語法虛擬語氣、倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)句篇

1、 五、虛擬語氣虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。一、 條件句中的虛擬語氣從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。1. 條件句中的虛擬語氣根據(jù)不同的時(shí)間有三種不同的形式。時(shí)間從句謂語形式主句謂語形式將來過去式 / were（常用）were to do（可能性?。﹕hould + V. (原)（可能性大）would / should / might / could + V. (原)現(xiàn)在過去式(be 用 wer

2、e)would / should / might / could + V. (原)過去had donewould / should / might / could + have done（1）與將來事實(shí)相反：e.g. If it rained/were to rain/should rain tomorrow, I should stay at home.（2）與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：e.g. If he were free, he would help us. （3）與過去事實(shí)相反：e.g. If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it

3、.2. 條件句中的省略與倒裝當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had 時(shí)，if可省略，而將were, should, had等詞置于句首。e.g. Were it not for your help, I wouldn't be doing so well. 若不是你幫忙，我現(xiàn)在不會干得這樣好。Had I been there, I would have asked her the question. 如果我在那里，我就會問她這個(gè)問題。3. 混合虛擬當(dāng)條件從句與結(jié)果主句所表示的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)該根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的實(shí)際情況作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。（1）從句的動作與過去

4、事實(shí)相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。e.g. If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會使工程師了（2）從句的動作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動作與過去事實(shí)不符。如：e.g. If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認(rèn)識她的話，他肯定會去問候她了。（3）從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。e.g. If it had not been raining too much, the c

5、rops would be growing much better.如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊稼會長得更好。4. 含蓄條件句的虛擬語氣條件句除了用if引導(dǎo)從句外，還有其他的引導(dǎo)詞。（1）without：如果沒有e.g. Without your help, we wouldnt have achieved so much.沒有你的幫助，我們不可能取得這么大的成績。（2）if only：要是就好了一般過去式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 過去完成時(shí)與過去事實(shí)相反 一般過去時(shí)/should + V.(原)與將來事實(shí)相反e.g. If only he were here. 如果她在這就好了。 If only I h

6、ad not come home alone. 要是我不是一個(gè)人回的家就好了. If only I could see you tomorrow. 要是我明天能見到你就好了（3）but for/if it were not for/if it hadnt been for：要不是e.g. But for his help, we would be working now.要不是他的幫助，我們還會在工作呢。 If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是沒有水植物就無法生長。If it hadnt been for your help,

7、we wouldnt have succeeded. 要不是有你幫忙，我們是不會成功的。二、目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣在for fear that, in case, lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為：should + 動詞原形，并且should不能省略。e.g. He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。三、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1. 在表示“堅(jiān)持”、“命令”、“建議”、“要求”等后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。這類動詞有人歸納為“一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist)、兩個(gè)命令(order, command)、三個(gè)

8、建議(advise, suggest, propose)、四個(gè)要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，這類虛擬語氣由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should可以省略。e.g. The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。注意：這類句子有時(shí)可用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，前面用先行詞it作主語，代表后面的從句。e.g. It was p

9、roposed that this matter be discussed next time. 有人提議這事下次再討論。2. insist和suggest接賓語從句時(shí)用虛擬語氣和陳述語氣的區(qū)別（1）動詞insist后接賓語從句時(shí)，用虛擬語氣和用陳述語氣的區(qū)別是：² 當(dāng)insist表示“堅(jiān)持要”“一定要”，從句所指的一般是尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)，此時(shí)謂語通常用虛擬語氣（即should+動詞原形），而且引導(dǎo)詞that不省略。e.g. I insisted that he (should) go with us. 我堅(jiān)持要他和我們一塊兒去。l 當(dāng)insist表示“堅(jiān)

10、持說”“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”，從句所指的通常是已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事或已存在的狀態(tài)，謂語一般用陳述語氣，引導(dǎo)詞 that 可省略。e.g. He still insisted he wasnt there at the time.  他仍然堅(jiān)持說他當(dāng)時(shí)不在那兒。CF：Tom insists that Lily is careful. 湯姆堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為麗麗是小心的。Tom insists that she should be careful. 湯姆堅(jiān)持要麗麗小心。He insisted that he was not ill, but the doctor insist

11、ed that he should take the medicine. 他堅(jiān)持說自己沒有病，但醫(yī)生卻堅(jiān)持要他服藥。（2）動詞suggest后接賓語從句時(shí)，除可用虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣l 當(dāng)謂語動詞所表示的情況尚未成為事實(shí)，則用虛擬語氣，此時(shí)suggest通常譯為“建議”l 當(dāng)謂語動詞所表示的情況為既成事實(shí)，則要用陳述語氣，此時(shí)的suggest通常譯為“表明”、“認(rèn)為”。e.g. He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建議我們留下吃飯。What he said suggested that he was a cheat.

