淺析國際貿易實務英文版

1、Chapter 2 Marketsegmentation1 定義; Market Segmentation is defined as:“The process of dividing a market intodistinct subsets of consumers withcommon needs and selecting one ormore segments to target with a distinctmarketing strategy”.2 Progression ofmarket segmentation: mass market, targeting key mark

2、et segments, micro marketing.（填空）3 Possible geographicsegmentation bases, 5 aspects: region, housing density, location, state, climate（選擇）4 Possible demographicsegmentation bases, 5 aspects: Age, Marital Status, Occupation, Income, Education（選擇）Definition2: Age cohorts are born during the same perio

3、dand travel through life togetherChapter 3Consumer needs andmotivation1定義: Motivation is defined as:“The driving force within individualsthat impels them to action. Thisdriving force is produced by a stateof tension that exists as the result ofan unfulfilled need”2定義Cognitive Process:A part of an at

4、titude model that represents the knowledge,perception and beliefs that a consume r has with respect toan idea or object3 Two broad types of needs are:(哪種形式)- Innate or biogenic needs are the primary needs inorder to sustain life, such as food or water and shelter- Acquired or psychogenic needs are s

5、econdary needswe learn in response to our culture, such as prestige,affection and learningChapter 11the influence ofculture on consumerbehavior1 定義Culture is defined as:“The sum total of learned beliefs,values and customs that serve todirect the consumer behavior ofmembers of a particular society.”2

6、 定義Enculturation(文化兼并) the learning of ones own culture is known as enculturation.3 定義acculturation(文化滲入) the learning of a new or foreign culture is known as acculturation.4 定義Ritual(宗教儀式) A ritual is a type of symbolic activityconsistingof a series of stepsoccurring in a fixed sequence and repeate

7、dover timeChapter 1 Introduction 1 Broad aspects of finance 3個:(選擇) Corporate finance, financial institutions and markets, Investments.2 Business Structures:Sole proprietorship, Partnership,Company 3 Nominal and real rates: The cost of an asset expressed as the number of dollars paid to acquire the

8、asset is thenominal price. However, the purchasing power of money changes because of inflation and deflation. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the nominal or face value of money and the real or inflation-adjusted value of money. Chapter 3the Time Value of Money: An Introduction to F

9、inancial Mathematics1 Fundamental ConceptCash flows fundamental to finance, the funds that flow between parties either now or in the future as a consequence of a financial contract.Cash inflow and cash outflow2 The effective interest rate can be calculated as:年利率向別的利率轉換公式(季利率,月利率,日利率)Example 3.7: Ca

10、lculate the effective annual interest rates corresponding to 12% p.a., compounding: (a) Semi-annually (b) Quarterly = 0.125509 (12.55%)(c) Monthly = 0.126825 (12.68%)(d) Daily = 0.127475 (12.7475%)3 The real interest rate (i*) can be found as follows:假利率向真利率轉換此公式可用于任何形式的真假轉換4 定義 Annuities(還貸)An annu

11、ity is a stream of equal cash flows(主要是cash outflow), equally spaced in time. We consider four types of annuities:Ordinary annuity.Annuity due.Deferred annuity.Ordinary perpetuity.Present value (PV) of an ordinary annuity(還貸公式)借錢公式Chapter 5 Project Evaluation: Principles and Methods1The standard NPV

12、 formula is given by(評估一個項目是否掙錢,與0相比,如果結果大于0就可投資,相反就不可投資.) 公式為Example 5.1: Investment of $9000. Net cash flows of $5090, $4500 and $4000 at the end of years 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Assume required rate of return is 10% p.a. What is the NPV of the project?Thus, using a discount rate of 10%, the proj

13、ects NPV = +$2351 > 0, and is therefore acceptable.（考試得有相關字樣）2 Net Cash Flow （知道相關） Cash inflows: Receipts from sale of goods and services. Receipts from sale of physical assets. Cash outflows: Expenditure on materials, labour and indirect expenses for manufacturing. Selling and administrative. I

14、nventory and taxes. Chapter 6 the Application of Project Evaluation MethodsExample 6.1: Assume that an investment of $1000 is expected to generate cash flows of $500, at constant prices, at the end of each of 3 years. Assume that the expected rate of inflation is 10% p.a., and that the nominal requi

15、red rate of return is 一五% p.a.Solution: (1 + p) (1 + i*) = (1 + i)i* = (1 + i)/(1 + p) 1 i* = (1 + 0.一五或NPV = $1000 + $500/(1.0455)+ $500/(1.0455)2+ $500/(1.0455)3= $373NPV is > 0Chapter 8The Capital Market1 Business Funding or capital market：(包括) Financial agency institutions. (Merchant bank) Fi

16、nancial intermediaries. (中行或建行) Investing institutions.2 Definition of Capital MarketThe market in which long-term financial securities are traded.This transfer can be done in either the debt or equity market.3 定義Primary market refers to transactions between companies seeking finance and investors d

17、irectly.4 定義Secondary market transactions involve transactions in existing financial instruments. 5 (特點)Exchange-traded market: Where a broker is organized and carries out clients instruction to buy or sell securities in an exchange-traded market.Over-the-counter market: No organized exchange; marke

18、t consists of financial dealers who trade with clients and with each other. 6 Unit trusts(包括) 1Real estate investment trusts (REITs): allow investors to acquire an interest in a professionally managed portfolio of real estate. Some REITs only invest in real estate such as hotels and shopping centers. 2Infrastructure funds: invest in assets involved in the supply of essential goods and services such as railways and oil/gas pipelines. Most infrastructure funds involve a company/t