被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)專(zhuān)講、定語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)講

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)專(zhuān)講一、引言漢語(yǔ)中對(duì)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用簡(jiǎn)直是小菜一碟，想必大家初次接觸到“把”字句、“被”字句時(shí)大都不屑一顧。很少有人主動(dòng)把中文主被動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)作大礙。但英文中因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的復(fù)雜，在轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)自然容易攪得人頭昏腦脹。事實(shí)上我們經(jīng)常用到的一些口語(yǔ)句型就是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，如“Well done”、“The planes been delayed 10 minutes”等等。如何對(duì)付被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，本文正是對(duì)癥下藥的良方一劑。二、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即是主語(yǔ)在做這個(gè)動(dòng)作；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承

2、受者，即動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，此時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。例如：My uncle repaired the TV set yesterday. 昨天我叔叔修理了那臺(tái)電視機(jī)。The TV set was repaired (by my uncle) yesterday. 那臺(tái)電視機(jī)昨天被(我叔叔)修理了。三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成   被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“be動(dòng)詞+(及物動(dòng)詞)過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。若要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或行為的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，句子后邊需接by，譯為“被(由)”。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要體現(xiàn)在助動(dòng)詞be的變化上，同時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be還要在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上與主語(yǔ)保持一致?，F(xiàn)已及物動(dòng)詞do為例，其各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式

3、如下表所示：時(shí) 態(tài)結(jié) 構(gòu) 形 式 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am / is / are + done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)was / were + done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is / are + being done過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were + being done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has + been done過(guò)去完成時(shí)had + been done 一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall / will + be done；am / is / are going to + be done過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would + be done；was / were going to + be done 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be

4、done四、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法用 法示 例不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，省略by短語(yǔ)。Look! What an old palace! It looks so great!Yeah, it _ (建造)nearly 800 years ago.Did you go to the his birthday party yesterday?No, I _ (not invite).沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)、不想說(shuō)或眾所周知?jiǎng)幼鞯膱?zhí)行者，省略by短語(yǔ)。Drivers shouldnt _ (允許) drive after drinking, or they will break the law.The Chinese m

5、ainland pandas, Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, _ (送) Taiwan on December 23rd, 2008.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，句尾加by短語(yǔ)。Thousands of houses _ (destroy) by the floods in Guangxi last month.Haibao was _ (設(shè)計(jì)) by two artists, one from Shanghai and the other from Taiwan.在上下文中，為了使句子間連接緊密。I have a new motorbike. It was _ (give) to

6、me as abirthday present by my father.在新聞報(bào)道中，為了表明報(bào)道的客觀性而避免主觀性的透露。A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men _ (kill), the wounded _ (take) away to hospital at once and the policemen _ (send) there to cope with the event.在科技論文中，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí)。When it is cold enough, water will _ (turn) in

7、to ice.So far, the moon has _ (visit) by earthmen several time.某些習(xí)慣用法以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。I am very interested in _ (看英文電影).She was seated _ (窗邊).He is dressed very _ (好).Marcia _ (出生于) in Malaysia in 1995.My teacher must _ (be) satisfied with my behavior, for there was a big smile on his face.五、兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)互變主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)

8、態(tài)賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟；謂語(yǔ)主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)，be加“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用；無(wú)論時(shí)態(tài)是那種，都在be上來(lái)變動(dòng)。       1. 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)當(dāng)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，注意代詞的賓格要變?yōu)橹鞲瘢?#160;      2. 把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be +過(guò)去分詞)，時(shí)態(tài)要跟原主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一致；       3. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ)，若為代詞，要將主格改為賓格。如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，by短語(yǔ)可省略。例如： 

9、0;     主動(dòng)句：People play football all over the world.       被動(dòng)句：Football _ (by people) all over the world.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)賓變主，主變賓，謂語(yǔ)被動(dòng)變主動(dòng)；助動(dòng)詞be不再用，主要?jiǎng)釉~要原形。 被動(dòng)句：This song was _ (寫(xiě)) by Andy Lau.       主動(dòng)句：Andy Lau _ (寫(xiě)) this s

