Unit3Lifeinthefuture知識講解過去分詞作定語與狀語

1、過去分詞作定語和狀語編稿：牛新閣審稿：王春霞概念引入在前兩個單元我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過過去分詞作定語和表語,及過去分詞作賓語補足語,在本單元中我們先復(fù)習(xí)一下過去分詞作定語,然后學(xué)習(xí)過去分詞作狀語.看下面句子：1. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.2. Well-known for their expertise, his parents ' company, called Future Tours", transported me safely into the future in a

2、time capsule.3. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.4. Exhausted , I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.5. Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth's gravity.這些句子中斜體詞局部都是過去分詞,在句中作狀語.那么過去分詞作狀語,有什么需要注意呢？用法講解過去分詞作定語：在第一單元,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過了過去分詞作定語的用

3、法,這里做一簡單復(fù)習(xí).1. 過去分詞作定語與定語從句：過去分詞作定語,具有形容詞或副詞的作用,該分詞及其修飾成分相當(dāng)于定語從句.如果把分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)變成定語從句時,這個定語從句應(yīng)具備兩個特征:1從句的主語和所修飾的先行詞一致；如 2的例句1中定語從句的主語就是所修飾詞 a teachers2從句的謂語動詞為被動語態(tài)形式.She is a teacher respected by all her students.她是位受所有學(xué)生尊敬的老師.=She is a teacher who is respected by all her students.This is the best novel of

4、 its kind ever written .這是這類小說中寫得最好的.=This is the best novel of its kind that has ever been written .2. 作定語的分詞的邏輯主語分詞作定語,其邏輯主語是所修飾詞,現(xiàn)在分詞動作與所修飾詞常是主動關(guān)系,而過去 分詞動作與所修飾詞常是被動關(guān)系.The broken clock should be repaired as soon as possible. 這個壞了 的鐘表該盡快修好.定語broken與所修飾的詞clock是被動的,即被弄壞的表The crying baby has been ill

5、for two days.正在大哭的那個嬰兒病了兩天了.定語crying是所修飾詞baby做的,是主動關(guān)系注意：不定式和-ing形式的被動式與所修飾詞也是被動關(guān)系,但在時間上與過去分詞不 同.3. 作定語的非謂語動詞的時間過去分詞作定語,多表示動作已經(jīng)完成；to be done表示動作將要發(fā)生；being done表示動作正在進行.r built last year 去年建的橋the bridge being built正在建的橋I to be built next year明年要建的橋4. 表示情感的動詞的分詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞表示事物的性質(zhì),而過去分詞表示內(nèi)心的感受,尤其注意分詞修飾expre

6、ssion,look等詞時,一般用過去分詞表示內(nèi)心感受所表現(xiàn)的表情.The frightened look on her face when seeing the dog surprised her parents.她看到小狗時臉上害怕的表情讓她父母很吃驚.感到害怕的表情比照：The tall man gave me a frightening look. 高個子男人向我做了一個嚇人的表情.讓別人害怕的表情,是性質(zhì)過去分詞作狀語-入門篇：1. 什么是狀語：狀語是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、其他狀語或主句的,可以表示時間、地點、方式、比 較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等.可以充當(dāng)狀語的有副詞

7、、介詞短語、動詞不 定式、分詞短語、形容詞、名詞詞組和從句等.如：Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.我們束手無策,只能眼睜睜地看著自己的家園被毀掉.形容詞作伴隨狀語,說明“看著時的狀態(tài)是“無助的 He wrote with a- red pencil .他用紅鉛筆寫的.介詞短語作方式狀語The students went away laughing .學(xué)生們笑著走開了.現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語Tom tried hard to improve his English .湯姆努力嘗試來提升英語水平.hard是副詞作狀語表示程

8、度,to improve his English是不定式短語作狀語表示目的I' ll write to you as soon as I get there .從句作時間狀語我一到那兒就給你寫信.【高清課堂：Unit 3 Life in the future 語法精講 作狀語】2. 過去分詞作狀語非謂語動詞作狀語時,做題的竅門是：要看作狀語的非謂語動詞與主句的主語構(gòu)成的主 被動關(guān)系.1Born into a peasant family, he only had two years ' schooling.他出生于農(nóng)民家庭,只受過兩年的教育.某人出生于 要用sb. was bo

9、rn.,因此用born2Compared to many women, she was very fortunate. 與許多女子木目上匕, 她彳艮幸運.人 compare A to/with B ,此句中是 When we compare her to many women ,即 she is compared .,因仕匕用 compared3Exhausted by the journey, he soon fell asleep.由于旅程而精疲力竭,他不久就睡著了.我們說"I am exhausted = am tired,被使筋疲力盡",有些學(xué)生會誤寫為 being

10、 exhausted, 一定注意這種由過去分詞變來的形容詞作狀語時表示狀態(tài),不需加being,即表示感情的過去分詞作狀語,不需要加being.這是測試時要特別注意的.4Although built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.這個引擎雖然是戰(zhàn)前造的,仍然狀態(tài)良好.引擎是被制造的,所以用built.分詞作狀語時,可以加某些連詞,如while doing/ done5Unless changed, the law will make the life difficult for farmers.如果不做變革,這項法律會使

