分詞ing型和ed型在英語(yǔ)中的用法及含義

1、分詞ing型和ed型在英語(yǔ)中的用法及含義現(xiàn)在分詞ing型具有動(dòng)詞的特征以及形容詞或副詞的功能，可以作表語(yǔ)、泄語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或 在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞ing型具有主動(dòng)意義。而過(guò)去分詞cd型說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情感心理 上的感受，往往具有被動(dòng)的意義。1、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作表語(yǔ)：表示情感心理的及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞具有主動(dòng)意義，表示主語(yǔ)的特征，能引起聽(tīng)話人情 感心理上的反應(yīng)。例如：a. The situation is encouraging.形勢(shì)很使人鼓舞。She is greatly encouraged 她深受鼓舞。b. The food smells inviting 這個(gè)才真誘人。I don't

2、feel invited to enter such an ugly building.我沒(méi)有欲望進(jìn)這么難看的建筑。最常這樣用的分詞有：amazing / amazed, astonishing / astonished, surprising / surprised, encouraging / encouraged > confusing / confused, disappointing / disappointed, exciting / excited interesting / interested, puzzling / puzzled, shocking / shocke

3、d, worrying / worried, tiring / tired, satisfying / satisfied2、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作定語(yǔ)1）上述表示情感心理的及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞可以作前置怎語(yǔ)，仍然表示它所修飾的爼 詞的特征，能引起聽(tīng)話人情感心理上的反應(yīng)。它們與對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去分詞作眾語(yǔ)的區(qū)別同上。He told us the disappointing news.他告訴我們那令人失望的消息©The amusing story set the amused audience laughed all the time.令人捧腹的故事令感到 好笑的觀眾大笑不止。2）不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分

4、詞ing型作泄語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：boiling water 沸水 developing country 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 moving train 行駛中的火車(chē)3）注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作泄語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別一般來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示所修飾的名詞的動(dòng)作，兩者在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系：而動(dòng)劃詞主 要說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)、用途等。例如：a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 熟睡的男孩a sleeping car = a car which is used for sleeping 臥鋪車(chē)廂a flying bird = a bird which is flying 飛鳥(niǎo)a

5、flying school = a school for training pilots 飛行學(xué)校4）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型還常構(gòu)成合成詞來(lái)作定語(yǔ)，如：fine-looking building漂亮的房子easy-going man容易相處的人far-reaching effects 深遠(yuǎn)的影響earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的變化5）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作泄語(yǔ)往往相當(dāng)于一個(gè)左語(yǔ)從句，表示的時(shí)間通常有兩種：a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)需用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）：Tell the children playing （= who are playing ） there not to make

6、 so much noiseDid you see the man talking （ = who is talking） toMr. Wang?b. 表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)（變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)用一般時(shí)態(tài)）：They lived in a room 衍（=that faced） southThe house standing （= that stands） at the corner of the street was built in 19953、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型狀語(yǔ)1）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，作用相當(dāng)于and連接的并列句。例如：Sally was lying in bed crying

7、.2）現(xiàn)在分詞可以作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：Hearing （= When they heard） the news, they all jumped with joy.Walking （=When he walked） out of the room, he found the boy still there.如果分詞表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，前而還可以帶有when或whileo例如：Jim hurt his arm （while） playing tennis3）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作原因狀語(yǔ)，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：Being poor （As we were poo

8、r） , we couldn't afford the expensive furniture Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note4）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作條件狀語(yǔ)，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Staying （=If you stay ） here for some time you'll find the people here are friendly.5）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作方式狀語(yǔ)，通常在動(dòng)詞stand, go, come, sit等之后。例如： He stood leaning a

9、gainst the wall.他站著靠在墻上心She came running to the station.她跑著來(lái)到車(chē)站。6）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表示一種順其自然的結(jié)果。例如：The storm left, causing great damage and deaths.4、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作賓補(bǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)常用于下列情況：1）用于與感覺(jué)有關(guān)的及物動(dòng)詞，如 see, noticef watch, observe, hear, listen to, look at, smell, feel, find等。轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞ing型時(shí)表示上賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或正在進(jìn)的動(dòng) 作。I saw h

