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1、最新資料推薦并列連詞和從屬連詞連詞是一種虛詞, 它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞,短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)以及句與句的作用。連詞主 要可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如: and, but, or, nor, so,therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not only but also, either or, neither1. 并列連詞 并列連詞用來(lái)連接屬于同一層次并具有相同句法功能的詞;短語(yǔ)或句子。并列連詞包括:基 本并列連詞如 and, or , but , 關(guān)聯(lián)連詞如 eith

2、er.or , neither.nor , not only.but also ,both .and, whether.or 等;介于并列連詞與從屬連詞之間的連詞;介于并列連詞與從屬連詞或介詞之間的結(jié)構(gòu)如as well as , asmuch as, rather than , more than, no less than 等;此外還有些 '半連接詞 ',一些語(yǔ)法學(xué)家把它們稱為連接副詞, 如 nevertheless, however, meanwhile, otherwise, likewise 等,它們?cè)诰渲凶鲞B接性狀語(yǔ)。這類連詞主要是從 邏輯上,而不是從形式上連接句子,

3、其關(guān)系比較松散。1) 表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比的并列連詞常見(jiàn)的有: but , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless, likewise, anyway , only , conversely , on the contrary, by this time, all the same , fortunately, on the other hand , in the meantime 等詞語(yǔ)。2) 表示選擇的并列連詞常見(jiàn)的有: or, whether.or, either.or, otherwise 等。例如:Either .or 和 whether.o

4、r 表示選擇,其意義比單用 or 要強(qiáng),但由 whetrher.or 構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)一般只 能擔(dān)任句子的從屬成分。上例中最后一句,whether.or 結(jié)構(gòu)在句中擔(dān)任句子的從屬成分。 Either .or 和or 一樣,可以連接兩個(gè)并列的獨(dú)立分句,而whether.or 則不可以。 or 用于表示否定的條件意義時(shí),有時(shí)可與連用。Or 連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),如主語(yǔ)都是單數(shù),動(dòng)詞則取單數(shù)形式;如主語(yǔ)都是復(fù)數(shù),動(dòng)詞則取復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果主語(yǔ) 有的是復(fù)數(shù),動(dòng)詞則取復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果主語(yǔ)有的是單數(shù),有的是復(fù)數(shù),動(dòng)詞的數(shù)則與它靠近的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)相 一致。連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞的數(shù)也應(yīng)與靠近他的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)相一致。例如:Neither

5、 he nor I am a good student.3) 表示因果意義的并列并列連詞常見(jiàn)的有: for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus, accordingly, consepuently, on that account, in that case 等。例如: The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped.It rained , therefore the game was called off.表示原因的并列連詞只有 for ,它所引導(dǎo)的分句只是對(duì)前一分句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明理由或推斷原因。for 引導(dǎo)的分句

6、只能置于句末,而且必須用逗號(hào)與前一分句隔開(kāi)。上面所提到的so,therefore 等詞,有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)家把它們做為連接性狀語(yǔ)。4) 表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的并列連詞常見(jiàn)的有: and, both.and, neither.nor, not only. but also 等。當(dāng) neither.nor, not only .but also 連接主語(yǔ)時(shí), 動(dòng)詞的數(shù)則與靠近它的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)相一致。Both .and 不能連接兩個(gè)以上的并列成分,也不能連接分句。例如: 誤: Both Mary swept the floor and Nancy mopped it.5) 其它并列連詞常見(jiàn)的有: as well as,

7、 more than, rather than, no less than 等.(1) as well as 表示 '同 ' 和 '也' 的意義as well as 用作并列連詞時(shí)它意義相當(dāng)于not only.but also, 但側(cè)重點(diǎn)在后一并列成分上而 as well as 側(cè)重點(diǎn)卻在前一并列成分上 ,A as well as B=not only B but also A.(2) more than 表示而不是之意 . 例如 :(3) rather than 表示 '而不是 ' 之意 .(4) no less than 表示 ' 同

8、 . 一樣 ' 之意 .當(dāng) as well as ,more than, rather than, no less than 連接兩個(gè)成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)于第一個(gè)成分的數(shù)相一致 . 在使用并列連詞時(shí)我們應(yīng)該注意 :(1) 并列連詞不可以連用 .(2) 有些連接性狀語(yǔ)副詞可以和某些從屬連詞對(duì)應(yīng)使用 .(3) 在 for 或 so that 引出的分句中如果主語(yǔ)與前一分句的主語(yǔ)所指相同其主語(yǔ)不可以省略 . 同樣 , 如果 第二個(gè)分句是由連接副詞引出的其主語(yǔ)通常也不可省略 . 例如 :2. 從屬連詞 從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞從句和各類的狀語(yǔ)從句。 從屬連詞按詞形分為簡(jiǎn)單從屬連詞,復(fù)合從屬連詞,

