高一上 必修1 module 3 Grammar

1、前置與后置的特征：前置與后置的特征：一般單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)要放在所修飾的名一般單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)要放在所修飾的名詞之前，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要放在所修飾詞之前，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要放在所修飾的名詞之后。如：的名詞之后。如：1 a used stamp 一枚用過(guò)的郵票一枚用過(guò)的郵票 2 fallen leaves 落葉落葉 3 a novel written by Lao She 一本老舍寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)一本老舍寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)4 the letter sent to the manager 那封寄給經(jīng)理的信那封寄給經(jīng)理的信【隨堂練習(xí)】【隨堂練習(xí)】(1) We lived in the house_（我舅舅們

2、建的）（我舅舅們建的）(2) Any medicine_(服用服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble .(3) We spent two hours discussing the plan_（她定制的）（她定制的）(4) _ water（開(kāi)水）（開(kāi)水）(5) _（一個(gè)破碎的茶杯）（一個(gè)破碎的茶杯）(6) three_（受傷的）（受傷的）soldiersbuilt by my uncletakenmade by herboileda broken cupwounded語(yǔ)態(tài)特征：語(yǔ)態(tài)特征：過(guò)去分詞表過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)被動(dòng)含義；含義；(現(xiàn)

3、在分詞表現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)主動(dòng)含義含義) 如：如：an exciting story 令人激動(dòng)的故事令人激動(dòng)的故事 (主主) the excited people情緒激動(dòng)的人們情緒激動(dòng)的人們(被被)a moving film 一部感人的影片一部感人的影片 (主主) a moved audience受感動(dòng)的觀眾受感動(dòng)的觀眾 (被被)the exploiting class剝削階級(jí)剝削階級(jí) (主主) the exploited class 被剝削階級(jí)被剝削階級(jí) (被被)surprising news 令人驚訝的消息令人驚訝的消息 (主主) a surprised man受驚的人們受驚的人們 (被被)【

4、隨堂練習(xí)隨堂練習(xí)】(1) Most of the people_（被（被 邀請(qǐng)參加宴會(huì)的）邀請(qǐng)參加宴會(huì)的）were famous scientists .(2) Lessons_（易學(xué)）（易學(xué)）are soon forgotten .(3) The computer center_（開(kāi)辦）（開(kāi)辦） last year is very popular among the students in this school.(4) Your letter _has been received. (10號(hào)的來(lái)信號(hào)的來(lái)信)(5) Whats the language_? （德國(guó)講的）（德國(guó)講的）invit

5、ed to the partylearned easilystarteddated March 10thspoken in Germany時(shí)間關(guān)系上的特征：時(shí)間關(guān)系上的特征：過(guò)去分詞往往表示過(guò)去分詞往往表示已經(jīng)完成已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作(現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示往往表示正在進(jìn)行正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作.)boiling water 正在開(kāi)的水正在開(kāi)的水 boiled water 已經(jīng)煮開(kāi)過(guò)的水已經(jīng)煮開(kāi)過(guò)的水the changing world 變化中的世界變化中的世界 the changed world 變化了的世界變化了的世界the developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)展中國(guó)家

6、the developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家falling snow 正在下的雪正在下的雪 fallen snow 落在地上的雪落在地上的雪注意：注意：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),表被動(dòng)表被動(dòng),表已完成表已完成的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式也可作定語(yǔ)在分詞的被動(dòng)式也可作定語(yǔ),表被動(dòng)，但表示正表被動(dòng)，但表示正在進(jìn)行的在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作動(dòng)作The bridge being built will be important in this areas traffic. 正在建造的這座橋在該地區(qū)的交通中將起重要正在建造的這座橋在該地區(qū)的交通中將起重要作用作用The bridge bu

7、ilt last year has played an important part in this areas traffic. 去年建造的這座橋在該地區(qū)的交通中起了重要去年建造的這座橋在該地區(qū)的交通中起了重要作用作用IV. 擴(kuò)展成句的特征：擴(kuò)展成句的特征：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)?？蓴U(kuò)展為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)常可擴(kuò)展為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：That report about the village is the best of its kind ever written ( = that has ever been written ) . 那篇報(bào)道是同類(lèi)中迄今最好的一篇。那篇報(bào)道是同類(lèi)中迄今

8、最好的一篇。2. He is fond of the food cooked by your mother (= which has been cooked by your mother). 他很喜歡你媽媽做的飯菜。他很喜歡你媽媽做的飯菜?！倦S堂練習(xí)】【隨堂練習(xí)】用定語(yǔ)從句完成句子用定語(yǔ)從句完成句子 (1) Have you ever been to the place of interest _（我上個(gè)月參觀的）？（我上個(gè)月參觀的）？(2) The worker _（一條腿（一條腿 受傷的）受傷的） lay under the tree .I visited last monthwhose