12、他說的話表明他是個(gè)騙子。She suggested his/him applying for a work permit.=She suggested that Tom should apply.3. wish之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。與過去事實(shí)相反had done與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過去式（be用were）對目前的情況不滿或遺憾，以及希望將來能有所改變。wish+從句主語+would doe.g. I wish I knew his address.He wishes he hadnt been rude to his parents. I wish t

13、hey would change the menu.注意：wish與would不能用同一個(gè)主語，否則句子不符合邏輯。4. would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。（1）用過去式（be用were）表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)淼那闆r。e.g. Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。（2）用過去完成時(shí)（have done）表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)責(zé)備。e.g. I would rather (that) you hadnt to

14、ld him.四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣在表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語其的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 動詞原形。這種句型往往是It is +adj. +that從句。(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirabl

15、e / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural.that.(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder.that.(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that.(4) It worries me that.e.g. It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我們先把功課學(xué)好很重要。It

16、is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遺憾我們昨天晚上沒有見過面。It is necessary that the work (should) be done. 這工作必須立即完成。五、表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣表示請求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充當(dāng)句子的主語而后面接表語從句或它們后面接同位語時(shí)，

17、其后的從句都須用虛擬語氣：(should)  + 動詞原形。e.g. His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建議就是我們的工作要更細(xì)心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他們的計(jì)劃就是在家鄉(xiāng)建一座新工廠。六、定語從句中的虛擬語氣It is (high / about) time that句型中，虛擬語氣的形式是過去式。e.g. It is time we started. 我們該出

18、發(fā)了。 It is high time we left. 我們該走了。注意：要與it is the time that相區(qū)別。七、引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣的情態(tài)動詞：情態(tài)動詞+have done1. could + have + done 對過去事情的假設(shè)，意為“本來能夠做某事而沒有做”。e.g. He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.2. may / might + have + done 對發(fā)生過的事情的猜測，意為“可能、也許已經(jīng)”，即perhaps。 e.g. What has happened to George? I don

19、't know. He may have got lost.3. should + have + done 意為“本來應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際沒做”。 shouldnt + have + done “本來不應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際做了”，含有指責(zé)對方或自責(zé)的含意。 e.g. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn't have been so harsh on him.4. would + have + done 對過去事情的假設(shè)，

20、意為“本來會做”。e.g. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 5. must + have + done對過去事情的肯定推測，譯成“一定做過某事”，該結(jié)構(gòu)只用于肯定句。 e.g. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.真題2013-09. If I had not been enjoying the work, I _ so much of it. A. would not do B. would n

21、ot have done C. should not do D. should not have done.2012-03. If you _ to my advice, you wouldn't be in this mess right now.A. listen B. listened C. had listened D. would listen2012-10. Being an intelligent boy, he _such a foolish mistake. A. needn't have made B. can't have made C. won&

22、#39;t have made D. wouldn't have made2011-05. Nina _ back home if she had known that her husband would go to the bus stop to meet her.A. couldnt have walked B. shouldnt have walkedC. mustnt have walked D. wouldnt have walked2010-04. _ no gravity, there would be no air around the earth, hence no

23、life.A. If there was B. If there had beenC. Were there D. Had there been2010-05. Some members of the committee suggested that meeting _ .A. being postponed B. to be postponedC. postponed D. be postponed2009-10. Cuts in funding have meant that equipment has been kept in service long after it _ replac

24、ed.A. should have been B. would have beenC. could have been D. might have been2008-09. Id rather _a room that is smaller but more comfortable.A. have B. had C. having D. to have2007-06. _ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time. A. In case ofB. But for C. As ofD. In spite of20

25、04-08. A recent survey suggested that if money were not an issue, most mothers _ not to work at all.A. should prefer B. prefer C. would prefer D. preferred2003-07. The extensive survey suggested that their assumptions _ totally wrong. A. were B. be C. was D. would be2003-09. If they had sent a check

26、 to the telephone company last week, their telephone _ out of service at this moment. A. will not be B. will not have been C. would not be D. would not have been解析：2013-09.【答案】B本題考察if條件句的虛擬語氣。句意為：如果我不喜歡這份工作的話，我不會為它做那么多。由于if從句的謂語動詞用了had done，表示是對過去的虛擬，因此主句應(yīng)用should/would have done。由于是“我不會”，因此用would。20

