第九章連詞和感嘆詞

1、第九章 連詞和感嘆詞一、概述連詞（conjunction）是連接單詞、短語或句子（包括從句與分句）的詞。連詞是虛詞，在句子中一般不重讀，不能單獨作句子成分。Are we to have a meeting today or tomorrow?我們是今天開會，還是明天？（連接詞）He did not come this morning but yesterday evening.他不是今天早晨來的，而是昨天晚上來的。（連接短語）She set out soon after dark and arrived home an hour later.她天黑后不久出發(fā)，一小時后到家。（連接短語）Were

2、 going to the bookstore in Johns car. You can come with us or you can meet us there later. 我們乘約翰的車去書店。要么你和我們一起去，要么以后到書店找我們。（連接句子）I don't know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否會來。（連接句子）注意：連詞在英語中的運用比在漢語中廣泛得多。在漢語中常把兩個或更多的詞句等連起來而不用連詞，但在英語中卻很少有這種情況，這需要引起注意。二、連詞的分類1、從本身含義及邏輯關(guān)系分類連詞從本身含義及所連接的語言單位之間的邏輯關(guān)系，可

3、分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。（1）并列連詞（Coordinating Conjunctions）并列連詞是用來連接彼此并列的詞、短語、從句或句子的詞，常用的：and, or, but, for, therefore, not onlybut also等。（2）從屬連詞(Subordinating Conjunctions)從屬連詞是指連接從屬關(guān)系的語言單位的詞。常用的：when, before, after, since, until, so, as if等。從屬連詞通常引導(dǎo)名詞性從句即主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句（that, whether, if等）以及狀語從句（when, while, th

4、ough, because, if, so that等）。3、連詞從句子結(jié)構(gòu)形式上分類（1）簡單連詞：and, but, when, for等。（2）關(guān)聯(lián)連詞：bothand, neithernor, asas等。（3）短語連詞：as if, so that等。（4）分詞連詞：considering, supposing等。三、并列連詞并列連詞可表示多種意義，但主要有四種，即表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇、因果等。注意并列連詞在句子中位置比較固定，定位于所連接的語言單位之間，兩個并列連詞不能并用,而可以與從屬連詞并用。1、表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞（1）并列連詞and的用法 可以連接兩個的詞，多用于肯定句中

5、。Go and fetch something to eat.（連接兩個動詞如go, come等表示目的）去取些吃的東西來。He started to shout and sing.他開始大叫并唱歌。Read it slowly and clearly.慢慢念，念清楚。The balloon flew higher and higher.氣球越飛越高。You can meet teachers and students.你會見到許多老師和學生。Proper diet and exercise are important to health.適當?shù)娘嬍澈湾憻拰】岛苤匾?。連接兩個句子，表示因果、

6、對比、條件、假設(shè)、目的等。They didn't catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night.他們沒趕上汽車，只好在旅館過夜。（因果）Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports.瑪麗喜歡音樂，莉莉愛好體育運動。（對比）Work hard and you will succeed.（條件，前面部分常為祈使句）如果你努力工作，就會成功。One more week and well accomplish the task.再一星期，我們就完成任務(wù)。（條件）（2）并列連詞bothan

7、d, not onlybut also, as well as的用法bothand意為：“不但而且； 既又”，是并列連詞，可以并列主語、賓語、表語、狀語、謂語等成分。并列主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Both New York and London have traffic problems. 紐約和倫敦都存在交通問題。The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish.這位秘書不但能講而且能寫西班牙語。Both teaching and research work are making great strides.教學與科研都在大踏步前進。The deleg

8、ates visited both New York and Boston.代表們既訪問了紐約，又訪問了波士頓。She both plays the piano and sings.她既會彈鋼琴又會唱歌。Both she and the headmaster were pleased with the boy.她和校長都喜歡這個男孩。The situation both at home and abroad is in our favor.國內(nèi)外形勢對我們都很有利。not onlybut also意為：“不但.而且”，是并列連詞，可以連接兩個詞，也可連接兩個句子。其中，but also中的al

9、so可以省略。a.連接兩個成分not onlybut also可以連接句中所有的成分，連接并列主語時，其謂語動詞根據(jù)就近原則，與所靠近的成分保持數(shù)的一致。Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不僅學生們津津有味地看著這部電影，而且他們的老師也是如此。He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但會講法而且會講英語。He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had se