9、leg was woundedV構(gòu)詞復(fù)合詞的特征：構(gòu)詞復(fù)合詞的特征：有時(shí)通過(guò)一個(gè)名詞或數(shù)詞加另一詞的過(guò)去分詞有時(shí)通過(guò)一個(gè)名詞或數(shù)詞加另一詞的過(guò)去分詞可構(gòu)成生動(dòng)形象的復(fù)合形容詞。如：可構(gòu)成生動(dòng)形象的復(fù)合形容詞。如：1 a three-legged desk 一張三條腿的桌子一張三條腿的桌子2 a one-eyed general 一個(gè)獨(dú)眼的將軍一個(gè)獨(dú)眼的將軍3 an honest-faced man 一個(gè)長(zhǎng)相誠(chéng)實(shí)的男人一個(gè)長(zhǎng)相誠(chéng)實(shí)的男人4 five blued-eyed foreigners 五個(gè)藍(lán)眼睛的外國(guó)人五個(gè)藍(lán)眼睛的外國(guó)人【隨堂練習(xí)】【隨堂練習(xí)】 _（頭腦冷靜的）（頭腦冷靜的）men of

10、ten succeed.(2) You should thank that_ （心地善良的）（心地善良的）girl。 (3) a_（熱心腸的）（熱心腸的）leader(4) ten_（中年）（中年）women doctorsCool-headedkind-heartedwarm-heartedmiddle-aged1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。造成的影響或結(jié)果。(漢語(yǔ)中常用漢語(yǔ)中常用“已經(jīng)已經(jīng)”、“過(guò)過(guò)”、“了了”等表達(dá)）通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間副詞等表達(dá)）通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間副詞 just，

11、already, before, yet, never, ever 等狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：等狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： I have never heard of that before. Have you ever ridden a horse? She has already finished the work. Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. Ive just lost my math book. 助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞have (has) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞注：注：has 用于第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，用于第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，

12、have 用于其他所有用于其他所有人稱(chēng)。人稱(chēng)。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞變化與過(guò)去式相同，規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞變化與過(guò)去式相同，不規(guī)則變化則須單獨(dú)記憶。不規(guī)則變化則須單獨(dú)記憶。2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。可以和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?？梢院捅硎狙永m(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 如如for、since 等引等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。（導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。（注意：句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞注意：句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）一段時(shí)間的表達(dá)方法有兩種一段時(shí)間的表達(dá)方法有兩種:for: +一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間 for a year

13、 for two weeks for three years 過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻, since nine since last week 一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 since you came since you got home.注意注意:for 和和since 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都表示一段時(shí)間所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都表示一段時(shí)間.He has been away since last week.He has been away for one week.對(duì)劃線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn)都用對(duì)劃線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn)都用How longSince have / has been (to) 表

14、示表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地”，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)此人不在那里，已經(jīng)回來(lái)。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)此人不在那里，已經(jīng)回來(lái)。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。have / has gone (to) 表示某人表示某人“已經(jīng)去某地已經(jīng)去某地了了”，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正不在這里。不在這里。 He has been to Beijing. 他曾去過(guò)北京。他曾去過(guò)北京。 （人已回來(lái)，可能在這兒）（人已回來(lái)，可能在這兒） He has gone to Beijing. 他已經(jīng)去北京了。他已經(jīng)去北京了。 （人已走，不在這兒）。（人已走，不在這兒）。 1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單

15、純敘述過(guò)）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作動(dòng)作，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。而現(xiàn)在完成，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)在的情況情況。 2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in Octobe

16、r, just now,等具體的時(shí)等具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。間狀語(yǔ)。 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：this morning, tonight, this summer, before, already,等。等。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet, in past years等不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。等不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 I saw this film yesterday. （只說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。）（只說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)

17、容已經(jīng)知道了。）（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） She has returned from Paris. （她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。）（她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。） She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來(lái)的。）（她是昨天回來(lái)的。） He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。為短暫行為。) 注意：注意：句子中如有一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如句子中如有一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間

18、副詞（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： （錯(cuò)）（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能和表瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如可說(shuō)示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如可說(shuō)“He has left.”但但不能說(shuō)不能說(shuō)“He has left for three

19、years.” 如果要表達(dá)如果要表達(dá)“他已走了三年了他已走了三年了”可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：一、用一、用ago,使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 He left here three years ago.二、用二、用“It is +一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間since 一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句 ” It is three years since he left here.三、用三、用“ 一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間have/ has passed + since + 一一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句般過(guò)去時(shí)從句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三種表示方