10、ong.六、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)       主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中如果有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)保留不變(即：變一留一)。如果把間接賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)，原來(lái)的直接賓語(yǔ)仍然作賓語(yǔ)；如果把直接賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞to或for。例如： 主動(dòng)句：I gave Tom a pencil.被動(dòng)句：Tom was given a pencil (by me).被動(dòng)句：A pencil was given _ Tom (by me). 主動(dòng)句：I bought Tom a p

11、encil.被動(dòng)句：Tom was bought a pencil (by me).被動(dòng)句：A pencil was bought _ Tom (by me).2. 含復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)變主動(dòng)，只變賓語(yǔ)“補(bǔ)”不動(dòng)，原來(lái)“賓補(bǔ)”變“主補(bǔ)”，名稱(chēng)變了位不動(dòng)。 當(dāng)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，即“賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”時(shí)，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)只將賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)，而賓補(bǔ)原地不動(dòng)，只不過(guò)成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：       We all heard the boy crying. The boy _ crying (by us all).

12、0;      The teacher asked the students to come early.      The students _ to come early (by the teacher).       The advertiser (報(bào)幕員) always makes the audience happy.         The audienc

13、e is always _ by the advertiser.       The man beat the boy black and blue. The boy _ black and blue (by the man).3. 含有使役、感官動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)       這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe(五看)；let, have, make(三使役)；hear, listen to(二聽(tīng))；feel(一感覺(jué))；h

14、elp(半幫助，因?yàn)楹竺娴膖o可要可不要)。       在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，其賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式，但變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)已變成主補(bǔ)，因此不定式的符號(hào)to要恢復(fù)。例如：       I saw him go there. He _ to go there (by me).       We heard him sing in the next room just now.    

15、  He was heard _ in the next room just now (by us).       She makes her daughter play the piano every day.         Her daughter _ play the piano every day (by her).       He often _ his sister cry but

16、 this time he was _ to cry by his sister. (make)       They observed Jim go home. Jim _ to go home (by them).【記憶口訣】五看加上三使役，二聽(tīng)一感半幫助；動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)，切記to詞要?jiǎng)h除；如果賓補(bǔ)變主補(bǔ)，注意to詞要恢復(fù)?！咀ⅰ?#160; notice，watch和have不常用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。           let后跟單音節(jié)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

17、時(shí)可不帶to。例如：We were let go. 但我們通常說(shuō)：We were allowed to go.4. 含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)       不及物動(dòng)詞不能跟賓語(yǔ)，因此不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語(yǔ)，因而也可以用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。要注意的是，這樣的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)的介詞或副詞，如look at, look for, look after, take care of, take off, send for等。例如：  

18、;     This story was happened in July, 2015. (×)      This story happened in July, 2015. ()       You must take good care of the dictionary. ()     The dictionary must be taken good care of. ()5. 帶賓語(yǔ)從

19、句的句子帶賓語(yǔ)從句的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)用形式主語(yǔ)it。例如：       People say that water is all around the city. Its said that water is all around the city.七、主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的幾種情況1. 有些不及物動(dòng)詞形式上雖為主動(dòng)但表示被動(dòng)意義       此類(lèi)常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有write, grow, sell, wear, cut, drive等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，其

20、主動(dòng)形式常用來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。這些詞通常與well, easily等副詞連用。例如：       Meat cuts easily. 肉_。       Ripe oranges peel easily. 成熟的橘子很容易_。       The novel reads very well. 這本小說(shuō)_很有趣。       This shirt will we

21、ar very long. 這件襯衫可以_。       This kind of pen writes very smoothly. 這種鋼筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)很_。He is a famous writer and his books sell well. 他是一位著名的作家，他的書(shū)很_。2. 有些感官動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義       常見(jiàn)的有taste, smell, feel, look, sound等。例如：     &#