9、關(guān)連從屬連詞。1) 簡(jiǎn)單從屬連詞常見(jiàn)的有: after, although, as, because, before, if, lest,once, since, that, till, unless, until, when, where, whether, while 等。例如:2) 復(fù)合從屬連詞 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞構(gòu)成的從屬連詞,如: as if, as far as , as soon as, according as , in case , no matter who(how,what,when, where), rather than, for all that , given(

10、 that), in order that, now (that), on condition that , (so) that ,provided/providing(that), inasmuch as , insofar as 等。3) 關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞 由兩個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)構(gòu)成的,如:as.as, nore(less,-er).than, no sooner.than, so .as ,so.that,such.sa , the.the, whether.or 等, 使用從屬連詞時(shí),應(yīng)該注意(1) 由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,其位置通常是可變的。(2) 并列連詞之間之前不可以加其它連詞,而從屬連詞之前

11、可以加并列連詞;連接副詞。 使用連詞時(shí) , 還應(yīng)該注意 :1. because, for, since, as 的區(qū)別 because 語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng) , 表示客觀必然原因:例如 : He is absent, because he is ill. 因?yàn)樯?,所以他沒(méi)來(lái)。 比較 :He is absent, for he is busy. ( “生病 ”是 “缺席 ”的必然原因, “忙 ”不是必然原因。) for 語(yǔ)氣輕 ,表示非客觀必然的原因 ,是主觀可改變結(jié)果的原因 ,甚至是猜測(cè)可能的原因 : He must be ill, for he is absent. 缺席 ”不一定是“ “生病 ”,只是

12、交流猜測(cè)。for 不能放句首 , 它是并列連詞 .since, as 都是不講自明的原因 , 是已知的原因 .Since I am a boy, let me carry the case.As you don't feel well,you had better stay at home. 綜觀近幾年全國(guó)各省市的高考題,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)均加大了對(duì)連詞應(yīng)用的考查。由此可見(jiàn)連詞在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用 中的重要性,下面我們結(jié)合相關(guān)的例句和知識(shí)點(diǎn)來(lái)分析和掌握連詞的考查方向和內(nèi)容。一、并列連詞1. 表并列關(guān)系(聯(lián)合關(guān)系):and, but, notbut, not only but (also) , nei

13、thernor 等?!咀⒁?】bothand (兩者都),連接句子的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),其后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用使用復(fù)數(shù)形式;not only but (also) 與 neither nor 則采取"就近原則”。如: She plays not only the piano, but ( also) the guitar.Neither you nor he is to blame.【注意2】notonlybut (also)與as well as兩者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象不同:not onlybut also強(qiáng)調(diào)的是but(also )之后部分,而 as well as則強(qiáng)調(diào)其前面的部分。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)判斷

14、上noton lybut (also)采取“就近原則”,而 as well as,則采取“就遠(yuǎn)原則”。如: Mr. Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.【注意3】notonlybut (also)結(jié)構(gòu)中的not only可用于句首引導(dǎo)從句,在這種情況下該從句的主語(yǔ) 和謂語(yǔ)要倒裝。如: Not only is he clever, but also he is hard working.Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphe

15、d her.2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系: but, yet, still, while, however, when 等?!咀⒁?4】 while 可以表示“盡管、即使”。另外, while 還可以表示兩者進(jìn)行對(duì)比的用法。如: Bob likes playing basket ball, while his brother likes football.She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress.3. 表選擇關(guān)系:or, otherwise, or else, e

16、ither or 等。【注意5】either- or句型中謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式也要采取“就近原則”。如: We must hurry, or we ' ll miss the train.Either Jim or you are going to attend the course.4. 表因果關(guān)系: for, since, because, as, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。如: We had better stay at home, for it was raining.He didn 't work hard, therefore he f

17、ailed in the examination.He was late for class because he got up late.二、從屬連詞1. when, while, as 都表示“當(dāng)時(shí)候” : when 引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作可同時(shí)發(fā)生, 也可先 后發(fā)生;as和while引導(dǎo)的從句則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如: When I got to the station, the train had already left.He sang merrily as he was working.2. till, un til均表示“到時(shí)候?yàn)橹埂?,肯定句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)