20、法適用于所有瞬間動(dòng)詞。以上三種表示方法適用于所有瞬間動(dòng)詞。 另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部分瞬間動(dòng)詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延分瞬間動(dòng)詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞或者表狀態(tài)的續(xù)的動(dòng)詞或者表狀態(tài)的be+名詞形容詞或副詞名詞形容詞或副詞介詞短語(yǔ)等。介詞短語(yǔ)等。1.直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 buy catch (get) a cold borrow come/go /become have have a coldkeepbe2.轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞名詞 join the army join the Party go

21、to school be a soldier be a Party memberbe a student3轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞形容詞或副詞 die finish begin leave fall sleep close openbe deadbe overbe onbe awaybe asleep be closedbe open4.轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成 be+介詞短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ) go to school join the army.我們買(mǎi)這本書(shū)三年了我們買(mǎi)這本書(shū)三年了.We have had the book for three years.他感冒三天了他感冒三天了.He has had a

22、 cold for three days.We bought the book three years ago. He caught a cold three days ago.一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以構(gòu)成同義句一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以構(gòu)成同義句be in schoolbe in the army自從上星期以來(lái)自從上星期以來(lái),我就借了這本書(shū)我就借了這本書(shū). I have kept the book since last week.我成為一個(gè)學(xué)生兩年多了我成為一個(gè)學(xué)生兩年多了. I have been a student for over two years. I borrowed

23、the book last week.I became a student two years ago. Mr Black死了三年了。死了三年了。Mr Black has been dead for three years.Mr Black died three years ago.小明參軍半年了。小明參軍半年了。Xiao Ming has been a soldier for half a year.Xiao Ming joined the army half a year ago.我們上了我們上了8年學(xué)了。年學(xué)了。We have been students for eight years.

24、下課下課10分鐘了分鐘了 The class has been over for ten minutes.9.電影開(kāi)始了一小時(shí)了電影開(kāi)始了一小時(shí)了 The film has been on for an hour.一看時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一看時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如果句中沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去確切時(shí)間。如果句中沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去確切時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果有，則只能用一的狀語(yǔ)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果有，則只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：I have visited the factory.I visited the factory last year.二看句首有無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞。二看句首有無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞。如果籠統(tǒng)地問(wèn)人家做過(guò)某如果籠統(tǒng)地

25、問(wèn)人家做過(guò)某事了嗎（句首無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞），常用事了嗎（句首無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞），常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；但；但進(jìn)一步詢(xún)問(wèn)何時(shí)、何地、何原因、用什么方式做進(jìn)一步詢(xún)問(wèn)何時(shí)、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事時(shí)（句首有疑問(wèn)詞）就要用那事時(shí)（句首有疑問(wèn)詞）就要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：。如：Have you had your breakfast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.三看句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞三看句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果表示的動(dòng)作或。如果表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，最好選用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并使用現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，最好

26、選用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：完成時(shí)；如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago.注意：注意： 這種用法是以連貫性問(wèn)答為背景的。否則就需要這種用法是以連貫性問(wèn)答為背景的。否則就需要具體情況具體分析。如：具體情況具體分析。如：How many words have you learned by heart?How did you learn them by heart?( )1.Youve nev

27、er seen such a wonderful film before, _? A. havent you B. have you C. do you D. dont you( ) 2. I have watched the game. When _ you _ it? A. have; watched B. do; watch C. did ;watch D. will; watch( )3. Mr. Green _ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live( )4.

28、His grandma _ for two years. A. died B. has died C. was dead D. has been dead BCBD( )5. Where is Han Mei now? She _ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days. A. has gone B. has been C. goes D. had gone( )6. _ you _to the United Stated ? No, never,but I went to Canada a few years agoA. Have; been B.

29、 Have; gone C. Did; go D. Do; go( )7. You havent changed your mind,_?A. do you B. are you C. have you D. did you( )8. How long have you _ the football team of the school?A. played B. been at C. joined D been on AACD( )9. Where have you _ these days? I have _ to Kunming with my friends.A been , gone

30、B been , been C gone , been D gone, gone( )10. How long have you _ this book?A. bought B. borrowed C. had D. lent( )11. Excuse me, _ you seen the film yet? Yes, I _ it last night.A have, see B have, have seen C have, seen D have, saw( )12. He has never ridden a horse before,_? A. is he B. isnt he C.

31、 hasnt he D. has heBCDD -Do you know our town at all ? - No , this is the first time I _here .(NMET92) A. was B. am coming C. came D. have been 2. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now . (NMET 2002) hasnt written B. doesnt write B. wont write D. hadnt write 3. - Im s

32、orry to keep you waiting . -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes . (NMET94) A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be DAA4. Who is Jerry Cooper? -_? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting .(NMET97) A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt you met him yet C. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him