10、en.他不僅看過那部影片，而且記得影片的內(nèi)容。b.并列兩個句子 not onlybut also可以連接兩個句子，not only位于句首時， not only后的句子要倒裝。Not only is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位科學家而且還是名戰(zhàn)士。Not only was evrything he had taken away, but his citizenship.不僅他的一切被拿走，而且他的國籍也被取消。as well as 其連詞作用，表示“同、和、也”等。The editors as well as the proof

11、readers are working overtime.編輯和校對者都在加班工作。I have read his novels as well as his plays.我讀過他的小說和劇本。when并列連詞，意為“就在那時”I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我剛想走，突然電話鈴響了。We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.我們在戶外一直玩到太陽下山, 那時天下起雨來了。2、表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞這類連詞連接兩個含義不同的甚至是反義的詞、短語或分句。常見的還有yet(然而

12、)，while(而)，however(可是)等。其中while與but的區(qū)別在于:while表示對比，而but表示意義正好相反。Learning the guitar isn't difficult ,but you have to practice.學彈吉它并不難，但你得練習。The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run. 改造城市需要花費很多的錢，但從長遠來看還是省錢。Excuse me for breaking in, but I have so

13、me news for you.請原諒我冒然闖入，但我有消息告訴你。In some Asian countries , nodding the head means not “Yes”but “No”. 有些亞洲國家，點頭并不表示“是”而是表示“不”。He was in deep trouble , yet he didn't lose heart.他深陷困境，然而他沒有喪失信心。Rick was very successful. However, the last few years of his life were not happy ones.瑞克非常成功，然而他的晚年并不幸福。

14、You like sports, while I'd rather read.你喜歡體育而我卻喜歡讀書。They were surprised that a child should work out the problem,while they themselves couldn't.他們很吃驚一個孩子能把這個題解出來而他們卻不能。She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact I was talking about my daughter. 她認為我是在談?wù)撍呐畠?，而事實上我在談?wù)撐遗畠骸Ｗ⒁猓簄ot

15、but在連接主語時，謂語動詞要按就近原則，與靠近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。Not the manager but the workers are hoping to do that.不是經(jīng)理而是工人們希望那么做。Not you but I am a teacher.不是你而是我是老師。3、表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞此類并列連詞主要有or, or else, eitheror, otherwise，neithernor, not nor等。（1）or的用法 可以連接兩個的詞，多用于否定或者疑問句中。主語的人稱、數(shù)不一致時, 動詞隨著接近的主語而變化。John or you are in Class

16、 Two.約翰或者你在二班。He never smokes or drinks.他從不吸煙，也不喝酒。Will you have tea or coffee? 你喝茶還是喝咖啡？Are you leavening for Beijing by train or by plane?你是坐火車還是坐飛機去北京？She will be back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天回來，就是明天回來。 連接兩個句子，常和else連用。Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right aw

17、ay?你愿意先喝咖啡還是我們談?wù)?。Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. 穿上你的大衣，不然你會著涼。 He must pay the debt or else go to prison."他必須還債,否則就得去坐牢。"Hurry up, or/or else we'll be late for the meeting.趕快，否則我們開會要遲到的。注意：or, or else, otherwise三者相比，or else語氣較or強，而otherwise語氣則最強。Make haste, or (else) yo

18、u'll be late.快點, 要不然就來不及了。Let's begin, otherwise, we will fall behind.我們這就開始吧，不然會落后的。I would like you to change this blouse, or else give me my money back.我想要你換掉這件襯衣，要不把錢退給我。or和and與否定詞連用之謎先做下面三道題:用or或and填空，要求構(gòu)成完全否定。l.Tom_Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_correctly

19、,either.湯姆和瑪麗不會講漢語，日語也講得不清楚，不正確。2.The clock has no eyes_ears.And it has no mouth_ no legs,either. 時鐘沒有眼晴和耳朵，也沒有嘴和腿。3.Man cant live without air_water.Thats to say,man will die without air_water. 沒有空氣和水，人就不生活，也就是說，沒有空氣和水，人就會死。說明:在否定句中，并列成分的列舉通常用or連接構(gòu)成完全否定，用and連接構(gòu)成部分否定。但在中學英語課本中，否定詞與and連用，有以下幾種情況，仍構(gòu)成完全

