筆記2--四種記憶模式

1、Example 1(滾動(dòng)字幕)I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and poof! I became invisible, absent from the conversation. The park was filled with people talking on their cell phone

2、s. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies. Evidently, the untethered electronic voice is preferable to human contact.聽到這一段生動(dòng)形象的描述之后，譯員便可在頭腦中勾畫這樣一副圖景：自己正與一位朋友在公園中散步、閑談。視覺記憶練習(xí)-1My home town is a beautiful place, but

3、it is not very big. It stands beside a wide river at the foot of low green hills. There are about eleven thousand people in it. The streets are wide and straight, and there are many new houses and shops along them. There is a modern hospital and some fine schools. You can see trees and flowers every

4、where. 突然，談話被朋友的手機(jī)打斷。然后放眼四周，發(fā)現(xiàn)到處是只顧自己拿著手機(jī)講話而無暇互相交流的人們。譯員就這樣通過現(xiàn)實(shí)化、形象化的方法將一篇復(fù)雜的描寫轉(zhuǎn)化成生活中一個(gè)再熟悉不過的鏡頭攝入了頭腦。然后，譯員再用譯語將眼前的這幅圖景按照自己的方式描述出來即可。這樣不僅記憶深刻、全面，而且譯員也不會(huì)陷入機(jī)械的“找詞翻譯”的誤區(qū)。視覺記憶練習(xí)-1.2  Why do we have eyebrows?（滾動(dòng)字幕）Those tiny little hairs above our eyes that many women pluck or paint play a very impor

5、tant role in keeping moisture out of our eyes.Just like an umbrella keeps our bodies dry from rain, our hairy eyebrows keep our eyes dry from rain or sweat. When it's pouring with rain outside or when sweat runs down our foreheads, our eyebrows divert the flow of water or sweat away from our eye

6、s.Our arch-shaped eyebrows angle the rain or sweat around to the sides of our faces, leaving our eyes fairly dry. By catching the water or sweat, our eyebrows not only allow us to see more clearly but also keep the salt in the sweat from burning or irritating our eyes.Eyebrows have other roles also.

7、 As one of our most expressive facial features, eyebrows help us determine how people are feeling without having to ask them.  If a person's eyebrows are drawn in a frown, the chances are that they are angry or upset.What is more, over the years, eyebrows have been having an increasing impa

8、ct on our concepts of beauty or fashion. Big, thick and hairy eyebrows tend to be considered unattractive, while thin, plucked eyebrows are said to be more attractive.視覺記憶練習(xí)-3-4.2 How you sleep says a lot about what you are（滾動(dòng)字幕）A British scientist has compared personality traits of people and their

9、 preferred ways of sleeping and says that four common sleep positions reveal a lot about people. Those who sleep in the most popular fetal position, like a child in the mothers womb, tend to be shy and sensitive.Sleepers who prefer to sleep in the soldier position, flat on their back with arms at th

10、eir sides, are quiet and reserved.Those who drift off on their sides with legs outstretched and arms down are easy-going and very sociable. If the arms are outstretched, the person tends to be more skeptical or suspicious. Finally, people who sleep in the starfish positionarms and legs stretched out

11、 to the sidehave an unassuming personality and are usually good listeners.二、邏輯分層記憶訓(xùn)練 logical analysis分類：縱向分析橫向分析1、縱向分析：分清關(guān)鍵信息和輔助信息找出邏輯的層次第一層：一句話概括中心內(nèi)容第二層：圍繞中心問題講話人談了哪幾方面內(nèi)容第三層：每個(gè)方面具體談了什么內(nèi)容縱向分析舉例.口譯教程 (F)01_1.mp31.1 三種錯(cuò)誤的飯后習(xí)慣第一層：介紹了三種錯(cuò)誤的飯后習(xí)慣第二層：這三種習(xí)慣分別是飯后立即 1）吃水果 2）喝茶 3）散步第三層：針對(duì)每種習(xí)慣分析原因，提出正確的做法2、橫向分析：

12、明確個(gè)信息點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系常見信息邏輯關(guān)系模式:Classification 分類Generalization 歸納Cause-effect 因果Compare and contrast 比較對(duì)照Sequencing 時(shí)間、空間、重要性的順序Simple listing 列舉problem-solution 提出問題解決問題英文中的邏輯關(guān)系線索詞：概括：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole;順序:first, second, furthermore, before preceding, du

13、ring, when finally meanwhile;對(duì)比: likewise, as well as, in common with, both similarly, compared to;對(duì)照: on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, where as, differently; in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely因果:so, since, because, as a result, cons

