(完整版)00795自考綜合英語二語法知識點

1、系動詞系動詞，亦稱連系動詞(Link Verb)。作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語，亦稱補語(形容詞)，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。英語除動詞be 之外，還有一些動詞也可以做系動詞，如表示狀態(tài)或情況的：keep, look, feel, appear, lie, remain, seem, stay,smell, sound, taste 等；以及表示變化的：get, grow, turn, fall, run, become,go, 等。1. to be 可以加在seem, prove, remain, appear 等系動詞和其后的名詞或形容詞

2、之間，但也可以省略。E.g. The task proved (to be) impossible.E.g. They seem (to be) such friendly people, but they never replied to our invitation.注意：在seem, appear 等詞后，可加其他非to be 不定式，但這時他們不是系動詞，而是不及物動詞。Courtesy, politeness, good manner? Call it what you will, the supplynever seems to equal the demand.非人稱代詞it做句

3、子的形式主語1. 代表不定式E.g. It is absurd to be afraid under such circumstances.2. 代表動名詞E.g. It is terrible trying to keep up with the Jones.3. 代表that 引導的從句E.g. It is plain to everyone that she was offended.4. 代表wh- 引導的從句E.g. As long as he finishes his work, it doesn t matter when he comesto the office.做句子的形式

4、賓語1. 代表不定式E.g. They found it difficult to get along with him.2. 代表從句E.g. I think it best that you (should) stay with me.E.g. He soon made it clear why he had asked a conference.用來改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子某一成分得到強調(diào)1. 強調(diào)主語E.g. It was she who put forward the suggestion.2. 強調(diào)賓語E.g. it is that painting that he has sold

5、at a good profit.3. 強調(diào)狀語E.g. it was through me that he has got the present job. 強調(diào)用so 表示強調(diào)用so 強調(diào)聽者同意說者所言，這種用法只將so 提到句首，其他成分位置不變。E.g. you have spilled coffee on your dress.- So I have.情態(tài)動詞 + 完成式could+have+ 過去分詞有時表示過去的時間，說明某事可能已發(fā)生，有時也表示與事實相反，表示本來有能力做某事，但卻未做。E.g. What happened in the airport could have

6、 been true. might/may+have+ 過去分詞表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進行揣測，但語氣相當不肯定，表示近乎未實現(xiàn)的行為E.g. You might have done the work better.must+have+ 過去分詞是對發(fā)生在過去的一種行為的推測，表示過去必定發(fā)生過的事情，語氣相止 q士“心 士 _.士”當肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。E.g. It must have rained last night. The ground is wet. should/ought to +have+ 過去分詞 表示該做而未做到的事，表示“本應”。E.g. They should

7、have made a good job of it.should not/oughtn t to+have+ 過去分詞表示做了不該做的事，表示“本不應該”。E.g. You should not have done such things.can t ( couldn t ) +have+ 過去分詞表示對過去的動作進行否定性推測。意為“肯定沒有，肯定不是”。E.g. The poem can t have been written by the little girl; she is only four.would+have+ 過去分詞經(jīng)常用于虛擬條件句中，表示與過去事實相反的猜測。E.g.

8、 If she had known about it, she would have talked about it.needn t +have + 過去分詞表示不必做的事情卻做了，可譯為“原本不必”“其實不必”。E.g. You needn t have done all these calculations. We have a computer to deal with that sort of thing.主謂一致知識點一many a, more than one + 單數(shù)名詞，謂語仍然用單數(shù)。E.g. Many a soldier has sacrificed his life fo

9、r the revolution.知識點二either of + 復數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)E.g. Has either of your parents visited you?知識點三and; both and連接兩個單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組，謂語動詞用復數(shù)當主語在意義上指同一人，同一物或同一概念時，謂語用單數(shù)E.g. A boy and a girl want to go.知識點四each and each; every and every 等結(jié)構(gòu)后，謂語用單數(shù)E.g. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help.知識點五主語后面有as well as;

10、 together with; along with;rather than 等詞組，謂語的單復數(shù)有主語來決定E.g. I, together with my mother, was reading at ten yesterday.one of 復數(shù)名詞關系分句結(jié)構(gòu)如先行詞為復數(shù)名詞，謂語則為復數(shù)當前面有the only/very 等限定詞修飾，謂語用單數(shù)E.g. Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful. 靠近原則：由 not only.but also, either.or, neither.nor