20、否定:1.列舉成分是主語，又在否定詞之前，用and連接，而在否定詞之后的列舉成分用or構(gòu)成完全否定，所以句1的答案是and，or。2.列舉成分之前都有否定詞時，用and連接，否則用or連接，也都構(gòu)成完全否定，所以句2的答案是or，and。3.在否定句中，without之后若有列舉成分用and連接，構(gòu)成完全否定；而在肯定句中，without之后的列舉成分要用or連接才能構(gòu)成完全否定，故句3的答案應(yīng)是and，or。再做如下練習，你心中之謎就可以迎刃而解了。（2）eitheror, neithernor, not nor的用法 可以連接兩個的詞eitheror, neithernor, not no

21、r等連接主語時，謂語動詞也依據(jù)就近原則。Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父親就是我兄弟要來。Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都沒錯。Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.不是教練就是運動員對這次失敗負有責任。He does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish .他既不愛好騎馬，也不愛好射擊、釣魚。連接兩個句子，當neither, nor放句首時，該句倒裝。Either we go now or

22、we remain here forever.要么我們現(xiàn)在走，要么我們永遠在這呆下去。Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.理論沒有實踐不行, 實踐沒有理論也不行。Mrs. Smith doesn't smoke, neither/nor does her husband.史密斯夫人不抽煙，她丈夫也不。4、表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞這類連詞常見的有so(因此)，for(因為)，therefore(因此)等。并列連詞for表示原因，用以附加說明。這個詞引導(dǎo)的分句必須放在第一

23、個分句之后。（1）for的用法 for可以表示原因，但引起的不是從句，而是分句，對前面的情況加以解釋，有逗號把它和前面的分句分開，在書面語中用的較多。I apologized to her , for I had wronged her.我向她道歉了，因為我錯怪了她。The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.商店相當新，因為它一星期前才開業(yè)。He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他很勇敢, 毫不畏懼。比較：for 和 because 在表示“原因”的時候意思基本相同, 一

24、般可以互相代用。for可以表示原因又可以用于提出說明, 語氣比because輕得多。Because引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在主句后, 有時也可放在主句前, 而for引導(dǎo)的句子只能放在后面。另外在回答Why的問句時, 只能用because不能用for。再者, for不能跟not.but這一結(jié)構(gòu)連用。I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it. (正)我做這件事，不是因為我喜歡，而是因為我不得不這樣做。I did it not for I liked it but for I had to do it. (誤)（2）so的用法so

25、表示結(jié)果，意為“因此，所以，于是”。These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough. 這些建筑物已有50多年的壽命，因此不夠堅固。It was late, so we went home.天晚了, 所以我們就回家去了。He was sick, so they were quiet.他病了, 所以他們 很安靜。（3）therefore的用法therefore意為“因此, 所以”，語氣比較文氣，多放在分句或句子的前面。It was rather late, so we decided to go home

26、.天相當晚了，因此我們決定回家。Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths,therefore it is our duty to master it.治療中采用先進的技術(shù)就意味著減少痛苦與死亡，因此掌握先進的技術(shù)是我們的職責。He broke the law ,therefore he was put into prison.他違犯了法律，因此被投入監(jiān)獄。四、從屬連詞從屬連詞分為兩大類，即引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞和引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞。1、引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞英語中大多數(shù)從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)狀語從句，并且引導(dǎo)的狀語從

27、句位置比較靈活，大多位于主句之前或之后皆可，位于主句之前時通常用逗號隔開。從引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞的意義來看，可分為引導(dǎo)時間、原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、條件等名種從句的連詞。（1）引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞此類連詞主要有：when, while, after, before, as, as soon as , now(that), until, till, once, since,whenever, no sooner.than, hardly/barely/scarcely.when等。When I got to the theatre, I found that they had sold al

28、l the tickets.當?shù)竭_劇院時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)票已售完。We should strike while the iron is hot.我們要趁熱打鐵。Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.進入大學以來，他在學業(yè)上已經(jīng)取得了很大進步。They kept on working until it became dark.他們一直工作到天黑。Once you begin , you must go on. 你一旦開始，就必須繼續(xù)下去。You seem to have a ready-mad