14、equently, lead to, now that列舉：first, second, third;firstly, secondly, thirdly; first, next, then; in the first place, in the second place; for one thing, for another thing;to begin with, to conclude結(jié)果：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折：however, nevertheless, none

15、theless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever補(bǔ)充：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, too, either, neither, notbut, not onlybut also目的：that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that條件：if, suppose (that), supposi

16、ng (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that)Compare and contrast-練習(xí)1想知道男人和女人的感情狀況，便要看他們付賬時(shí)的態(tài)度。 當(dāng)男人不看賬單便付錢，并慷慨地付小費(fèi)，他正在追求這個(gè)女人。 當(dāng)他開始留意賬單上的項(xiàng)目，他已經(jīng)把這個(gè)女人追到手了。 當(dāng)他開始翻查賬單，并埋怨收費(fèi)太高，他跟這個(gè)女人感情十分穩(wěn)定 當(dāng)他只是瞟一瞟賬單，然后由女人付賬，則這個(gè)女人已經(jīng)成為他的太太，掌握經(jīng)濟(jì)大權(quán)。 當(dāng)女人完全不看賬單，只留

17、意男人付多少小費(fèi)，她才開始和他交往。 當(dāng)她開始留意賬單上的項(xiàng)目，并囑咐男人不要付太多小費(fèi)時(shí)，她已經(jīng)愛上這個(gè)男人。 當(dāng)她埋怨男人查賬單，又嫌他付小費(fèi)太吝嗇，則她并不愛他。 她開始翻查賬單，并埋怨男人付太多小費(fèi)，她已經(jīng)成為他太太。Compare and contrast-練習(xí)22.2有償搭車“上班族”借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)帖聯(lián)絡(luò)搭乘“順風(fēng)車”，這種出行方式最近在北京、上海、深圳等一些大中型城市開始流行起來。一些網(wǎng)站還專門設(shè)立了相關(guān)的欄目，北京出現(xiàn)了全國(guó)第一家順風(fēng)車專業(yè)門戶網(wǎng)站，有需求者只要將自己的出發(fā)地和目的地發(fā)布上網(wǎng)，就會(huì)很容易獲得理想的搭乘機(jī)會(huì)。除此之外，也有一些搭乘者是通過朋友介紹認(rèn)識(shí)的。與國(guó)外一些國(guó)家

18、搭順風(fēng)車現(xiàn)象有所不同的是，按事先約定，國(guó)內(nèi)的一些搭乘者會(huì)以現(xiàn)金或?qū)嵨锏男问浇o車主一定的補(bǔ)償，而一些車主也將省錢和掙錢作為提供便利的目的之一。面對(duì)越來越多的汽車污染以及日漸嚴(yán)重的交通壓力，“順風(fēng)車”的出現(xiàn)無疑是件好事。但隨之而來的“有償搭車”現(xiàn)象卻引起了各方的不同看法。對(duì)此持贊同意見的人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該提倡這種做法，因?yàn)樗确奖懔顺塑嚾?，也減輕了車主的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，同時(shí)還能緩解城市交通壓力；反對(duì)的人則認(rèn)為私家車收費(fèi)搭乘他人，嚴(yán)格意義上屬于非法營(yíng)運(yùn)，由于它沒有辦理任何證件，干擾了正常的客運(yùn)市場(chǎng)。政府應(yīng)加以嚴(yán)格管理；一些保險(xiǎn)公司相關(guān)人士還認(rèn)為，一旦發(fā)生事故，保險(xiǎn)公司有權(quán)拒賠，理由是營(yíng)運(yùn)車風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較大，同類型汽車的

19、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，營(yíng)運(yùn)車輛要高于私家車。邏輯分析記憶練習(xí)： 因果、總分2.1 Why are girls not as good at maths and scienceGirls don't do as well at math and science as boys. There are several reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that they aren't encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in math and

20、science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understanding how things work. Girls are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human relations skills. As a result, they can grow up not knowing how an engine works or how to build a model from directions. Second, studies

21、have shown that teachers don't expect girls to be good at math. Even female math and science teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more often. Because teachers don't expect girls to excel, they don't try very hard, and soon girls are far behind boys in these studi

22、es. Finally, girls don't have many role models to look up to. Not very many math and science teachers are women, especially in the later grades. When the media picture mathematicians and scientists, they usually picture men. As a result, girls aren't inspired to choose these fields as career

