2015山西特崗教招考初中英語語法大全(十三)

1、真誠為您提供優(yōu)質(zhì)參考資料，若有不當(dāng)之處，請指正。2015山西特崗教招考初中英語語法大全（十三）句子成分：主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語1、主語：(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當(dāng),說明動作是“誰”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help peop

2、le. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)(3)口語中常見主語或“主-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)沒有什么。)

3、/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)沒有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. (我)謝謝你。)(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a

4、 glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處于第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎?)(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考

5、試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)(8)主語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“主語從句”。2、謂語：(1)由“不及物動詞”、“及物動詞+賓語”或“系動詞+表語”等構(gòu)成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變

6、壞。) (2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)、時態(tài)等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+時態(tài)助動詞+語態(tài)助動詞+主要動詞(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)構(gòu)成表) 記住：謂語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達(dá)800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to

7、 stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)謂語動詞切忌用“行為動詞1 + 原形動詞”、“be + 原形動詞”。記住使用下列正確形式：情態(tài)動詞+原形動詞。如：Youd better go over the lesson.(你最好復(fù)習(xí)這一課。)shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如：They should have been there once.(他們應(yīng)該去過那兒。)be+現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees ha

8、ve been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀(jì)70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)have+過去分詞。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)一般時問句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形動詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當(dāng)中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a

9、vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫(yī)。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳?zāi)埂?(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副

10、詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。(5)謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式：單數(shù)形式的動詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動詞+s”;復(fù)數(shù)形式的動詞有：are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復(fù)數(shù)。記住：主語、謂語單復(fù)數(shù)必須保持一致。 Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對于我們大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應(yīng)該使用“是”動詞、情態(tài)動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isnt

11、it? -Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?-是的。)3、賓語：(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當(dāng),表示動作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語)

12、/ They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ浟怂麄兊墓φn。)(動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a childrens doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語)(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you h

13、ear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎?)(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信?)(4)“動詞+副詞+賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away

14、. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)(5) 動詞后面跟雙賓語時可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.(6) 在“動詞+賓語

15、+賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺這個工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.(7) 賓語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“賓語從句”。4、表語：(1) 說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當(dāng)上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber whe

16、els are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀?)(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對表語進(jìn)行提問的句子除外。(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如：Its I. (Its me.)是我。(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,as

17、leep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發(fā)出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)(5) 表語

18、也可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“表語從句”。5、定語：(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當(dāng),在初三階段還學(xué)習(xí)了定語從句做定語的知識。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學(xué)教師。) / This is the day that I ca

19、n never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,.)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,.作定語時放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yest

20、erday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)(5) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)(6) 定語還可以用從句充當(dāng),詳見 定語從句。(7) 注意：由于定語屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。6、狀語：(1) 說明動作“何時”、“何地”、“如何”發(fā)生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當(dāng)。如：I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學(xué)教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開