10、er coming down the streetDo you smell soothing burning?2）用于表示“使役”的動(dòng)詞如keep, get, leave, make, have等，表示主語(yǔ)使賓語(yǔ)一 直處于某種狀態(tài)中。例如：The police had a hard time keeping the traffic movingCan you get the clock going aain?Who has left the machine running all night?4）用于介詞with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作，體現(xiàn)主動(dòng)槪念。例如: She fell

11、asleep with the light burningA little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the houseWith the boy leading the way, we found he house easily.（小男孩已領(lǐng)過(guò)路）動(dòng)詞的-cd形式1、概述動(dòng)詞的-cd分詞是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，即傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法中所說(shuō)的過(guò)去分詞（past participle）,兼有動(dòng)詞 和形容詞、副詞的特征與自己的狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)，在句子中可以充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)、立語(yǔ)、狀 語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等成分。它只有一般式表示完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，沒(méi)有完成式，也沒(méi)有

12、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。規(guī) 則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加-cd構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成規(guī)則。The cup is broken.杯子碎了。（有形容詞特征，作表語(yǔ)）Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.大部分應(yīng)邀入會(huì)的藝術(shù)家來(lái)自非 洲。（作定語(yǔ)）He is going to have his hair cut他打算去理發(fā)。（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.她從屋里出來(lái)，后面跟著她的小女 兒。（作狀語(yǔ)）2、動(dòng)

13、詞的td形式的句法功能（1）作表語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。You shouldiV t try to stand up if you are badly hurt.如果你嚴(yán)重受傷，就不應(yīng)站起來(lái)。He is gone他走了©You are mistaken.你錯(cuò) 了。 表示情感的動(dòng)詞的ed形式作表語(yǔ)表示情感的動(dòng)詞的ed形式常見(jiàn)有disappointed（失望的）,astonished（驚訝的）,cxci（cd（激動(dòng)的）， interested（感興趣的）,frightened（害怕的）» moved（感動(dòng)的），pleased （髙興的），puzzled （不

14、解的），satisfied（滿足的），surprised（驚奇的），touched （感動(dòng)的） worried （擔(dān)憂的）等。 這類(lèi)此都有“被怎樣了的”意義”表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，主語(yǔ)一般是人。I was not satisfied with the result我對(duì)那個(gè)結(jié)果感到不滿意。I was deeply moved by the moving story.我被這個(gè)感人的故事感動(dòng)了。I was very surprised at the news我聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后非常吃驚。（2）作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的-cd形式作左語(yǔ)表示彼動(dòng)與完成，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它所修飾的中心詞，是它動(dòng)作的承受 者。 作宦語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果

15、是單個(gè)詞，一般放在名詞的前而。Japan is a developed country.日本是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。He cleared up all the fallen leaves.他淸除所有的落葉。Polluted air and water are harmful to people * s health 污染的空氣和水對(duì)人們的健康是有害的。 如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，要放在名詞的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)含有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的圧語(yǔ)從句。The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200.000 silver pennies（=whic

16、h were ever found-）曾經(jīng)在英國(guó)發(fā)掘的最大的一批硬幣有大約20萬(wàn)枚銀便士。The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it. （=once it is begun）研究是這樣設(shè)計(jì)的，一旦啟動(dòng)就不能改變。People developed a kind of paper made from the fibres of plants.人們研制出一種用植物纖維制 成的紙。The first textbooks written for teaching English as a for