23、s. In summary, several factors work together in the home, in schools, and in society at large to send a subtle message to girls. Girls almost always get the message; as a result, few girls excel at math and science. 總-分-總總領(lǐng)：分析女生不擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)的原因有以下三點(diǎn)1.不被鼓勵(lì)去玩可以培養(yǎng)起數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)方面的興趣的玩具2.老師并不希望女孩能夠擅長(zhǎng)于數(shù)學(xué) 3.沒有很多的典型榜樣去

24、效仿 總括：家庭、學(xué)校、社會(huì)的因素綜合起來對(duì)女生產(chǎn)生影響因果關(guān)系練習(xí)：韓劇流行的原因如一些不屑韓劇的朋友所言，韓劇在情節(jié)上過于雷同，比如女主角大多得白血病而死而且大多出身低微，男主角又大多出車禍而亡。但為什么就能吸引人們的眼球呢？我覺得可能有以下幾方面的原因。韓劇在戀愛場(chǎng)景上一般比較含蓄，多是點(diǎn)到為止。他們沒有讓人肉麻的動(dòng)不動(dòng)就激情一番的演出，露胸露背的表演更是少見，談的是純純的戀愛。我不知道是韓國(guó)的民風(fēng)依然如此還是編輯在播出時(shí)有所保留。韓劇的女主角大多溫柔賢惠。在韓劇中，你很少看得到撕破臉皮激烈爭(zhēng)吵的場(chǎng)景，女生溫柔賢良個(gè)性幾近完美，婚后對(duì)夫家人言聽計(jì)從，這可能和韓國(guó)的社會(huì)里女性不占主導(dǎo)地位有

25、關(guān)系吧，可夢(mèng)想娶到那樣的老婆是多少男人的愿望啊。而且韓劇中的女生多身世坎坷屢遭不幸，?？吹糜^眾淚水漣漣大為所動(dòng)。不是說悲劇比喜劇更能打動(dòng)人嗎?男主角的專一。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，男人總是容易受到各種的誘惑，而他們往往不去發(fā)揮自制能力。韓劇男主角大多身世富有又情感專一，這正迎合了大部分女觀眾的愿望，而看韓劇的女觀眾居多。另外韓劇中演員漂亮、音樂動(dòng)聽、情節(jié)感人等等也是韓劇流行的重要因素。三、提綱式記憶提綱式記憶指譯員充分利用語篇的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其主要意義間的聯(lián)系，把源語材料內(nèi)容當(dāng)作提綱或框架來處理。譯員所“記”的內(nèi)容：源語材料的主要意義及其聯(lián)系。譯員所“憶”和“譯”內(nèi)容：在基本提綱的基礎(chǔ)上，完整地歸納包括其他

26、次要意義在內(nèi)的全部意義。提綱式記憶常用于那些講話內(nèi)容相對(duì)有條理性、主次意義較清楚的講話材料，如論證類、介紹類講話等。提綱式記憶例子1澳大利亞和中國(guó)在生態(tài)環(huán)境上有很大的差別，我認(rèn)為原因很多。首先是由于中國(guó)的人口密度較大，其次是經(jīng)濟(jì)情況不同。澳大利亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)主要依靠第一和第三產(chǎn)業(yè)，比如農(nóng)業(yè)、旅游業(yè)，它們對(duì)環(huán)境的污染相對(duì)較?。欢袊?guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)更依賴于第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（工業(yè)），第二產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境污染最大。另外，澳大利亞是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有能力制定比較嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護(hù)法規(guī)。第三是歷史的原因。雖然澳大利亞的土族居民有六萬多年的歷史，但是他們是游牧民族，所以對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境沒有重大影響。澳大利亞重要的人類活動(dòng)只有兩百年的歷史。

27、在中國(guó)，重要的人類活動(dòng)已有幾千年之久。第四，中國(guó)的環(huán)境保護(hù)還沒有受到應(yīng)有的重視。第五個(gè)原因是澳大利亞人和中國(guó)人的社會(huì)文明意識(shí)有所不同。澳、中生態(tài)環(huán)境差別原因：1.人口密度2.經(jīng)濟(jì)情況：澳：第一、三產(chǎn)業(yè)（兩例、結(jié)果）中：第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（結(jié)果） 此外，澳：發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)（環(huán)保法規(guī)）3歷史：（重要人類活動(dòng)史比較）4環(huán)保重視程度5文明意識(shí)例文：美國(guó)的待客和做客之道我在北大學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)就意識(shí)到中美在待客上存在不同了。中國(guó)人特別講究規(guī)矩，比美國(guó)人多許多。但這不意味著美國(guó)人不好客，只意味對(duì)待客人的方法是不同的。最近，我邀請(qǐng)了一對(duì)夫婦到家里做客。那時(shí)，我們就知道，這對(duì)夫婦不是經(jīng)常有機(jī)會(huì)到美國(guó)家庭做客，于是我們就做了美國(guó)菜。菜量是

