獨立從句dependentclauses

1、Dependent Clauses: An OverviewDependent clauses may work I ike adverbs, adject i ves, or nouns in complex sentences.Adverbial clausesLike a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questionswherewhyhowwhento what degreeAn a

2、dverb i a I c I ause beg i ns with a subord i nat i ng con junct i on, which makes the c I ause subord i nate (dependent).Common subord i nat i ng con junct i ons:afterin order (that)unlessalthoughinsofar asunti /asin thatwhenas far aslestwheneveras soon asno matter howwhereas ifnow thatwhereveras t

3、houghoncewhetherbecauseprovided (that)wh i Iebeforesincewhyeven 7fso thateven thoughsupposing (that)howthanifthatinasmuch asthoughin case (that)tillExamp Ie of adverb i a I cIause answer i ng whenWhen spring arrives, I the flowers bloom.adverbial clausesubordinatingmain clauseconjunctionWhen will th

4、e fI owe r s bI oomAnswer: when springarrivesExamp Ie of adverb i a I clause answer i ng whyThe poor woman had no money I because she had tost her job.main clauseadverbial clausesubordinating conjunction助Vdidn't the poor woman have money Answer: because she had losther jobExamp Ie of adverb i a

5、I clause answer i ng whereI Where there is smoke, i there is fire.adverbial cla use subordinating conjunctionWhere i s there fi reAnswer: where there is smokeExample of adverbial clause answer ing howHe answered the question psphe k刃ewthe su句。nr quile we/1main clauseadverbial clausesubordinatingconj

6、unctionHow did he ansv/er the question Answer: as if he knew the sub jectquite we I IExample of adverbial clause answer ing to what degreeJones will probably arrive later than Smith (wilf arrive).main clauseadverbial clauseunderstoodsubordinatingconjunctionTo what degree of lateness wi I I Jones arr

7、ive Answer: (later) than Smith (will arr i ve)Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degreeHe is much younger than hrs brother (is). I ( L.main c ausea dverbi a I clausesubord inatingunde rstoodconjunctionTo what degree is he young Answer: (younger) than his brother (is)Comma use w

8、ith adverbial clausesComma use with adverbial clauses depends upon pIacement of the adverbial clause.If the adverbial clause introduces the sentence, place a comma betv/een it and the main clause.After Boston won the pennant in 2Q04f the entire city roductory adverbia I clauseco mm a m

9、ain c lauseIf the adverb ia I clause fol lows the ma in cI ause i n a sentence, do not place a comma between the two.The entire city celebrated after Boston won the pennant in 2004.I b < L一main clauseno commaadverbial clauseAdjectival clausesLike a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause desc

10、ribes a noun (in the sentence* s main clause) and ansv/ers one of these questionswhichonewhat kindAn ad ject ival clause usua I I y beg ins with a relative pronoun, wh i ch makes the c lause subord i nate (dependent).Common relative pronouns:thatwhichwhowhomwhose whyNOTE: Use who, whom, and whose to

11、 descr ibe people.Use that and which to descr ibe things.Adjectival clauses always fol low the person, place, or thing they descr ibe, usual ly immed i ate Iy.Example of adjectival clause answer ing which oneJoe read the book I that f gave him.main clauseadjectival clausedescribing hookWhich book di

12、d Joe read Answer: the one that I gave himExample of adjectival clause answer ing what kindA politician whois trustworthy has the support of the people.adjectival clause describing politicianmain clauseWhat kind of politician has the support of the peopIe Answer: one who is trustworthyAd jectival cl

13、auses may also begin with selected subordinating con junctions:when - to describe a t imeSpring is the season when everything blooms.adjectival clause describing?；閟en main clausewhere - to describe a placeThe house where I was born I has been turned into apartments.adjectival clause describing house

14、 t main clausewhy - to describe a reasonWe did not understand the reason | vWry our experiment 抬淞&Iadjectival clause describing reasonmain clauseComma use with adjectival clausesComma use with adjectival clauses depends upon essentiality of the adjectivaI clause.If the adjectival clause i s esse

15、ntial (or "needed"), no commas should be used to separate it from the main cIause.Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which.ExamplesPeople who live in giass houses should not throw stones.adjectival clause describing p&qpJeTmam ci&useWe really enjoyed the

16、tour that we took Iadjectival clause describing tourmain clauseS i nee the ad ject i val clauses i n the above examp les are needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are essential and should not be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.If the adjectival clause i s nonessenti

17、al (or Mnot needed"), commas should separate it from the main cIause.Nonessential adjectival clauses should not begin with that.ExamplesMount Etna, whiah is gg£ed in Jtafy. was once an active volcano.adjectival clause describing Mourn Elnamain clauseI emailed Mr. Brown, who manages the com

18、pany's out-of-state orders.tadjectival clause describing Mr. Brow/imain clauseS i nee the ad ject i val clauses i n the above examp I es are not needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are nonessential and should be separated fsor the rest of the sentence v/ith commas.Note the differ

19、ence between the sentences in each pair:George fell in love with someone who lives in Alaskaadjectival clause describing someone essential - no commamain clauseGeorge fell in love with Marilyn/ who lives in Alaska.adjectival clause describing Marilyn non essential - use commamain clauseGeorge boarde

20、d a freighter that was headed for Boston.< L< Ladjectival clause describing freighter essential - no commamain clauseGeorge visited Harvard University which is located in Boston. -J Ladjectival clause describing MaivaB non essential - use comma main clauseNominal ClausesLike a noun, a nominaI

21、cIause names a person, place, thing, or idea. A nominaI cIause may fundion in a sentence as any of the fol lowing:Subject, subjective complement, appositive, object of preposition, direct object, indi rect object, retained objectNomina1 clauses may begin with interrogatives:whowhomwhatwhichwhoeverwh

22、omeverwhateverwhenwherehowwhyAn interrogative beginning a nominaI clause, has a function within the nominal clause.Each of the following examples iI Iustratesa nominaI clausethe function of the nominaI cIause within the sentencethe funct ion of the interrogat i ve within the nominaI clauseNominaI cI

23、ause as subject in sentenceI Why you did that is a mystery to me.nominal clausesubject of/6adverb withinnominal clauseNomi naI cIause as sub ject i ve comp Iement i n sentenceAt Halloween, you can be whomever you wantnominal clause assubjective complementdirect object of wantinside nominal clauseNom

24、ina I clause as ob ject of preposition in sentenceThey argued about how they shoufcf pay the bilf ( L1 Lprepositionnominal clause asobject of prepositionadverb inside nominal clauseNominaI clause as direct object in sentenceNo one would tell mewho came to Tom's party.，卜subjenominal clause as direct object of te/Jjet within nominal clauseNominaI clause as indi rect object in sentenceJerry gave Joe suggested a try.nominal clause