17、eign language came out in the 16th century. 為英語(yǔ)教學(xué)編寫(xiě)的第一套教科書(shū)岀臺(tái)于16世紀(jì)。 表示情感的動(dòng)詞的ed形式作定語(yǔ)表示情感的動(dòng)詞的cd形式常見(jiàn)有disappointed佚望的）,astonished（驚訝的）,cxci忙d（激動(dòng)的）， interested（感興趣的），frightened（害怕的）» moved（感動(dòng)的），pleased （髙興的），puzzled （不 解的），satisfied（滿足的），surprised（驚奇的）,touched （感動(dòng)的） worried （擔(dān)憂的）等。 這類(lèi)此都有"被怎樣了的”意

18、義”表示中心詞的狀態(tài)，中心詞一般是人。The excited football fans were singing in loud voices那些興奮的球迷在髙聲唱歌。The frightened child kept trembling all the time那個(gè)被嚇壞的男孩一直在發(fā)抖。 己完全形容詞化動(dòng)詞的ed形式作建語(yǔ)有些動(dòng)詞的ed形式己完全形容詞化，作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其含義與同形的作后置定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的 cd形式不完全相同。I'm going to buy some used books tomorrow.明天我要去買(mǎi)一些舊書(shū)。（I日的）The books used are sti

19、ll new now 用過(guò)的書(shū)現(xiàn)在仍然很新。（用）We1 II meet at a given time and place們將在一個(gè)固立的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)見(jiàn)而。（固立的）The time and place given to us are not decided yet 給我們的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)還沒(méi)定下。（給 巧用“令（使）人”扁的動(dòng)詞分詞式過(guò)去分詞作表左，修飾通常是人稱(chēng)。表示“使人”怎么樣，皆由外因出感情。 現(xiàn)在分詞作表泄，主語(yǔ)常是事、物劍。表示“令人”怎么樣，說(shuō)明性質(zhì)或特征。（3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的-cd形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，它前面的賓語(yǔ)就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)：如果主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句, 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)則變成了主語(yǔ)

20、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞的-cd形式一般在感覺(jué)、感官動(dòng)詞和使役、致使役動(dòng) 詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)意義。 感覺(jué)、感官動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有find, feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch 等。We found the door locked.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)門(mén)鎖上了。（賓補(bǔ)）The door was found locked, l' J 被發(fā)現(xiàn)鎖上 了。（主補(bǔ)）She saw the thief caught by the policeman.她看見(jiàn)那個(gè)小偷被警察抓去了。（賓補(bǔ)）T

21、he thief was seed caught by the policeman.有人看見(jiàn)那個(gè)小偷被警察抓去了。（主補(bǔ)）What should you do if you find a person trapped under a car?如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有人被壓在車(chē)下，你該怎 么辦？ 使役、致使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有catch, get, have, leave, set, start, keep 等。The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself heard.那個(gè)演講人提高了嗓門(mén),但人 們還是

22、聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)。She had her foot injured in the fall.她跌倒了，腳受 了傷。 “have/gcwh.+-cd分詞作賓補(bǔ)”的不同含義4<have/get sth.+-cd分詞作賓補(bǔ)”歸納起來(lái)有3種不同含義：a. 表示讓/叫別人（為自己）做某事。Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong.布朗太太看到她請(qǐng)人修的洗衣機(jī)壞了非常失望。He's going to have his hair cut.他要去理發(fā)。She had

23、her house repaired.她（請(qǐng)人）修理了 房屋。They are going to get their telephone put in.他們打算請(qǐng)人安裝電話。b. 表示“使完成某事”，可以是別人完成，也可以是自己參與完成。We must have / get the work finished by 10 o'clock.我們?cè)?10 點(diǎn)鐘之前得把工作做完。In that year he had a hundred yuan saved.那一年他積蓄 了 100 元。c. 表示“遭遇某事”，常指不幸之事。She had her house damaged in the