28、足夠的。如果吃干凈了，盤子見底了，那么對(duì)于美國(guó)人來說，是很好的狀況?？紤]如何對(duì)待客人有兩方面的問題：一是客人從哪里來；二是在家里還是在外面招待客人。請(qǐng)客人到家里是對(duì)待關(guān)系比較好或特別親密的朋友。有時(shí)也會(huì)與好朋友去外面吃一些特色菜，吃一些我們自己做不出來的東西。在家里和在外面不一定意味關(guān)系怎樣，但如果在家請(qǐng)客，那么更大的可能性是很好的朋友。美國(guó)人更看重做客之道，而不是待客之道。對(duì)于待客，熱情，讓人有回家的感覺就好了。習(xí)慣上，要事先告訴客人除了他還有哪些人要來。另外，應(yīng)該問客人有哪些菜不吃，如宗教上的忌諱等。反過來，做一個(gè)客人的規(guī)矩比接待客人要多?？腿艘獪?zhǔn)時(shí)到，不能太早也不能太遲。一般的情況下，要

29、帶點(diǎn)東西，如酒或水果等。作為客人，在沒上菜時(shí)或吃完飯后，應(yīng)該問主人，“我能幫什么忙嗎？”有時(shí)，主人真的會(huì)允許你收拾桌子或洗盤子呢！這是很親切的表示。勸酒在美國(guó)是不存在的。 中國(guó)人的待客規(guī)則，一是要熱情，態(tài)度上不能慢待，別人會(huì)用你的態(tài)度判定你的心意。對(duì)待不同地方的朋友，難度不一樣：美國(guó)人，以低成本就能讓他們滿意；香港人，就難了，他們講究吃；老家人，點(diǎn)些沒吃過的菜就可以；對(duì)過去的同學(xué)、同事，不能點(diǎn)得太便宜，那表明你把他看得很便宜。二是量不應(yīng)該不足，可以有余、可以浪費(fèi)，但不能空盤。三是如果有求于朋友，那么吃飯是不夠的，通常應(yīng)該有另外的表示。根據(jù)辦的事不一樣，表示的程度不一樣。對(duì)于外國(guó)人，選最不值錢的

30、東西就可以了：小盤子和小手帕就行；對(duì)中國(guó)的朋友，這些東西人家都不會(huì)要的。如果你送的禮物顯得很小氣，那么前面的東西就都白吃了。另外，對(duì)于我們中國(guó)人，朋友們?cè)谝黄鸬臅r(shí)候，買單要積極主動(dòng)，這是表現(xiàn)你誠(chéng)心與否的重要時(shí)機(jī)。如果你是公司老板，更要主動(dòng)買單，不要讓教授或公務(wù)員買單。總的說來，表面的熱情要有高度。過去是酒要喝到醉，要喝度數(shù)高的、價(jià)錢貴的酒。現(xiàn)在，勸酒的方式緩和多了。不再強(qiáng)迫喝，不喝醉，喝低度酒?，F(xiàn)在的待客之道是：熱情、主動(dòng)、考慮健康。待客之道變得比較寬容合理了。中國(guó)待客之道：1.熱情 美國(guó)人：低成本 香港人：講究吃 老家人：點(diǎn)些沒吃過的菜； 同學(xué)、同事：不能點(diǎn)太便宜2.量要足3.出吃飯還要有別

31、的表示 外國(guó)人：最不值錢的東西-小盤子、小手帕 中國(guó)人：貴的，要積極買單過去：喝到醉，要喝度數(shù)高的、價(jià)錢貴的酒現(xiàn)在：熱情、主動(dòng)、考慮健康例文3People have different ideas about what exactly is being on time and being late. These ideas also differ from time to time, and from country to country. For example, in the United States, it is very important to be on time for alm

32、ost all occasions. The only time it is socially acceptable to be late is when you go to a friends party. A person usually tries to arrive about 5 minutes after the invitation time, so that the host would have a little extra time to prepare for the guests. This is called being “fashionably late.” Any

33、 time later than that is considered impolite, because it keeps the host and other guests waiting.Being on time goes both ways. One should also not arrive early for a friends party, because it would rush the host. However, when going to a doctors appointment, it is usually good to arrive earlier than the appointment because there are usually some forms that need to be filled out by the patient.Different ideas about being on time and being lat