來(lái)代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞They, his, him, mine, which, all形容詞The Adjective (adj)用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征 Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry數(shù)詞 The Nu

2、meral (num)表示數(shù)量或順序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second動(dòng)詞 The Verb (v)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing副詞 The Adverb (adv)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes介詞The Preposition (prep)表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系 From, with, at, into, behind, between, for連詞The Conjunction (conj) 用來(lái)連接詞與詞、

3、短語(yǔ)與短 語(yǔ)或句與句 And, or, but, so, because感嘆詞 The Interjection (interj) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear(一) 名詞：專有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .1 .名詞 個(gè)體名詞：表示單個(gè)的人或事物。如boat, chair,desk, apple .可數(shù)名詞集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱。如 family, people, class, police .普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體

4、的物質(zhì)。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如 health, help, work, friendship .不可數(shù)名詞2 .名詞的數(shù)?？蓴?shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù) 數(shù)。3 .名詞的格：名詞有三個(gè)格：主格（作主語(yǔ)）、賓格（作 賓語(yǔ)）、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。（二）冠詞1 .定冠詞一the .O1特指莫（些）人或莫（些）事物。The students are very good.O 2說(shuō)話人與聽(tīng)話人都知道的人或事物。Where is thetoilet ?03重復(fù)提到上文的人或事物。I have a

5、 cat , the cat iswhite and black .O 4表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物The moon moves aroundthe earth .05形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I amthe oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .06洋樂(lè)器的名稱前常用定冠詞一the。I like playing thepiano / violin .07和莫些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表莫一類人。We should help the poor . 但 play Erhu.08放在莫些專有名詞前。W

6、e will go to visit the GreatWall next week . the People s Republic of China .O 9放在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV .010 固定詞組中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .2 .不定冠詞a / an .01指人或事物的莫一種類。A horse is a useful animal. Atable has four legs.。2指奧一類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。Pass me a pencil,please. We

7、write with a pen.03指奧人或莫物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。The bookwas written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.04不定冠詞還可以指 事物的單位 如 每日“、每斤” 等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.3 .零冠詞。01 泛指人類或男女。Man will conquer nature .02抽象名詞在用來(lái)表示它的一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞。 Knowledge begins with practice .O3

8、有些個(gè)體名詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不力口冠詞。We had better send him to hospital at once.。4在專有名詞前一般不用冠詞。China is a great country.Mr Smith is an artist.05在三餐飯、球棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱之前不用冠詞。He oftengoes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.06在節(jié)假日、星期幾、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前。September10th is Teachers Day.07稱呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞前不用冠詞。

9、Grannyis sleeping now. We call him monitor.08在語(yǔ)言名詞前，名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數(shù)詞 時(shí)，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can speak English .09 不用冠詞的慣用語(yǔ)。At night / on food / go to town / athome / in class / at work等。（三）形容詞 1.形容詞的構(gòu)成。01簡(jiǎn)單形容詞由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成。Good, long, green, large,bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, s

10、leeping .O 2復(fù)合形容詞由一個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.4 .形容詞的用法。01 修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。She is a beautiful girl .02 作表語(yǔ)。 He is very strong.03 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Let the door open. You must keep yourclassroom clean .O4定冠詞+形容詞”表示一類人或物，在句子中可作主 語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。We should

11、speak to the old politely.05大多數(shù)形容詞既可作表語(yǔ)又可作定語(yǔ)，但少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，不能作定語(yǔ)。如： asleep, ill, awake等。06有些形容詞只能作定語(yǔ)而不能作表語(yǔ)。如：many, little,wooden, golden 等。5 .形容詞的位置。1形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。A heavy box.。2與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語(yǔ)的 后面。3 metres long. 12 kilometers away .。3與不定代詞 something, anything, everything, nothing 等連用時(shí)，可以放在

12、這些詞之后。Something important .nothing serious .O 4當(dāng)名詞前有多個(gè)形容詞修飾時(shí)，一般按下面的詞序排列： 冠詞（包括物主代詞、序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞）-描述形容 詞（brave, beautiful）一表示形狀（大小、長(zhǎng)短、高矮）的形容詞-表示年齡或新舊的形容詞-表示顏色的形容詞-表 示國(guó)籍、由處或來(lái)源的形容詞一表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞一 表示用途或類別的形容詞一被修飾的詞。My nice smallbrown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .6 .形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（一般加er /