27、12-03.【答案】C本題考察混合式虛擬語氣。主句和條件句時(shí)間不一致：條件句是過去時(shí)間而主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，所以條件句應(yīng)該使用過去完成時(shí)。2012-10.【答案】B本題考察情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣。從句中可以看出主句中的mistake應(yīng)該已經(jīng)發(fā)生，wouldnt加上完成時(shí)后意思為“本來不會做的”。句意為：他這么聰明，本不會犯如此愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。2011-05.【答案】D本題考察情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣。句意為：如果Nina知道她丈夫去車站接她的話，她就不會走路回家了。根據(jù)句意，Nina實(shí)際上是走回家了，因此，用虛擬語氣。2010-04.【答案】C本題考察if條件句的虛擬語氣。首先要注意條件句和主語的時(shí)態(tài)對應(yīng)關(guān)系；

28、另一方面還得考慮省略if的規(guī)則。本句是對現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，因此if從句用過去時(shí)態(tài)，be動詞在虛擬語氣中的過去時(shí)為were。當(dāng)were放到句首的時(shí)候，if可省略。2010-05.【答案】D本題考察suggest的虛擬語氣用法。suggest引導(dǎo)的賓語從句用should+v.(原)。2009-10.【答案】A本題考察情態(tài)動詞虛擬語氣?？疾炀湫蛃hould + 完成時(shí)態(tài)，意思為“本應(yīng)該做而沒有做”。句意為：經(jīng)費(fèi)的削弱意味著早就應(yīng)該換掉的設(shè)備現(xiàn)在還在用。2008-09.【答案】A考察句型would rather do sth.句意：我寧可一個(gè)更小點(diǎn)兒但更舒服的房間。2007-06.【答案】B本題考察含蓄條

29、件句虛擬語氣。But for意為“要不是”，其后的主句用虛擬語氣。根據(jù)句子，現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)實(shí)為船未按時(shí)到達(dá)目的地，因此本句是對過去的虛擬。2004-08.【答案】C本題考察虛擬語氣suggest。當(dāng)條件句的時(shí)態(tài)是過去式時(shí)，主句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為would+動詞原形。本句中were與would prefer相對應(yīng)，選C。請注意：suggest由于其主語不是某人，所以它的意思不是“建議”，不能用后面的賓語從句跟動詞原形的形式。suggest在本句的意思為“表明”。句意：一項(xiàng)最近的調(diào)研結(jié)果表明，如果經(jīng)濟(jì)上沒有問題的話，大部分母親寧愿什么工作也不做。2003-07.【答案】A本題考察suggest虛擬語氣和陳述語氣的

30、辨別。含有“建議、命令、要求”等動詞，如果后面跟賓語從句，則賓語從句的謂語動詞一般省略should，而直接跟動詞原形。但是本句的suggest在此意為“表明，顯示”，因此不用虛擬語氣。2003-09.【答案】C本題考察混合式虛擬語氣。當(dāng)條件句的時(shí)間與主句時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)的對應(yīng)關(guān)系應(yīng)該是提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)即可。本句條件句的時(shí)間為last week，屬于過去時(shí)，因此其時(shí)態(tài)要用過去完成時(shí)had sent，而主句的時(shí)間是at this moment，所以提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，變成would not be。六、倒裝為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等語的目的而顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句。在倒裝句中，顛倒了的成分可以恢復(fù)原位而句意基

31、本不變，句法成分不變。一、完全倒裝句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)：謂語動詞（be / 實(shí)意動詞）+ 主語 + 其他成分e.g. Here is the letter.Here he comes. Here you are.注意：如果主語是代詞，則不用倒裝。英語中構(gòu)成完全倒裝的情形主要有：1. there位于句首，跟謂語動詞一起譯成“有”。e.g. There seemed to be a man in black.There are forty students in our class.2. 地點(diǎn)副詞here, there等和時(shí)間副詞now, then等位于句首。e.g. There goes the bel

32、l.Then came the chairman. 3. 表示運(yùn)動方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語位于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動的動詞。e.g. Out rushed the pupils when the bell went. Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.二、部分倒裝句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)：部分謂語(助動詞/情態(tài)動詞)+主語+謂語動詞。e.g. Never have I seen such a performance. Only yesterday did he find out his watch.注意：如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則

33、需添加助動詞do, does或did。1、句首為否定或半否定的詞語或一些介詞+no+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。（no, not, never, seldom, little, not until, barely, rarely, no soonerthan, no more, only, not only, by no means Hardly/Scarcelywhen, nor nearly, at no time, 等）e.g. Never have I seen such a performance.Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any mon

34、ey.Not only did he refuse the gift, he also criticized the sender.（只有當(dāng)Not only but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，其第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。）Not until the child fell asleep, did the mother leave the room.（主句倒裝，從句不倒裝）注意：1）如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。e.g. I have never seen such a performance.2）Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No soonerthan（剛就）引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句要求用過去完成

35、式。e.g. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.3）如果含有從句時(shí)，只要求主句倒裝。e.g. Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.4）如果hardly, scarcely后面接any, ever, at all時(shí)，意義類似almost no/not/never（幾乎不/從不），無須倒裝。e.g. Hardly any people having been invited went there.2