24、storm.她的房屋在暴風(fēng)雨中毀壞 了。Charles was sentenced to death and would iiave his head cut off the next day.査爾斯被判處死 刑，次日將被砍頭。（4）作狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的-cd形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用來(lái)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，英邏輯主語(yǔ)通常應(yīng)與句 子的主語(yǔ)一致，即句子的主語(yǔ)就是動(dòng)詞的Yd形式這一動(dòng)作的承受者。在意義上可表示時(shí)間、 原因、方式、伴隨、條件、讓步等，這時(shí)它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。它的位置比較靈活，可以 置于句首、句中或句尾，有時(shí)用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，有時(shí)也不用。一般用作時(shí)間、原因、條件狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 這些短語(yǔ)通常位于句子的句首

25、；當(dāng)用作方式、結(jié)果、伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常位于句末。作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于when或while引導(dǎo)的從句。Shot in the lcg（=When he was shot in the leg）, he continued to fire back with his gun.當(dāng)他的腿被 擊中了后，他仍繼續(xù)還擊。Heated, (=Whcn it is heated) the metal expands金屬受熱要膨脹 ° 作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于as, since, because引導(dǎo)的從句。這類(lèi)狀語(yǔ)多方在前半部。Well designed and built(=Because it wa

26、s well designed and built), the building lasted long.因?yàn)樵O(shè) 計(jì)和施工都好，這座建筑撐的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。Greatly frightened, the man ran into the room back of the workshop.那人大吃一，驚，跑到車(chē)間后 而的屋子里去了。Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.他陷入 了沉思，險(xiǎn)些撞到他前而汽車(chē) 上。 作方式伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用狀語(yǔ)從句替換，但可以改成并列句。He hurried to the hall, follo

27、wed by two guards(=Hc hurried to the hall and was followed by two guards.)他快步走進(jìn)大廳，身后跟著兩個(gè)衛(wèi)兵。He turned away disappointed. (=Hc was disappointed and turned away.)他非常失望地走了。Dr Watson and I will spend the night, locked in your room.我和華生醫(yī)生將要鎖在你的屋里過(guò) 夜。 作條件狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于if, unless引導(dǎo)的從句。Given another chance(=If I am

28、given another chance), I will do it much better如果再給我一次機(jī) 會(huì)，我會(huì)干得更好。Compared with Mr. Smith, he is young.和史密斯相比，他很年輕。United we stand； divided we fall團(tuán)結(jié)就是勝利，分裂必然失敗。 作讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于though, even if等引導(dǎo)的從句。這類(lèi)狀語(yǔ)多放在前半部。Born a free man (Though he was born a free man) , he was now in chains.他生來(lái)是個(gè)自由人, 現(xiàn)在卻戴上了鐐銬。Wounded

29、 (Though he was wounded) , the brave solider continue to fight雖然受傷,那個(gè)勇敢 的戰(zhàn)士仍然繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。Left alone, the boy will get into trouble.放任不管，這個(gè)男孩會(huì)惹麻煩 動(dòng)詞的-cd形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前而有時(shí)可以用一個(gè)連詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或?qū)缬诒磉_(dá)需要。常用的連 詞有：when, while, after, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if 等。If followed, he would eat all the food in the house.

30、如果被允許，他會(huì)把家里的食物全吃了。Even if invited. I won*t go to his party即使被邀請(qǐng),我也不去參加他的聚會(huì)。When asked why he did it. he said nothing.當(dāng)問(wèn)到他為什么做這件事時(shí)，他什么也沒(méi)說(shuō)。Once seen, it can never be forgotten旦看見(jiàn)它，就不會(huì)忘記它。(5)動(dòng)詞的-cd形式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 名詞(代詞)+動(dòng)詞的-cd形式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用來(lái)表示行為方式或伴隨狀況，有時(shí)用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。這時(shí)-cd分 詞與前而的名詞通格或代詞主格是被動(dòng)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。The question settled, the meeting was over.問(wèn)題解決后，會(huì)議結(jié)朿了。He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.他滿臉是汗跑 了進(jìn)來(lái)His work finished, he prepared to go home干完活后，他就準(zhǔn)備回家。 wit