29、e answer, whenever I ask you a question.每逢我問你問題, 你總好象有現(xiàn)成的答案。Now (that) you are here, you'd better stay.你既然來了，那就不要走了。No sooner had they got to the field than it began to rain.他們剛到田里就開始下雨了。Hardly had he set foot on his native land when he felt comfortable.他一踏上祖國的土地就感到心情舒暢。注意：no sooner, hardly等位于句首

30、時需用倒裝語序。every time, each time, next time, the last time, the moment等，引導(dǎo)句子其作用相當于一個時間狀語從句。 She felt a thrill the moment she got into the theatre.她一進劇場就感到一種激動。Every time he got to Beijing, he came to see me.每次他來北京，他都來看我。（2）引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞此類連詞主要有because, as, since, now(that)，等。because引導(dǎo)的從句表示產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果的必然的因果關(guān)系

31、，語氣較重，可回答why問句；since語氣較輕，常位于句首；as則語氣最輕。We couldn't cross the river because the water had risen.水已經(jīng)上漲了，所以我們沒能過河。Since everyone is here, let's begin.既然大家都來了，我們就開始吧。I must stop writing now, as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必須停筆了，因為我還有許多工作要做。Now that you've got a chance, you might as we

32、ll make full use of it. 既然你有了這個機會，你可以充分的利用它了。The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for the country.因為這個意大利男孩為國家獻出了生命，所以他被譽為英雄。Why use wood when you can use plastic?既然能用塑料, 為什么還要用木料?（3）引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞此類連詞主要有although, though, as, even if, even though,no matter what等。Though my f

33、ather is old,yet he wants to do something for our country.我爸雖然老了，可他還要為國家做點事。Even if there are difficulties， we must do it well.即使有困難，我們也要把工作做好。Young as I am,I know some of the family secrets.盡管我年齡小，我知道一些家庭秘密。Nobody believed him no matter what he said.不管他說什么每人相信他。Much as I have travelled,I have never

34、 seen anyone whos as capable as John. 雖然我去了很多地方，但是我從來沒有見過像約翰這么能干的人。（4）引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞此類連詞主要有if, unless, as/so long as, supposing等。If we go on polluting the world ,it won't be fit for to live in.如果我們繼續(xù)污染這個世界，那么這個世界就會不適合我們生活了。You will fail unless you work hard.除非努力你才不會失敗。You can go out as/so long as

35、 you promise to be back soon.只要你保證很快回來，你就可以出去。What shall we do supposing he won't agree?假定他不同意，我們怎么辦？The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind如果世貿(mào)組織不能容納占世界人口五分之一的國家，那它就名不符實。You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不馬上走，你要遲到了

36、。Unless he comes, we won't be able to go.他不來我們不能走。（5）表示行為方式的從屬連詞表示行為方式的從屬連詞主要有as，as if/though等。When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.當把鉛筆一部分放到水里時，鉛筆看上去就像斷了。We did as he told us. 我們照他叮囑的做了。He spoke as though he knew the question very well.他說得好像對這個問題知道得很清楚。注意：以

37、as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，其謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣。與現(xiàn)在相反的情況用過去時，與過去相反的情況用過去完成時。I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.整個事情我都記得,就好像此事發(fā)生在昨天。He spoke like that as if he had been there before.他那樣說好像他從前去過那里似的。（6）表示目的的從屬連詞表示目的的從屬連詞主要有that, so that，in order that等。I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class. 為

38、了上課不遲到我們趕緊走。John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 約翰把大家關(guān)在廚房外邊，是為了能夠為晚會烹飪出人意料的飯菜。John saved his money in order that he might buy a bicycle.約翰為了買一輛自行車而把錢節(jié)省下來。Bring it nearer that I may see it better.把它拿近一些, 以便使我看得比較清楚。Speak slowly so that we

39、can follow you.講得慢些以便我們能跟得上你。（7）表示結(jié)果的從屬連詞表示結(jié)果的從屬連詞，主要有that，so.that，so that，such.that等。They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他們彼此見到面，高興得把別的事情都忘記了。It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.天氣非常寒冷， 以至于街上沒有任何人。It is so cold that all the water pipes hav

