第八節(jié)語態(tài)變換法

1、這里說的語態(tài)是指主動語態(tài)和 被動語態(tài)。這兩種語態(tài)在英漢兩種語 言中的使用情況是很不相同的：英語大量使用被動語態(tài)，而漢語則很少使 用，即便使用，也不像英語那樣有固 定或比較統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成形式。譬如說， 漢語的被動不是只用一個“被”字表 示。因此在英漢互譯中，要經(jīng)常變換 語態(tài)，以使譯文符合習慣用法，顯得 地道而自然。試看譯例：1. The coming physics examinationssaid to be rather difficult, so we must get well prepared for it 即將舉行的物理考試據(jù)說相當 困難，所以我們必須做好充分準備。2. If bad w

2、eather is expected theforecaster must be able to suggest anotherairportwithin the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing如果預計天氣惡劣，天氣預報人 員必須能夠在該飛機航程內(nèi)提 出另一個天氣適合著陸的機場。3. How can a series of motionlessor still, picturesbe blendedon a screen to produce motion pictures?一組不動的即靜

3、止的圖片是怎樣 在銀幕上連到一起 合成電影的呢？4. Such liquid fuel rockets asare nowbeing used for space research have to carry their own supply of oxygen像現(xiàn)在用于宇宙研究的這類液態(tài)燃料火箭，必須自己攜帶氧氣。5. How long will it be before black and white television setsare found only in museum還要過多久黑白電視機才會被送進博物館呢？6. The oil of the world will have be

4、en used up and man will be using the more convenient power obtainedfrom the splitting of the atom全世界的石油將會用盡，人們將使 用從原子分裂獲得的這種更為方便 的動力。7. In order to do research in nuclear physics, the young teachers are required to complete a two-year graduate course為了能進行核物理方面的研究，要 求這些青年教師讀完兩年研究生課 程。8. A national li

5、nk-up of computers could mean that a large amount of information will be supplied to anyone who uses the system 把全國的電腦連接起來意味著可以向任何使用該系統(tǒng)的人提供大量 信息。9. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt the atom can be split and its power can be used自從第一顆原子彈試驗以來，全世 界都已知道，原子可分裂，原子能可 利用。10. Good

6、year, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky and yet elastic 有一個叫古德伊爾的美國人一直 在努力尋找一種方法把橡膠做得 硬而不粘，但是卻有彈性。11 . There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons有幾種放射性同位素是通過中子 轟擊原子核而產(chǎn)生出來

7、的。12 . The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built.在建造一座金屬大橋前，對金屬受 熱膨脹這一現(xiàn)象必須加以考慮。13. This nuclear power plant which is completely automated and這個全部自動化的電腦控制的核電 廠供應全市的用電。computer- controlled serves the entire cit y.14. At present, a large com

8、puter is needed for the control of the robot, but the action is slow each decision requiring a great deal of computatio n.當前，還需要用一臺大型電腦控制 機器人，但是動作很慢，要作出一 個決定就得進行大量的計算。15. The Wright brothers were highly praised for having made the first flight in the world.一次飛行而受到了高度贊揚。16. The engineer has a knowled

9、ge of mathematical and natural science acquired by study experience and practice which is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materialsand forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.工程師通過學習、經(jīng)驗和實踐獲得 數(shù)學和自然科學的知識，并有鑒別 地運用這些知識研究出一些途徑 來經(jīng)濟地使用自然界的材料和自 然力，為人類造福。仃.Much has bee

10、n said about the complication of the nuclear power stationreactor.有關(guān)原子能電站反應堆的復雜 性已經(jīng)談得很多了。18. The time will come when homes will be heated from a small reactor in the basement有朝一日家庭將由安裝在地下 室里的小反應堆供熱。.19 . If you subject this precision instrument to a high temperature, it will be seriously damaged 如果你

11、把這臺精密儀器置于咼溫之下，儀器將會受到嚴重損壞。20. This level is somewhere between that created by very heavy street traffic and that caused by the arrival of an underground train in a statio n.這個聲壓級大約介于交通極為繁 忙的街道上的噪聲和地鐵到站時 所引起的噪音之間。21 . Other equipment has been devised which analyses noise into the various frequencies o

12、f the sounds of which it is made up and records the loudness at the different frequencies 還設計了另外一些設備，能將噪音 分解成構(gòu)成該噪音的各種不同的 音響頻率，并能記錄不同頻率的音J1量O22. High voltage current is usually carried by overheadwire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted高壓電通常要架空線傳輸以防生 物觸電。23. Here is a clear case

13、of the course of human history being affected by the scientific and technological revolutio n.這里有一個科學和技術(shù)革命影響 人類歷史進程的明顯例子。24. If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a great explosion如果連鎖反應不受控制，一直進行下去，就會引起一場大爆炸。25. With the help of a microscope you can watch the integrated

14、 circuits being separated and tested利用一架顯微鏡，你可以看到集成 電路正在被分離和被測試的情況。26 . The hull of a ship is often protected against corrosion with a coat of special paint船舶的外殼通常涂以一層特殊的 漆以抗腐蝕。27. The radioactive material shouldbe kept safely to protect the surrounding areas from being polluted by radiatio n.放射性材料應