18、作;若主句謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞,則主句要用否定形式,意為動(dòng)作“到才”開(kāi)始發(fā)生。如: I worked till late at night.She didn 't get up until her motrhceame in.【注意 6】 till 和 until 通常情況下可以互換,只是在句首時(shí) until 比 till 更常用。3. though, although均引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“雖然",但 although較正式,though最常用。如: We had to wait half an hour although we had already booked a ta

19、ble.【注意 7】 though 和 although 引導(dǎo)的從句不能與 buthowever 連用, 但可以與 yetstill 連用。 though 還可以與別的詞結(jié)合使用,如even thoughas though, although 則不能這樣搭配。4. no soon er tha n, hardly when, as soon as 三者都表示“一就”,“剛岡U就”的意思?!咀⒁?8】 as soon as 置于主句前后都可以,而且各種時(shí)態(tài)均可作用。如: As soon as she gets here I' ll tell her about it.【注意9】hardl

20、ywhen, no soonerthan不能表示將來(lái)的事,其主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí), 從句則用過(guò)去時(shí)。若將 hardly 或 no sooner 放在句首,句子要倒裝。如: She had hardly reached there when it began to rain.5. 某些表示時(shí)間的名詞 (詞組)也可用作從屬連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 它們是: the moment, the minute, the in sta nt, the day, the time, the first (se cond, third )time, the spri ng (summer, autu m

21、n, win ter) , every(each) , next, any time (d ay) , by the time 等。如: His mother died the spring he returned.Call me up the minute he arrives.6. if, once, unless, in case 四者都表示“條件”,但 if 意為“如果、假使”; once 意為“一旦”; unless 意為“除非”;in case意為“萬(wàn)一、以防”。如: I won't call you, unless something unexpected happens

22、. Once you begin, you must continue.7. after, since, till until, before 這些詞既是介詞,又是連詞。如: The children went home at once after school. They went to bed after they had finished the job. 并列連詞 when 和引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞 when 是不同的。這主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:1. 位置: when 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),該從句可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后;而并列連詞when只能位于兩個(gè)分句之間,而且前面常常有逗

23、號(hào)。例如:Come when you please. 你高興來(lái)就來(lái)吧。( when 為從屬連詞)When I saw him , he was writing to a friend of his. 我看見(jiàn)他時(shí),他在給一個(gè)朋友寫(xiě)信。( when 為從屬連 詞)I was taking a walk , when I came across him. 我正在散步,突然碰見(jiàn)了他。2. 意義: when 作從屬連詞用時(shí), 它所引導(dǎo)的從句表示主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間, 即作“當(dāng) 時(shí)”解;而并列連詞 when 連接的兩個(gè)分句中,第一個(gè)分句表示的是背景,第二個(gè)分句表示的是一種突然的、意想不到的情況或過(guò)

24、早發(fā)生的事情。 when 通常含“這時(shí)突然”之義。例如:I was thinking of this , when I heard my name called. 我正想著這件事,突然聽(tīng)到有人叫我的名字。I had just fallen asleep , when the boor-bell rang. 我剛?cè)胨T鈴?fù)蝗豁懥似饋?lái)。 這種意義在孤立的句子中可以理解到, 在文章中更能體會(huì)得到。 如在“ I was wandering through the street when I caught sight of a tailor's shop ”一句中,“在街頭漫步”只是“看見(jiàn)有家

25、縫紉店”的時(shí)間,其后作者 怎樣走進(jìn)縫紉店,想要什么樣的衣服,怎樣受到伙計(jì)的奚落,又怎樣受到老板的奉承等情景均與“漫步街 頭”沒(méi)有直接的因果關(guān)系。3. 時(shí)態(tài): when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中可以根據(jù)句意的需要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行 時(shí)、分別說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在,過(guò)去,甚至將來(lái)的行為;并列連詞 when 后面的分句中通常用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò) 去時(shí),其前表時(shí)間的分句中可用:( 1 )過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:I was cooking when I heard her knocking at the door. 我正在做飯,突然聽(tīng)到她敲門的聲音。He was thinking

26、about the problem , when an apple fell to the ground. 他正在思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題,突然有一只蘋(píng)果掉到了地上。( 2 ) was /were going to , was / were about to , was / were on the point of 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā) 生的動(dòng)作。例如: I was just going when he came in. 我正要走,這時(shí)他就進(jìn)來(lái)了。We were about to start when it began to rain. 我們剛要?jiǎng)由硖炀烷_(kāi)始下起雨來(lái)了。He was on the point of leaving , when someone knocked at the door. 他剛要走就有人敲門。( 3 )過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)早發(fā)生的事情。請(qǐng)看下述兩種場(chǎng)合:( a )過(guò)去完成時(shí)和含否定意義的hardly , scarcely, nearly 連用,和 just , little 連

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