40、e frozen.天太冷，所有的水管都凍住了。His behaviour was such that we all refused to receive him in our homes.他的品行是如此的壞, 我們都拒絕在家里招待他。（8）表示比較的從屬連詞表示比較的從屬連詞主要有than，as等John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 約翰踢足球和大維比如果不比他好的話，至少和他踢得一樣好。I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想漢語比其他任何

41、科目都更受歡迎。Do you think that art is as interesting as music?你認為美術(shù)與音樂一樣有趣嗎?（9）表示地點的從屬連詞 表示地點的從屬連詞主要有where，wherever等。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你應(yīng)當養(yǎng)成習慣，將東西放在你能找到的地方。After the war, a new school building was put up where there once had been a theatre. 戰(zhàn)后，在以前的劇院

42、處建了一所新學校。Leave her where she is. 把她留在原地。You can take it with you wherever you go.你不論去哪里，都可隨身攜帶它。2、引導(dǎo)名詞性從名的從屬連詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的詞多是連接代詞和連接副詞，從屬邊詞主要有that，whether, if。（1） 由從屬連詞that，whether，if引導(dǎo) 這類連詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時只起連接作用，在從句中不擔任任何成分。We all know that the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。（賓語從句）Im sorry that you ca

43、nt come.很遺憾你不能來。（賓語從句）My idea is that we should stick to our plan.我的意見是我們應(yīng)當堅持我們的計劃。（表語從句）I want to know whether/if he will come back soon.我想知道他是否能很快回來。（賓語從句）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.這會給我們帶來壞處還是好處尚需拭目以待。（主語從句）The question is whether the book is worth reading.問題是這本書是否值得一讀。

44、（表語從句）（2）由連接代詞引導(dǎo)連接代詞除了可以起連接作用外，還可以在從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。連接代詞主要有who，whom，whose，which，what, whatever, whoever, whomever等。Do what he or she tells you to do.按照他/她所告訴你的去做。What is needed is a change in land ownership.需要做的事就是改變土地的所有制。What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.他在會議上的發(fā)言使入會者大吃一驚。Can yo

45、u tell me who that gentleman is? 你能告訴我那位先生是誰么？They want to know what they can do to help us.他們想知道怎樣幫助我們。They eat whatever they can find. 他們找到什么就吃什么？Whoever comes will be welcomed.無論誰來都會受到歡迎。（3）由連接副詞引導(dǎo)連接副詞除了起連接作用外，還在從句中作狀語。連接副詞主要有when，where，how，why等。I remember when this used to be a quiet village.我記得

46、那時候這是一個安靜的村莊。Would you please tell me how I can get to the airport? 請告訴我怎樣去機場？I don't know where we are going to have this meeting.我不知道我們到什么地方去開這次會議。Do you know why he was late? 你知道他為什么遲到嗎?五、特殊的從屬連詞狀語從句需要一定的連詞與主句連接構(gòu)成主從復(fù)合句，英語中這種從屬連詞是很豐富的。下面介紹幾種較特殊的從屬連詞。1、分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的連詞：considering（考慮到、鑒于），given（考慮到），pro

47、vided/providing（只要、如果），seeing（既然、考慮到），supposing(假如)。Considering hes only been learning English a year,he speaks it very well.鑒于他才學了一年英語，他的英語講得算是很不錯的。Given that they are inexperienced,theyve done a good job.考慮到他們沒有經(jīng)驗，他們已經(jīng)是干得很好的了。She never minds helping anyone who has nowhere to sleep, provided hes re

48、asonable. 任何找不到住處的人，只要他們?yōu)槿苏桑蜆酚趲椭?。Seeing he refused to help us,theres no reason why we should now help him.既然他不肯幫助我們，那我們現(xiàn)在也不必非得去幫助他。Supposing white were black，you would be right.假如白色都能變成黑色，那你就是對的了。2、動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為連詞:save that(只是)，suppose(假定)。I agree with you,save that you have got one or two facts wrong. 我