36、. so, neither, nor表示“也”、“也不” 的句子需倒裝。e.g. Tom can speak French. So can Jack.If you won't go, neither will I.注意：當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。e.g. Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.-It is raining hard. -So it is.3. only加狀語（副詞 / 介詞短語 / 從句）放在句首時(shí)，其后用部分倒裝。e.g. Only in this wa

37、y, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times, did he come to the meeting.注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝e.g. Only when you learn English in this way, can you learn it well.4. so.that 結(jié)構(gòu)中，將 so+adj. / adv. 置于句首時(shí)，其后要用倒裝語序。e.g. So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好

38、呆在家里。5. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中部分倒裝e.g. May you all be happy.6. 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。e.g. Were I you, I would try it again.7. as/though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞 / 副詞 / 分詞 / 實(shí)意動詞）。（1）當(dāng)as作為比較意義時(shí)，“像一樣，正如”。e.g. Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn

39、t seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.（2）當(dāng)as/although/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語、用作“盡管”之義時(shí)，可以用于部分倒裝句。e.g. Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.注意：當(dāng)句首是實(shí)意動詞時(shí)，該句的其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)意動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實(shí)意動詞一起放在主語之前。e.g. Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.真題：2012-07. Un

40、der no _ are children allowed to tell lies to their parents.A. circumstances B. situation C. occasions D. moments2011-09. Seldom _ any mistakes during my past few years of working there. A. would I make B. have I made C. I made D. shall I make2005-07. _ shall we forget the day when we received the a

41、dmission into Harvard University.A. No time B. Never C. No sooner D. Nonetheless解析：2012-07.【答案】A本題考察under no circumstances引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。句首為否定或半否定的詞語或一些介詞+no+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)部分倒裝。2011-09.【答案】B本題考察否定詞放句首引導(dǎo)倒裝句的考點(diǎn)。句首為否定或半否定的詞語或一些介詞+no+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)部分倒裝，即助動詞和主句要前后顛倒。同時(shí)本句時(shí)間為past few years，引導(dǎo)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，選B。2005-07.【答案】B本題考察否定詞放句首

42、引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝。從句意判斷，只有B最符合。句意為：我們絕不會忘記我們收到哈佛大學(xué)錄取通知書的那一天。No soonerwhen表示“一就”。七、強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句(The Emphatic Pattern)是一種修辭，是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_(dá)自己的意愿或情感而使用的一種形式。通過各種方式對句子中的某個(gè)部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，從而起到修辭的作用。一、陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It is/ was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語且主語指人）+ 其他部分。1. 此結(jié)構(gòu)中，除強(qiáng)調(diào)的是作主語或賓語的人時(shí)可以用who外，其它任何情況都只能用that。e.g. It was Kate that/wh

43、o told me about it. 是凱特告訴我那件事的。It was yesterday afternoon that she told me about it. 是昨天下午她把那件事告訴我的。(that不能用when替代)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)與類似句型的區(qū)別2. 判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的方法去掉it is/was和that后，剩余部分（經(jīng)調(diào)整后）是否依然是個(gè)完整的句子。若是，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，否則就不是。e.g. It is a pity that you could not come. 真遺憾，你不能來。（去掉It is和that后，句子不成立，是形式主語句型）It was at ten that he

44、 got home. 他是十點(diǎn)回到家的。（去掉it was和that后，原句可調(diào)整為He got home at ten.，成立，是強(qiáng)調(diào)句）3. 關(guān)于主謂一致問題被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原句的主語時(shí)，要注意that/who后的謂語動詞與原句主語一致。e.g. It is I that am in trouble. 是我陷入了困境。It is you that are wrong. 是你錯(cuò)了。4. 要將not一同強(qiáng)調(diào)，構(gòu)成It is/was notthate.g. It is not he that/who studies French. 學(xué)法語的不是他。（原句：He doesnt study French.

45、）5. 如何強(qiáng)調(diào)雙賓語無論強(qiáng)調(diào)哪個(gè)賓語，都必須根據(jù)動詞的搭配關(guān)系，加上to或for。e.g. 原句：He gave Mary a pen.強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語：It was Mary that he gave a pen to.強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語：It was a pen that he gave to Mary.二、其他強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)1. 用助動詞“do（does/did）+動詞原形”來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。e.g. Do write to me when you get there你到那兒后務(wù)必給我來信。2. 用形容詞very，only，single，such等修飾名詞或形容詞來加強(qiáng)語氣。e.g. How dare you buy such expensive jewels？你怎么敢買這么貴的寶石呢？3. 用ever，never，very，just等副詞和badly，highly，really等帶有-ly的副詞來進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。e.g. I really dont know what to do n