四、K-5閱讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：基本技能

1、P16-17 Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K5)閱讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：基本技能(K5)These standards are directed toward fostering students understanding and working knowledge of concepts of print, the alphabetic principle, and other basic conventions of the English writing system. These foundational skills are not an en

2、d in and of themselves; rather, they are necessary and important components of an effective, comprehensive reading program designed to develop proficient readers with the capacity to comprehend texts across a range of types anddisciplines. Instruction should be differentiated: good readers will need

3、 much less practice with these concepts than struggling readers will. The point is to teach students what they need to learn and not what they already knowto discern when particular children or activities warrant more or less attention.這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直接針對(duì)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生關(guān)于印刷出版物、按字母順序的原則和英語(yǔ)寫作系統(tǒng)其他基本原則的概念的理解和應(yīng)用知識(shí)。這些基本的技能并不是目

4、的本身，相反，它們是一份有效、 全面的閱讀計(jì)劃的必要和重要的組成部分，該閱讀計(jì)劃旨在培養(yǎng)具有熟練的閱讀與理解各種類型和學(xué)科的文本的能力的讀者。應(yīng)該進(jìn)行有差異的指導(dǎo)：高水平的讀者相比在閱讀中苦苦掙扎的讀者在對(duì)于這些概念的練習(xí)會(huì)少得多。關(guān)鍵是教學(xué)生了解他們需要學(xué)習(xí)什么而不是他們已經(jīng)知道什么辨別時(shí)特別是兒童或活動(dòng)值得受到或多或少的關(guān)注。Note: In kindergarten, children are expected to demonstrate increasing awareness and competence in the areas that follow.在幼兒園里，孩子

5、們被期望能在以下的領(lǐng)域中表現(xiàn)出越來(lái)越多的意識(shí)和能力。K年級(jí)1年級(jí)2年級(jí)3年級(jí)4年級(jí)5年級(jí)Print Concepts 紙質(zhì)出版物的概念1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.表明對(duì)紙質(zhì)出版物的組織和基本特征的理解。1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print表明對(duì)紙質(zhì)出版物的組織和基本特征的理解。a. Follow words from left to right, top

6、to bottom, and page by page.按照從左到右，從上到下，一頁(yè)接一頁(yè)的語(yǔ)言順序。a. Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word,capitalization, ending punctuation)認(rèn)識(shí)和區(qū)分句子的特點(diǎn)（例如，第一個(gè)單詞，大小寫，結(jié)束標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)）b. Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.認(rèn)識(shí)到口頭的語(yǔ)言在書

7、面語(yǔ)言中的表達(dá)，通過(guò)字母的特定的排序。c. Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.理解在出版物中由空格分隔的詞語(yǔ)d. Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet認(rèn)識(shí)并且能說(shuō)出字母表中所有大寫和小寫字母Phonological Awareness 音韻意識(shí)2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds(phonemes).表明對(duì)口語(yǔ)的詞，音節(jié)和發(fā)音

8、（音素）的理解2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds(phonemes).表明對(duì)口語(yǔ)的詞，音節(jié)和發(fā)音（音素）的理解a. Recognize and produce rhyming words.認(rèn)識(shí)并能說(shuō)出押韻的詞a. Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.區(qū)分在口語(yǔ)的單音節(jié)詞中的長(zhǎng)和短元音的發(fā)音b. Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables

9、in spoken words.能數(shù)清、發(fā)音、混合和劃分口語(yǔ)詞匯中的音節(jié)。b. Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes),including consonant blends.通過(guò)包括輔音的混讀方法發(fā)音單音節(jié)詞。c. Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.混合和分割單音節(jié)詞的首尾音c. Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds

10、(phonemes) inspoken single-syllable words.單獨(dú)地發(fā)出口語(yǔ)中單音節(jié)詞的第一個(gè)音素，中間的元音和最后的音素。d. Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes)in three-phoneme (consonant-vowel-consonant, or CVC) words.* (This doesnot include CVCs ending with /l/, /r/, or /x/.)單獨(dú)地發(fā)出三音節(jié)（輔音元音輔音，或縮寫CVC)詞的第一個(gè)音素

11、，中間的元音和最后的音素。（不包括以/l/, /r/, 或 /x/結(jié)尾的單詞）d. Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).將口語(yǔ)的單音節(jié)詞語(yǔ)劃分為獨(dú)立音節(jié)組成的完整序列。e. Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable words to make new words.添加或替換簡(jiǎn)單的單音節(jié)詞中個(gè)別發(fā)音（音素） 來(lái)造新字。Phonic

12、s and Word Recognition 拼音和詞語(yǔ)的識(shí)別3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)成中各級(jí)別的發(fā)音和詞語(yǔ)分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)成中各級(jí)別的發(fā)音和詞語(yǔ)分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis sk

13、ills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)成中各級(jí)別的發(fā)音和詞語(yǔ)分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)成中各級(jí)別的發(fā)音和詞語(yǔ)分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)成中各級(jí)別的發(fā)音和詞語(yǔ)分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics a