22、160; The music _ very beautiful. 這音樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)很美妙。       It will _ better with some milk. 再加些牛奶的話(huà)，嘗起來(lái)將會(huì)更好喝。       The boy sitting at the corner looks quite tired. _       Enough sleep is good for health. If you stay u

23、p for your favourite TV programmes, you will _ sleepy. 足夠的睡眠對(duì)健康有好處。你如果熬夜看最喜歡的電視節(jié)目，將會(huì)感到困倦。3. be worth + doing和need / require + doing結(jié)構(gòu)形容詞worth(意為“值”)和表示“需要做”的need / require后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：This book is so good that it is worth reading _. 這本書(shū)很好，值得讀兩遍。The window needs / requires r_. 窗戶(hù)需要修理了。4. 有些進(jìn)行

24、時(shí)和介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)       有些進(jìn)行時(shí)，形式上主動(dòng)，但含被動(dòng)之意；有些介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：       The book is printing. = The book is being printed. 這本書(shū)正在_中。       The house is building. = The house is being _. 這棟房子正在建造中。   

25、0;   The dire was finally under control. 大火最終被_住了。       The question is now under discussion. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在被_。       All these ancient _ are under repairs. 所有這些古廟正在修復(fù)中。5. 其他情況       當(dāng)nice, easy, hard, diffi

26、cult, important, impossible, interesting等形容詞后跟不定式作狀語(yǔ)，而句子的主語(yǔ)有時(shí)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這是不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式的主動(dòng)形式也表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。例如：       The physics problem is not difficult to work out. 這個(gè)物理問(wèn)題并不難弄懂。       They might feel they have

27、 too much work to do sometimes, or think the rules are too strict. 有時(shí)候他們會(huì)覺(jué)得他們有太多的動(dòng)作要干，或者認(rèn)為這些規(guī)章制度太_。八、被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況1. 某些“動(dòng)詞+反身代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)意義。例如：       She usually dresses herself in white. = She is usually dressed in white. 她通常穿白色衣服。      

28、; The boy seated himself by the bed. = The boy was seated by the bed. 小男孩坐在床邊。2. 有些不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞如gone, come, returned, fallen, retired, graduated等表示主動(dòng)意義。例如：       Next year I will be graduated. 明年我將要_了。       My parents have already been retir

29、ed. 我父母已經(jīng)_了。       Winter is _ and spring is _. 冬天走了，春天來(lái)了。九、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別       過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所處的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)或完成某動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)所承受的動(dòng)作。故“被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)”與“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”形式相似，但用法不同。1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，其主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，be動(dòng)詞后的過(guò)去分詞是行為動(dòng)詞。系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或特征，其中的過(guò)去分詞用作形容詞。例如：    

30、;   The window was broken by his brother. 窗戶(hù)被他弟弟打破了。(_)The window is now broken. 窗戶(hù)現(xiàn)在是破的。(_)The work _ already. 我的作業(yè)已經(jīng)完成了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The shop was closed when I got there. 我到商店時(shí)，商店_呢。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))2. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除了用于這兩種時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于將來(lái)時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)。例如：       The shop i

31、s / was opened. 商店在營(yíng)業(yè)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))_, the ship was being loaded. 昨天我到達(dá)那里時(shí)，船正在裝貨。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))You will be shown around your room. 有人會(huì)帶你_。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))He said the library _ soon _. 他說(shuō)圖書(shū)館很快將會(huì)被建起來(lái)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))3. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞可被very, quite, rather, too, so等副詞來(lái)修飾，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般不會(huì)用這些而用greatly等來(lái)修飾。例如：       He is