11、 或 or 連接的并列主語。通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。E.g. He or you have taken my pen.由 “a number of, a total of + 復數(shù)名詞” 作主語 謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；由“the number of, the total of+ 復數(shù)名詞” ，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。E.g. A number of students are waiting for the bus.倒裝句 帶有 neither, nor, no more 的句子倒裝代詞 neither, nor, no more 用于后面分句句

12、首，且前面分句必須是否定句，這時后面分句不僅用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，而且時態(tài)（包括助動詞）必須和前句一致。 so被 用作句首的分句前面必須是肯定句。E.g. She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.知識點二虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省去if 時， were, had 和 should 要移至主語之前。E.g. Had I known it, I should have told him.句首為否定詞和帶有否定意義的詞或短語作狀語或賓語時，常用部分倒裝。常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, se

13、ldom, few,hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means, barely/hardly/scarcely when, not until much/even/still less, no longer, not a single word, not often, 等。帶 only 的句子的倒裝only 位于句子開頭，如果修飾介詞短語或狀語從句，那么句子應倒裝。E.g.

14、Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.Only 引導的從句位于句首,主語應倒裝.E.g. Only when she came home did he learn the news.so / such that結(jié)構(gòu)中的 so放在旬首時， 需要倒裝。E.g. So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. .E.g. Such a good student was she that all the teachers liked her.在

15、 as 引導的讓步狀語從句中形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首，起強調(diào)作用。E.g. Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.E.g. Child as the little girl is, she knows several foreign languages.句首為 many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such a point 等狀語時，句子需要部分倒裝。E.g. To such a degree was he excited that he couldn t go

16、to sleep that night.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒裝。E.g. May you live a long and happy life!介詞詞組放在句首E.g. In front of the house stands a tree.強調(diào)句型強調(diào)句：It is/was + 被強調(diào)部分who/whom/that被強調(diào)的主語是人稱代詞時，既可用主格，也可用賓格知識點四強調(diào)句 it 和先行詞it 的區(qū)別如果把 it is (was) that 去掉，剩下的仍能組成完整的句子，就是強調(diào)句E.g. It is clear that not all the students like En

17、glish.E.g. It was this place that I met Tom. not until句型的強調(diào)E.g. It was not until 10 o clockthat he went to bed.E.g. Not until he finished the homework did he watch TV. 非謂語動詞分詞分詞的位置：單個分詞作定語一般放在所修飾的名詞前；也可放在名詞后，其作用是強調(diào)分詞的動作性，但一般僅限于過去分詞。E.g. the aspects concerned,E.g. the authority involved分詞的特殊形式1. 分詞的復

18、合結(jié)構(gòu)，即分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。當分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，分詞必須帶上自己的主語，稱為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示原因，時間，伴隨等。1) n. + 分詞短語E.g. (time) The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.E.g. (reason) The monitor being ill, wed better wait for her.2. With+ n. +分詞短語 /adj./ adv/prep E.g. WithMr. Li taking the lead,the group accuseditscompanyofd

19、elaying their salary.E.g. Withthe mostpop televisionnetwork in his hand,themanhave hisproducts advertisedat the goldentime for an hour.不定式1. with/without + 分詞邏輯主語分詞1) 不定式常在下面動詞后面作賓語：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg,care, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, pretend,

20、 promise, refuse, learn, tend, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, etc.2) 動詞 + it (形式賓語)+ 形容詞 (賓語補足語)+ 不定式(真正賓語)，適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞：believe, consider, feel, find, realize, see, suppose,think, understand etc.E.g. We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.2. “ Wh- word + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)advise, decide, disc

21、uss, find out, know, learn, see, teach, tell, show understand, wonder 等E.g. He does not know when to start.3. 不定式作賓語補足語1） 動詞ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage,expect, feel, force, have, hear, invite, lead, let, make, notice, order, permit, persuade, tell, urge, watch,

22、 see, require etc.2）下列詞組后面的不定式不帶 to： would rather than（寧愿也不），had better , can' help but 嚇彳#不），may/might as well （不妨）務必注意的是：接不帶to 的不定式作賓補的動詞改成被動形式時必須加to。E.g. He has seen nine presidents come and go.E.g. Nine presidents have been seen to come and go （by him）.4. 不定式的時態(tài)1） 完成式 : 不定式的動作在謂語表示的動作之前完成, 或