11、農(nóng)民的生活困難.法律是被變革的,因此用changed,加了連詞 unless,即unless changed 過去分詞作狀語-用法小結(jié)篇1作狀語的過去分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語.Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 由于寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好.過去分詞 Written作原因狀語,邏輯主語是句子的主語 this article,是動作的承受者. 比照：Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的過程中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用.現(xiàn)在分詞Using作時間狀語,其邏輯主語也是句子的主語I,動作是主語發(fā)出的.注意

12、：如果過去分詞作狀語時,主句的主語,不是分詞的邏輯主語,而是在前面另加了邏 輯主語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu).The signal given , the bus started.信號一發(fā)出,汽車就開動了.given的邏輯主語是 the signal,不是主句主語 the bus.Her head held high , she went by.她把頭昂得高高地走了過去.held high的邏輯主語是 her head,而不是主句主語she.2 過去分詞作狀語時的特點也是被動、完成.及物動詞的過去分詞形式語態(tài)上表示被動, 時間上表示已經(jīng)完成,有時也表示模糊的時間概念.Used for a lon

13、g time, the book looks old.由于用了很長時間,這本書看上去很舊.used與句子的主語是被動關(guān)系-書是被用的；used的動作已經(jīng)完成3如果我們把該分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€狀語從句時,該狀語從句也應(yīng)該具備兩個特征：從句的主語和主句的主語必須一致；謂語動詞為被動語態(tài)形式.Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.=As L was worried about the journey, was unsettled for the first few days.由于擔(dān)憂旅程,前幾天我感到心緒不寧

14、.Though warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.=Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.雖然得到了警告,農(nóng)民們還是在地里干著活.4分詞作狀語時,有時為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞,如when,while, unless, once, though, even if, than等,這時分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一 個.也可以理解為：當(dāng)這些連詞引

15、導(dǎo)的狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時,從句中的主語和be動詞局部可以省略.When you are given a medical examination, you should keep calm.做體格檢查時要保持鎮(zhèn)定.Don' t speak untiyou are spoken to.別人對你說話時你再說話.注意：主語主句是祈使句,祈使句的主語一般是 youEven if I ' invited, I won ' t take part in the party.即使被邀請,我也不會參加這個聚會.While he was waiting there, he sa

16、w two pretty girls come out of the building.他在那兒等著的時候,看見兩個靚妹走出大樓.5過去分詞作狀語,可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式和伴隨等. 表示時間When asked why he was late, he went red.當(dāng)問他為什么退到時,他臉紅了.He didn't say anything until invited. 直到被邀請,他才說話. 表示條件United, we stand; divided, we fall.聯(lián)合,我們就能站立；分裂,我們必然倒下.Given more money, we could do

17、it better.如果多給點錢,我們會做得更好. 表示原因Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.由于傷得很嚴(yán)重,他不得不被送往醫(yī)院.Surprised at what happened, Tom didn ' t know what to do.由于對發(fā)生的事感到吃驚,湯姆不知道該做什么了. 表示讓步Though warned many times, the boy still reads in bed.雖然警告了他好屢次,那個男孩還是躺在床上讀書.Even if given more money, I can '

18、t finish the work only by myself.即使給再多的錢,我一個人也做不完這個工作. 表示伴隨、方式The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.老師走進教室,后面跟著一群學(xué)生.He turned away disappointed. 他失望地走開了.分詞作狀語的區(qū)別1現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,句子的主語是現(xiàn)在分詞的動作的執(zhí)行者,而過去分詞作狀語,句子 的主語是分詞的動作承受者.Seeing the new bike, he jumped with joy.看見了新自行車,他快樂地跳了起來.h

19、e做了 see這個動作Seen from here, the picture appears beautiful indeed.在這里看,這張畫確實很美麗.畫是被看的2從時間上看.過去分詞可以表示完成或模糊的時間概念,而與現(xiàn)在分詞的 一般式表示與主語動詞 同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示先于謂語動詞發(fā)生.Arriving there, they found the boy ill.他們到那時發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩病了.arriving與found同時發(fā)生Hearing the noise outside, he rushed out.聽到外面的吵鬧聲,他沖了出去.hear和rush幾乎同時發(fā)生Hav

20、ing finished his homework, he went out. 做完了作業(yè),他出去了.finish 先于 wentSeen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.從山頂上看,城市看上去很小.seen不表示完成,也不強調(diào)正在進行,只表示被動Explained many times = Having been explained many times , he understood what to do inthe end.給他解釋了好屢次了,他終于知道該做什么了.Explain與句子的主語是被動的,而且在謂語動作understood之前完成,可以用過去分詞表示,相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的被動形式,但是后者Having been explained更強調(diào)已經(jīng)完成.注意：作方式或伴隨狀語時常用過去分詞,習(xí)慣上不用being followed oThe hunter, followed by his wolf dog, walked slowly in the forest.獵人在森林里慢慢地走著,后面跟著一