13、est ,不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表）。1原級(jí)的用法：”和相同”A.肯定句：A + 動(dòng)詞 + as + 形容詞原級(jí) + as + B . He is as tall as me .B. 否定句：A + not as +形容詞原級(jí) + as + B （即A不如B那么）A + not so + 形容詞原級(jí) + as + B = A + less + 形容詞原級(jí)+ than + B .02比較級(jí)的用法：A. A + 動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞的比較級(jí)+ than + B . （A比B更，在這種句型中，比較級(jí)前面可用much, even, still,a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修飾，表

14、示 “得多”，甚至 里一點(diǎn)兒”。B. 比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)”、“moreand more +部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)的原級(jí) ”譯為 越來(lái)越03最高級(jí)的用法：（個(gè)體用一of ,范圍用一in,最高級(jí) 前面要用定冠詞一the）A . 二種最局級(jí)表75法。最高級(jí)： Shanghai is the largest city in China .比較級(jí)： Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .原級(jí)： No other city is a

15、s large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .（四）副詞1.副詞的種類：O1 時(shí)間副詞： often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now02 地點(diǎn)副詞： here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere03方式副詞：h

16、ard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully 04程度副詞： very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 05疑問(wèn)副詞：how, when, where, why 06關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why（引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句）07連接副詞： how, when, where, why, whether 08頻率副詞： often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly09 其他

17、副詞： really, certainly, surely, maybe2.副詞的用法：01 作狀語(yǔ) ： He can finish the work easily .02作定語(yǔ)（要后置）：The students here are from Harbin .03 作表語(yǔ)：I must be off now .04作賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：Show him up . I saw him outwith my sister last night .3.副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（一般加er / est不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表）。1副詞的原級(jí)：A . as +副詞的原級(jí) + as與i樣”B. not as（so） +副

18、詞的原級(jí) + as與不一樣”C. too +副詞的原級(jí) + to do sth .太而不能”D . so +副詞的原級(jí) + that從句 如此以致于”E.副詞的原級(jí) + enough to do sth .足夠“能做”02副詞的比較級(jí)：A . A +動(dòng)詞 +副詞比較級(jí) + than + BB .副詞比較級(jí)前也可以用much, even, still, far, any, alittle, a bit, a lot 等修飾。C.比較級(jí) + and +比較級(jí)，表示 越來(lái)越 ”，the more the more 表示 越,就越D.副詞的最高級(jí)前通常不加定冠詞the .（五）數(shù)詞1 .基數(shù)詞：1-1

19、2 13 19 2090 100-1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billio

20、n7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty8 eight 70 seventy9 nine 80 eighty10 ten 90 ninety11 eleven12 twelve2.序數(shù)詞：1-10 11-19 20-90 1001 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103 rd3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth

21、 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 s

22、eventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th作主語(yǔ)： The first is better than the second .02 作賓語(yǔ)： He was among the first to arri

23、ve .03 作表語(yǔ)： He is the first to come to school .04作定語(yǔ)： The ninth letter of the word “ restaurant is“ n” ./ There are three thousand workers inethactory .（六）代詞類別作用例詞例句人稱代詞 代替人或事物，主格作主語(yǔ)，賓客作賓語(yǔ)數(shù)格 人稱 單 數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)I am a teacher .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book to me . 一一二一一二主 格 I you he She i

24、t we you they賓格 me you him Her it us you them物主代詞 形容詞性只作定語(yǔ)，名詞性可以作主、賓、表 語(yǔ)等，表示所屬關(guān)系詞義類型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的 My book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is broken .形容詞性 my your his her its our your their名詞詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代詞起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，只作同位語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)數(shù)人稱第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱

25、 We ourselves did the work.He did the work by himself.單 數(shù) myself yourself himself herself itself復(fù) 數(shù) ourselves yourselves themselves相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系，作賓語(yǔ)賓格所有格Weshould help each other.Please correct each other s mistakes .each other （兩者相互）each other s （相互的）one another （三者或三者以上）one another s （相互的）指示代詞起指示作用，作定

26、語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等This,that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.My point is this .不定代詞代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)量及不定范圍的人或 事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.Nei

27、ther answer is right.疑問(wèn)代詞 表示疑問(wèn)，構(gòu)成特殊問(wèn)句who, what, whose,which, whom Whom did you see ?關(guān)系代詞 弓I導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句which, that, who, whom, whoseThe book that I lost was new.連接代詞 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ) 從句、同位語(yǔ)從句）what, who, that I know what you aredoing .at s what I hope .（七）動(dòng)詞類別意義例子例句行為動(dòng)詞 含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能 獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。 及物動(dòng)詞