23、想像中過去的動作或事情,但并沒有發(fā)生。E.g. This book is said to have been translated into dozens of languages in the last decade.2） 進行式：E.g. The children appear to be enjoying themselves at theparty.注意不定式的邏輯主語of sb./for sb.E.g. It is quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.E.g. It is very kind of you t

24、o tell me the truth.動名詞知識點一接動名詞作賓語的動詞admit, avoid, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, appreciate, consider, mind, risk, practise, dislike, resent（ 怨恨 ）, advise, pardon, require, quit （戒除）,suggest知識點二有些動詞后既可以跟動名詞，也可以跟不定式like, love, start, continue, attempt, propose, forget, recall, endure, permit, d

25、eserve, regret, omit （疏忽，省略）etc.知識點三to 作為介詞的短語be used to, be accustomed to, be opposed to 反對 , be addicted to 沉溺于 , be devoted to 專心于 , look forward to, object to, see to 負責，留意動詞need, require, want, deserve后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。E.g. All the cars in the yard need repairing.1. plan, like, love, hate后動名詞表示

26、抽象行為和一般動作，不定式表示具體 的、特定的動作。E.g. He likes dancing but he doesn ' like to dance with strangers.知識點五動名詞的邏輯主語1 .動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中兩者均可使用，在 句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g. Their/Mary coming to help was a great encouragement to us.2 .動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中兩者均可使用，在 句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g. Their/Mary coming to h

27、elp was a great encouragement to us.虛擬語氣知識點一 wish引導的賓從時間結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在的情況過4t過去的情況had+ 過去分詞 /could have done將來的情況would/could+動詞原形E.g. He wishes that he had studied hard in university. 知識點二 would rather that時間結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在，將來的情況的情 況過去式過去的情況had+過去分詞E.g. I would rather that you didn 'tell me the answer now.E.g. I woul

28、d rather that you didn ' go there tomorrow.It ' (about/almost/high) time that 從句用一般過去式E.g. It ' time that you went to bed. E.g. It ' time that class began.if條件句可以省略if,助動詞were, had, should要前置，形成倒裝語序。Eg. Had her father a lot of money, he would send her abroad.Eg. Were it rainy, we woul

29、d buy an umbrella.“ Were it not for/Had it not been for+ 賓語” 表示假設條件。E.g. Were it not for their assistance, we couldn t have got over the difficulties. E.g. Had it not been for your help, we wouldn t have been able to pass the exam.as if （as though） 引導的比較狀語從句中謂語動詞一般用 were / had+過去分詞表虛擬。E.g. He speaks

30、 English so well as if he were English.E.g. She looked as if she had succeeded.常見的引導賓語從句須用虛擬語氣的動詞advise, desire, maintain, command, demand, direct （命令）,insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge， recommend 等常見的引導同位語從句或表語從句須用虛擬語氣的名詞advice, command, desire, order, demand,

31、 recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposal, request, requirement 等；用在主語從句中時其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“It is/was + 形容詞或過去分詞+ 主語從句（用虛擬語氣）”advisable, necessary, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial， desirable, essential, important, natural, proper preferable, strange, vital, demanded, required, suggested, desir

32、ed 等。獨立主格獨立主格可以分為四類：不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、現(xiàn)在分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、過去分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、無動詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)不定式獨立主格：名詞詞組+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)E.g. His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準備飯菜。E.g. They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店?，F(xiàn)在分詞獨立主格:（介詞 + ）名詞詞組+ 現(xiàn)在分詞E.g. Without

33、 anyone noticing, I slipped through the window.趁著沒人注意，我悄悄的順著窗戶溜出去過去分詞獨立主格：（介詞+ ）名詞詞組+ 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)E.g. I wouldn t dare go home without the job finished.工作沒完成，我不敢回家。無動詞獨立主格：（介詞+ ）名詞詞組+ （介詞詞組）+ （形容詞詞組或副詞詞組或名詞詞組）E.g. The summer holidays over, we went back to work. 假期結(jié)束，我們回去工作。E.g. Two thousand people died in the earthquake, many of them chi