15、該安全儲藏，以保護 周圍環(huán)境不受輻射污染。從以上27例中，可歸納出如下 關(guān)于英漢互譯中語態(tài)變換的一些規(guī) 則：一、英語被動句譯成漢語主動句，是 最常見的方法這一方法又分四種情況：（一） 原文主語在譯文中仍作主語（見 例句 4，6，9，13, 22, 26）（二） 原文主語在譯文中作賓語（見例 句 2, 7, 8，12，14，17, 21, 23）（三）譯成帶表語的主動句（見例句3,11）（四）注意英語常用被動句型的漢語習 慣譯法It is hoped that 希望It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It is said that 據(jù)說It is supposed that 據(jù)推測

16、It must be admitted that 必須承It must be pointed out that 必須It is asserted that 有人主張 It is believed that 有人相信It is well known that 眾所周知It will be said that 人們會說 It was told that 人們曾說 I was told that 我聽說外交場合常用套語It affords no small surprise to find that.對于令人驚訝不已It can be safely said that.我們有把握講It cannot

17、 be denied that.無可否認It has bee n calculated that.據(jù)估計It has been found that.已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)It has bee n illustrated that 據(jù)說明，據(jù)圖示It has bee n proved that 已經(jīng)證明It has bee n show n that.有人指出It has been viewed that.討論 了，檢查了It has recently been brought home to US that.我們最近深刻地認識到It is alleged that.據(jù)稱It is ann ou need

18、that.據(jù)稱，有人宣稱It is arranged that.已經(jīng)商定，已做準備It is asserted that.有人主張It is assumed that.假設，假定It is believed that.人們相信，大家相信It is claimed that.據(jù)稱，有人宣稱It is con sidered that.據(jù)估計，人們認為It is decided that已經(jīng)決定It is declared that.據(jù)宣稱，有人宣布It is demonstrated that.據(jù)證實，已經(jīng)證明It is enu merated that.歹 U舉出It is establish

19、ed that.可以認定It is estimated that.據(jù)估計,有人估計It is expected that.人們希望，人們期待It is found that.據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們認為It is gen erally agreed that.人們通常認為It is gen erally recog ni zed that. 一般認為,普遍認為It is hoped that.希望，有人希望It is hypothesized that.彳假設It is incon testable that.無可置辯的是It is learned that.據(jù)聞，據(jù)說，已經(jīng)查明It is mention

20、ed that.據(jù)說It is no ted that.人們注意到，有人指出It is noticed that.人們注意到，有人指出It is outlined that.概括地說It is pointed out that.人們指出，有人指出It is predicted that.據(jù)估計，預計It is preferred that.有人建議It is proposed that.有人提出，提議，一般認為It is quite contrary to our expectation. 與我們的期望恰巧相反。It is recommended that.有人推薦,有人建議It is reg

21、arded that.人們認為It is reputed that.人們認為，可以認為It is said that.據(jù)說，有人說It is sometimes asked that.人們有時會問It is stated that.據(jù)說，據(jù)稱，有人說It is still to be hoped that.（我們）仍應希望It is stressed that.人們強調(diào)說It is striking to note that.特別令人注意的是It is suggested that.有人建議，建議It is supposed that.據(jù)推測，人們猜測，假定一It is taken that.

22、人們認為，有人以為It is thought that.有人認為，有人以為It is un de niable that.事實不容否認It is un derstood that.不用說，大家知道It is uni versally accepted that.普遍認為，是普遍接受的It is usually considered that.通常認為It is weighed that.權(quán)衡了，考慮了，It is well-known that大家都知道，眾所周知It leaves little doubt as.關(guān)于是無可懷疑的It may be argued that.也許有人主張It m

23、ay be recalled that我們還記得It may be safely said that.可以有把握地說It should be pointed out that.必須（應該）指出It was described that.據(jù)介紹，有人介紹說It was felt that.人們認為，有人感覺到It was first intended that.,最初就有這樣的想法It was no ted above that.前面已經(jīng)指出It will be said that.有人會說It will be seen from this that.由此可見，因此可知It will be se

24、en that.可見，可以看出It must be admitted that.必須承認，老實說It must first be known/understood.我們必須首先知道 /了解二、譯成漢語被動句：除用“被”字 外，還可以用“受到”“遭到” “為 所”等字眼（見例句5, 15, 19,24, 25）三、譯成含有“把”“使” “或” “由”等字眼的漢語句子。（見例句10, 18）改革開放取得重大突破。農(nóng)村綜 合改革逐步深化，農(nóng)業(yè)稅、牧業(yè)稅、 特產(chǎn)稅全部取消，支農(nóng)惠農(nóng)政策不斷 加強。國有資產(chǎn)管理體制、國有企業(yè) 和金融、貝才稅、投資、價格、科技等 領域改革取得重大進展。非公有制經(jīng) 濟進一步發(fā)展。市場體系不斷健全， 宏觀調(diào)控繼續(xù)改善，政府職能加快轉(zhuǎn) 變，進出口總額大幅增長，實施走出 去戰(zhàn)略邁出堅實步伐，開放型經(jīng)濟進 入新階段。Major breakthroughs were made in reform and opening up. Comprehensive reforms in rural areas gradually