49、同意你的意見，只是你有一兩處地方弄錯了。Supposing they did not believe him what would they do to him?如果他們不相信他的話，他們會把他怎樣呢?3、副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為連詞:directly（一就），immediately（一就），instantly（一就），now that（既然），once（一旦就）等。Directly the teacher came in,everyone was quiet.老師一走進來，大家就安靜下來了。I left,immediately the clock struck twelve.鐘剛敲12點，我就離開了。He

50、 set off，instantly he heard the news.他一聽到這個消息就出發(fā)了。Now（that） you have the chance,you had better make good use of it.既然有此機會，就該好好利用它一下。(如用過去時態(tài)，則一般用now that)Once you begin,you mustnt stop.一旦開始，就不要停下來了。4、名詞短語用作連詞:any moment(無論何時)，the day(當天就)，each time(每次)，every time(每當)，the instant(一就)，the minute（一就），th

51、e moment（一就），next time（下次），the way（正如的樣子）。Come and see us any moment you can.什么時候得空請來看看我們。He called on her the day he arrived.他到的當天就去看望了她。Each time we call on him,he is reading.每次我們?nèi)タ此?，他都在看書。She smiles every time she sees me.她見到我時總是面帶微笑。I told you the instant I heard the news.我一聽說那個消息馬上就通知了你。We will

52、 leave the minute youre ready.你準備好我們就走。The moment he spoke we recognized his voice.他剛一開口我們就聽出他的聲音了。Im going to see him next time he comes here.下次他來時我一定要會會他。They didnt do it the way we do now.他們當時的做法和我們現(xiàn)在的做法不同。-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?你記得還欠瑪麗的錢了嗎？-Yes.I gave it to her the

53、 moment I saw her.記著了。我一看見她就還給她了。5、the first time表示“第一次”的用法（1）the first time表示“第一次”，引導(dǎo)表語從句時，強調(diào)到說話時為止某一情況或動作的次數(shù)，主句中系動詞是is，從句謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)；主句中系動詞是was，從句謂語用過去完成時態(tài)。This is the first time he has been late this term這是他本學期第一次遲到。That was the first time I had gone to work那是我第一次上班。- Do you know our town at all？你了

54、解這座城市嗎？- No，this is the first time I have been here不了解。這是我第一次來。（2）the first time表示“第一次時”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，從句中謂語用一般過去時態(tài)，側(cè)重點不是要說第一次做了什么，而是要敘述另一情況或動作。The first time Mr Brown came to China he visited the Great Wall布朗先生第一次來中國時就游覽了長城。The first time I saw him，he was reading a book我第一次見到他時，他在看書。I thought her nice a

55、nd honest the first time I met her.我第一次見她就認為她很好也很誠實。（3）the first time表示“第一次的情景”，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句謂語用一般過去時來表示。Do you remember the first time we met？你還記得我們第一次見面的情景嗎？六、從屬連詞的多義性1、when（1）表示時間，意思是“當?shù)臅r候”。The fire was put out when they came.他們來到的時候，大火已經(jīng)被撲滅了。When I came home my wife was cooking dinner. 我回家時，妻子在做晚飯。（

56、2）表示條件，意思是“如果，要是”。When the weather is good，I usually go to the country.如果天氣好的話，我通常到鄉(xiāng)下去。Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果機器發(fā)生故障, 就把電門關(guān)上。（3）表示原因，意思是“既然”。I can't tell you when you won't listen. 既然你不想聽，我就不告訴你了。How can he succeed when he won't work?既然他不肯工作，那么他怎么

57、會成功呢?Why do we take the flag down at night，when we just have to put it up again in the morning?既然我們早上還得把旗升上去，那晚上又為什么要把它降下來呢?Why do you want a new job when you've got such a good one already?既然你有這么好的一份工作為什么你還想找新工作？It was an exciting moment for these football fan this year,when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.這是球迷們本年度最興奮的時刻，因為他們的球隊這些年以來第一次贏得世界杯。（4）表示讓步，意思是“雖然，然而，可是”。He walks when he might ride.他雖然可以坐車，可是他還是步行了。We have only three chairs when we need five.我們需要五把椅子，可是我們只有三把。2、while（l）表示時間，意思是“當?shù)臅r候”，“和同時”。We waited while he dined.他吃飯時，我們等著。Plea