28、后面一定接賓語(yǔ)Open, visit, hearHe visited Gaozhou yesterday.不及物動(dòng)詞后面可以不接賓語(yǔ)Laugh, cry, liveHelives in Beijing .連系動(dòng)詞（link v）本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。Be, become, grow, get, turn,look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat smells bad .He is a student .助動(dòng)詞(v.aux.)本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)或

29、其他語(yǔ)法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall,will, should, would He doesn t speak English .We are playing football .He had gone to Beijing .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verbs) 本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話人 的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。Can, may,must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to She can speEn

30、glish .May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now .注：動(dòng)詞(除情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只有原形和過(guò)去式)有原形、 第三人稱單數(shù)、動(dòng)詞-ing、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞五種 形式。(/)介詞1.介詞的種類：01 簡(jiǎn)單介詞：in, at, of, from, since, around, to02 合成介詞： onto, into, without, upon, within03 短語(yǔ)介詞： because of, in front of, according to 。4 分詞介詞： regarding, following, concerning2 .介詞短語(yǔ)

31、在句子中的作用：01 作定語(yǔ)。I know the answer to the question .02作狀語(yǔ)。 The children are playing basketball in the playground .03 作表語(yǔ)。Mike is in the classroom .O 4 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He found himself in the middle of theriver .05 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Tom was seen inside the cinema .3 .常用介詞的基本用法：O1 表示時(shí)間的介詞 ( at, in, on, for, since, after, b

32、y, during, before, from, to, until, within )。2表示位置，方位的介詞(in, at, on, to )03表示交通方式的常用介詞(by, on, in。4 其他一些詞組搭配介詞(be angry with/at/about sb/sth .be strict with/in/ sb/sth )(九)連詞1.并列連詞：。1 表聯(lián)合關(guān)系連詞。(and, or, but, for, not onlybut also,as well as, both and ，neither) nor .02轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。(but, while, yet, however .)

33、03選擇連詞。 (or, or else, either or ，otherwise .2.從屬連詞：。1引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的連用，主要有三個(gè)：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .02引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞：A . 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when, before, after, while, as soonas, since, until, as, whenever, ever sinceB. 連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：although, though, even if, however C. 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句： as, beca

34、use, since, now that, forD .連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that, so that, in order thatE. 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if, unless, once, in caseF. 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so that, such -that G. 連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as, as if, as thoughH .連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where .1. 連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as, as as, not as/so as, than（十）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1.定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語(yǔ)以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非

35、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？?分為三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。2 .動(dòng)詞不定式：to +動(dòng)詞原形（在莫些情況下可以不帶to ）。（沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化）。1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to do ,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生）02進(jìn)行式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be doing ,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：無(wú)（表示 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生）03完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ) 態(tài)：to have been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 作之前就發(fā)生）04用法：A . 作主語(yǔ)：

36、 To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It s not easy to learn a foreign language .B .作表語(yǔ)： The most important thing is to finish the workon time .C.作賓語(yǔ)：a.動(dòng)詞 + to do . He decided to buy a new watch . （agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford ）b.動(dòng)詞 + 疑問(wèn)詞 + to d

37、o I don t know where to put the bike .c.動(dòng)詞 + 形式賓語(yǔ)（it）+賓補(bǔ) + to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .D.作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + to do Tom asked me to show him the newshoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage )b.動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom playfootball .(see,

38、hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, letE.作狀語(yǔ)：a.表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示結(jié)果：He is too tired to walk any farther . Theyaren t old enough to go to school .c. 表示原因： He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .F. 作定語(yǔ)： I have

39、 something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .05動(dòng)詞不定式to的省略：A . 在感官動(dòng)詞 feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞 have, let, make等后面要省to,但在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定 式to。I often saw him go out of the room . He was oftenseen to go out of the room by me .B .在 had better, would rather, do nothing but 等后面常省 to。6動(dòng)詞不

40、定式的否定形式： not + to do ,有時(shí)也可以用never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。3 .動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)詞原形+ ing。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being +動(dòng)詞 過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā) 生或之后發(fā)生）。2完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ) 態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 的動(dòng)作 或狀態(tài) 之前就 發(fā)生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don t remember having ever seen the film .03動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：no