32、 very interested in the story. 他對(duì)這個(gè)故事很_。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))She is so worried about the exam. 她非常_她的考試。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))I was greatly moved by his speech. 我被他的演講深深_了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))4. be +不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如be gone, be learned, be ashamed，這些動(dòng)詞通常是表示狀態(tài)、智力活動(dòng)或心態(tài)的詞。而be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞通常是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如be loved, be encouraged, be praised等。例如： 

33、0;     But if time is gone away, it will never return. 光陰_。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))       I _ to get there before seven tomorrow, so Ill have to get up early. 我被告知明天7點(diǎn)前要到那里，所以我必須早起。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))5. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)常由介詞by引起；系表結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞常常和過(guò)去分詞形成固定搭配。例如：      The win

34、dow was broken _ a stone. 窗戶(hù)是由一塊石頭打破的。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))       We are very satisfied _ his work. 我們對(duì)他的工作很滿(mǎn)意。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)自我檢測(cè)題(40分)I用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Some presents _ (buy) by my sister foe me every birthday.2. The treasure box _ (hide) somewhere in the city 100 years ago.3. When she di

35、d some shopping, her money _ (steal).4. Li Ming _ (ask) to attend the meeting yesterday.5. Why _ Australia _ (call) “a country on s sheeps back”?6. All the books on the shelf _ (can not take) out of the reading room.7. There was a sandstorm yesterday and the ground _ (cover) by thick snow.8. I will

36、go with you when my homework _ (finish).9. More than 1,000 English words _ (learn) in the past three years.10. All these books and clothes _ (give) away to the children next week.II. 單項(xiàng)選擇。       11.  Some of the plastic bags cant _ after July 1st.Yes, people will u

37、se environment-friendly bags instead.A. use                         B. be use                 &

38、#160;   C. be used                   D. are used       12. Last year, Li Hua, a college student, _ to work for the Olympic Games.       

39、;       A. is choosing              B. is chosen                 C. was choosing       

40、60;  D. was chosen       13. Mary was heard _ just now. What happened?Ken was telling a joke.A. to laugh                          B. to cry&

41、#160;                     C. laugh                       D. cry    

42、60;  14. Attentions, please! All the mobile phones must _ before the meeting starts.              A. turn off                    B. be

43、turned off           C. be turning off           D. turning off       15. A Disneyland Park _ in our city in the near future. Have you heard of it?    

44、;          A. builds               B. has built                  C. will build   

45、0;             D. will be built       16. Have you found your ruler yet?Yes. It _ in my bag two hours ago.A. has found                B

46、. found               C.   was found            D. has been found       17. My story book _. I cant lend it to you.    &

47、#160;         A. has been lost           B. was lost                  C. has lost       &#

48、160;           D. lost       18. Theres too much salt in the Chinese diet.              So there is. The WHO says only 1.5 grams of salt _ for each man eve

49、ry day.              A. needs                      B. will need           &

50、#160;     C. is needed                D. has needed       19. Dont worry. When I leave the room, the door _ by me.          &

51、#160;   A. was locked             B. is locked                 C. will be locked         D. should be locked&#

52、160;      20. Could you please tell me which _ best among the books on sale?              A. is sold                  &#

53、160;  B. are written        C. sells                        D. write       21. Oh, the milk _ strange, do you think

54、 its OK to drink?              A. is tasted                  B. tastes             &#

55、160;        C. is tasting                  D. tasted       22. Some drinks _ to children for free in this restaurant on Childrens Day next month. 

56、;             A. offer                       B. have offered            C.

57、will be offered  D. are offered       23. How clean the window is!Yes. It _ just now.A. is cleaned                B. has been cleaned     C. will be cleaned D. was cleane

58、d       24. Its reported the Underground No. 3 _ in our city in two months.              A. will be built             B. will build  &#

59、160;              C. has been built          D. has build       25. Few students can understand the sentence until it _ twice or three times.   &

60、#160;          A. explains                  B. has explained          C. will be explained     D. is expl

61、ained       26. Did you hear that water in Qin River smelt terrible?Yes, in fact, it _. Thats all because of the people and the factories around.A. was polluted           B. polluted      &#

62、160;            C. has polluted            D. will pollute       27. Ill show you the photos _ in Congtai Park after they _.      