14、nd wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)成中各級(jí)別的發(fā)音和詞語(yǔ)分析的技能。a. Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-oneletter-sound correspondences by producingthe primary sound or many of the mostfrequent sounds for each consonant.通過(guò)發(fā)基本音或每個(gè)輔音的多數(shù)常用音來(lái)展示基本的字母與發(fā)音的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。a. Know the spelling-sound correspondences

15、 forcommon consonant digraphs.了解常見(jiàn)輔音字母組合對(duì)應(yīng)的字形和字音。a. Distinguish long and short vowels whenreading regularly spelled one-syllable words.讀到常見(jiàn)的單音節(jié)詞時(shí)能夠區(qū)分長(zhǎng)元音和短元音。a. Identify and know the meaning of the mostcommon prefixes and derivational suffixes.能識(shí)別和了解常見(jiàn)前綴和派生后綴的含義a. Use combined knowledge of all letter

16、-soundcorrespondences, syllabication patterns, andmorphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to readaccurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words incontext and out of context.結(jié)合字母與讀音的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系、音節(jié)劃分模式和詞形學(xué)（如詞根和詞綴）的知識(shí)來(lái)準(zhǔn)確讀出文中或文外的非常見(jiàn)多音節(jié)詞。a. Use combined knowledge of all letter-soundcorrespondences, syllabication patter

17、ns, andmorphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to readaccurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words incontext and out of context.結(jié)合字母與讀音的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系、音節(jié)劃分模式和詞形學(xué)（如詞根和詞綴）的知識(shí)來(lái)準(zhǔn)確讀出文中或文外的非常見(jiàn)多音節(jié)詞。b. Associate the long and short sounds withcommon spellings (graphemes) for the fivemajor vowels.將長(zhǎng)音和短音與五個(gè)主要元音的拼寫 （字母）聯(lián)系

18、起來(lái)b. Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.能識(shí)別規(guī)則拼寫的單音節(jié)詞。b. Know spelling-sound correspondences foradditional common vowel teams.知道其他常見(jiàn)元音組合的拼寫和發(fā)音。b. Decode words with common Latin suffixes.能識(shí)別帶有常見(jiàn)拉丁后綴的單詞。c. Read common high-frequency words by sight(e.g., the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do,

19、does).看到就能讀出高頻出現(xiàn)的詞。（如the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do ,does）c. Know final -e and common vowel teamconventions for representing long vowelsounds知道表示長(zhǎng)元音的結(jié)尾為e和常見(jiàn)元音字母組合規(guī)則。c. Decode regularly spelled two-syllable wordswith long vowels.能識(shí)別規(guī)則拼寫的帶有長(zhǎng)元音的雙音節(jié)詞。c. Decode multisyllable words.d. Read grade-a

20、ppropriate irregularly spelledwords.能識(shí)別出多音節(jié)詞。能讀出符合學(xué)齡的不規(guī)則拼寫詞。d. Distinguish between similarly spelled words byidentifying the sounds of the letters that differ.通過(guò)識(shí)別字母發(fā)音的差異來(lái)區(qū)分拼寫相近的詞。d. Use knowledge that every syllable must havea vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.用每個(gè)音節(jié)

21、都有一個(gè)元音的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)確定一個(gè)詞有幾個(gè)音節(jié)。d. Decode words with common prefixes andsuffixes.知道帶有常見(jiàn)前后綴的詞的含義。e. Decode two-syllable words following basicpatterns by breaking the words into syllables.能根據(jù)基本模式劃分音節(jié)來(lái)識(shí)別雙音節(jié)詞。e. Identify words with inconsistent but commonspelling-sound correspondences.能識(shí)別常見(jiàn)的拼寫和發(fā)音不一致的單詞。f. Read wor

22、ds with inflectional endings.帶著聲調(diào)讀詞。？f. Recognize and read grade-appropriateirregularly spelled words 能識(shí)別和讀出符合學(xué)齡的非常規(guī)拼寫詞。g. Recognize and read grade-appropriateirregularly spelled words. 能識(shí)別和讀出符合學(xué)齡的非常規(guī)拼寫詞。Fluency 流暢度4. Read emergent-reader texts with purpose andunderstanding.有目的的理解和閱讀初學(xué)者文章。？4. Read w

23、ith sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流

24、利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文

25、章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。b. Read grade-level text orally with accuracy,appropriate rate, and expression on successivereadings.帶著感情以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)速準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)地朗讀符合學(xué)齡的課文。b. Read grade-level text ora

26、lly with accuracy,appropriate rate, and expression on successivereadings. 帶著感情以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)速準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)地朗讀符合學(xué)齡的課文。b. Read grade-level prose and poetry orally withaccuracy, appropriate rate, and expression onsuccessive readings帶著感情以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)速準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)地朗讀符合學(xué)齡的詩(shī)歌和散文。b. Read grade-level prose and poetry orally withaccuracy, appr