63、        A. were taken; are come out                           B. taken; come out         &

64、#160;    C. were taken; will come out                           D. taken; are come out       28. Can you tell me whom the rad

65、io _ by?Sorry, Ive no idea.A. invents                    B. invented                  C. was invented   &

66、#160;       D. will be invented       29. No one knows how the huge rock _ and _ without modern machines eighthundreds years ago.              A. are cut; moved B. were cut; m

67、ove       C. are cut; moving       D. were cut; moved       30. I dont think sixteen-year-olds should _ to go to the bars.              A. allow&

68、#160;                     B. allowing                  C. be allowed        

69、;      D. be allowingIII. 將下列句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。       31. They should do it at once.              _       32. He is likely to let you down.   &#

70、160;          _       33. We built the bridge last year.              _       34. She has found her lost handbags.  

71、0;           _       35. You may write the letter in pencil.              _       36. My uncle showed me his new photo. 

72、             _       37. People speak English in many countries.              _       38. Women often talk about cl

73、othes and foods.              _39. Her mother told her not to waste time on fishing.              _       40. You must not take these magazi

74、nes out of the reading room.              _一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別一 從概念上區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 雖然兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都是表示過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，跟現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系。如：I have cleaned our classroom. 我已經(jīng)打掃了教室?，F(xiàn)在教室里很干凈，“過(guò)去打掃”這一動(dòng)作對(duì)目前產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）I cle

75、aned our classroom just now. 剛才我打掃了教室。不涉及教室目前是否干凈。（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）二 從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)上加以區(qū)分現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于“現(xiàn)在”時(shí)間范圍。因而不能與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用：一般過(guò)去是表示過(guò)去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不能與表示和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有聯(lián)系的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Danny and Brian have been in China since 2003. Danny and Brian were in China in 2003.并列句的家庭會(huì)議  并列句是由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連接起來(lái)的句子，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+ 簡(jiǎn)單句”。常見(jiàn)的并列連詞有

76、and, but, so 和or。這不, 弟兄四個(gè)人聚在一起，煞有介事地開(kāi)起會(huì)來(lái)了。那咱們就來(lái)聽(tīng)聽(tīng)吧！and 自述我的意思是“和”，有我的并列句表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系。如：彼得踢足球，并踢得很好。Peter plays football, and he is good at it.but 自述我的意思是“但是”，和我在一起的并列句當(dāng)然是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系了。在使用時(shí)，千萬(wàn)要注意我有一個(gè)冤家，它是though 或although（雖然，盡管），有它沒(méi)我，有我沒(méi)它！如：雖然天下著雨，但是我還是去上學(xué)了。It rained heavily, but I still went to school.so 自述我的意思

77、是“所以”，有我的并列句表示因果關(guān)系。我呢，也有一個(gè)不能出現(xiàn)的死對(duì)頭，because （因?yàn)椋?。在使用時(shí)，你可要小心了。如：因?yàn)闆](méi)有車(chē)了，所以我不得不走著回家。I had to walk home because there was no bus.There was no bus, so I had to walk home.or 自述我有兩個(gè)意思，“或者”或“否則”，和我在一起的并列句表示選擇關(guān)系。如：你可以待在家里，或者跟我們?nèi)メ烎~(yú)。 You can stay at home, or go fishing with us.好好學(xué)習(xí)吧，否則你就落后于其他人了。Work hard, or youll fall behind others.怎么樣，聽(tīng)完了四兄弟的自述，對(duì)并列句掌握的怎么樣了呢？來(lái)“并列句操練場(chǎng)”大顯身手吧！并列句操練場(chǎng) 從方框中所給的并列詞中，選出正確的一個(gè)，完成句子。and or so but because though1. Open the door_ let