高中英語語法講解不定式

1、高中英語語法講解不定式(The Infin itive )定義：動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨立作謂語，但它仍保持動詞的特點，既可以有自己的賓語和狀語。E.g. He want his students to read thebook aloud.A.1不定式的構(gòu)成 (以動詞do為例)主動形式被動形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have bee n done進行式to be doing無完成進行式to have bee n doing無2不定式的意義不定式的一般式(to do )一般式表示的動作或狀態(tài)，發(fā)生在謂語動

2、詞表示的動作或狀態(tài)的同時或之后My wish is to become a doctorHe seemed to be tired.She stopped to have a rest.不定式的被動式 (to be don e)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動式.The build ing to be fini shed n ext mo nth is for our teachers.I am going to Beijing,I have something to take to my parents, do you have somethingto

3、 be take n to your pare nts?如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時，不定式表示動作正在進行,這時候不定式就要用進行式.(to be doing )They are said to be buildi ng ano ther bridge across the street.They seemed to be talki ng about someth ing importa nt.When I went to his home, he happe ned to be traveli ng around the world.I m glad to be working wi

4、th you.如果不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示動作或狀態(tài)之前，就用完成式(to havedone);若是在此基礎(chǔ)上的被動含義，就用完成被動式(to have been done).He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He thought it a pity not to have in vited us.The assista nt seemed to have bee n fired.He is said to have bee n taught French whe n he was a child

5、.Ein ste in is said to have built up his theory whe n he was in his twen ties.如果不定式的動作是在謂語所表示的時間之前一直在進行的動作，就要用完成進行式They are said to have bee n collecti ng folk song in Xinjia ng.We re happy to have bee n worki ng withthe experts all the mon th.B.用法：動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。因此在句中可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足 語、定語和狀語。一

6、、不定式做主語：1、不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。=動名詞doing表示習(xí)慣的，經(jīng)常的動作。e.g: To finish the build ing in a month is difficult.To do such things is foolish.To see is to believe.(對等)注:1).不定式作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)2) .當(dāng)主語較長，謂語較短時，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的后面。it做形式主語，不定式放在謂語動詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：(1) lt is/was +adj.+ofsb. to do (2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to

7、doIt is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / un wise / right / wrong / unn ecessary it is +a + 名詞 + to do.It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one s duty / an honor / a shame/ a crime / no easy job to doIt takes (sb.) some time / courage / patieneeto do It requires courage / patienee / hard

8、 workto do *注意：probable 和possible均可作表語，但 possible 可以用不定式作真實主語， 而probable不能用不定式作真實主語。It is probable for him to come to the meeti ng.(錯)It is possible for him to come to the meet ing.It is possible / probable that he will come to the meet ing.二、不定式做表語主語是以 aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggesti

9、on wish purposetask等為中心詞的名詞詞組或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，不定式作表語常表示將來或現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the n orth.Your mistake was not to write that letter.What I would suggest is to start work at on ce.三動詞不定式作賓語以不定式結(jié)構(gòu)為賓語的動詞有：ask, agree, care, choose, dema nd, decide, expect, fail,

10、help, hope, lear n,man age, offer,pla n, prepare, prete nd, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用動詞不定式作賓語口訣(接不定式作賓語的動詞)想要學(xué)習(xí)早打算(want learn plan)快準(zhǔn)備 有希望(prepare hope wish expect)同意否 供選擇(agree offer choose )決定了 已答應(yīng)(decide be determined promise)盡力去 著手做(man age un dertake )別拒絕 別假裝(refusepretend)失敗不是屬于你(fail )e

11、.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.We hope to get there before dark.The girl decided to do it herself.* 注意 : 某些及物動詞可用 -ing 也可用動詞不定式作賓語但意義不同的有 stop go on remember forget regret try meancan t helpbe used to四 動詞不定式做定語1 . 不定式作定語需要后置。2. 作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞存在著兩種主要的邏輯關(guān)系， 即被修飾的名詞和代詞 是不定式的邏輯主語 （邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）或邏輯賓語（邏

12、輯上的動賓關(guān)系）1）不定式前的名詞是它的邏輯主語。He is the doctor to do the operation.2）不定式和它所修飾的名詞是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。I have a lot of things to do.3）不定式前的名詞是它修飾的對象。This is the right time to start.注意如果不定式所修飾的詞是 way 或 place, 介詞可省略。He has no way to go （by）. This is the best place to work （at）五賓語補足語He want you to be his assistant. I sa

13、w her cross the street. 注 1 如果謂語動詞為感官動詞或使役動詞，則作賓補的不定式不可帶 to ，這些動詞有 see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let 等。I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that? 但如果句子是被動語態(tài)，則 to 不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 注 2 1. 謂語動詞 hel

14、p 后可接帶 to 或不帶 to 的不定式作賓補。用不帶 to 的不定式表示 幫助者直接參與動作；用帶 to 的不定式表示主語沒有直接參與動作。They helped me carry the boxes.This kind of soap will help you to wash the clothes more easily.2. 在美式英語或非正式文體中， help 后用作賓補的不定式均不帶 to 。3. help 后可以直接用帶 to 或不帶 to 的不定式作賓語。They helped （to） carry the furniture upstairs. 注 3look at 及

15、listen to 后用作賓補的不定式不帶 to （這主要是美式英語） 。We have been listening to the radio tell a long story.六 表語補足語 當(dāng)不定式與主語存在邏輯上動賓關(guān)系的時候，用主動表被動。That is hard to say. The chair is comfortable to sit in.七 不定式做狀語 不定式做狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、 條件等。1、表目的e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best （ 主語一致

16、） He came here to attend an important meeting.He came here in order to see Charlie.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。*但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to, in order to ，但卻不可以是so as to. ” , ”To draw maps properly, you n eed a special pen.In order to draw maps properly,

17、you n eed a special pen.To get the best results, use clea n water.To be elected mon itor of our class, he gave money to us.*放在句末時，to do 表示目的， 不可有“，”若有用doing表示伴隨的目的e.g. He bowed to us to tha nk us for help ing him find the way.He worked day and ni ght, hop ing to finish the work beforeha nd.注：1.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

18、表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語(主語一致)e.g.He bought a bicycle to go to tow n more quickly.He went home to see his mother.例夕卜 e g He opened the door for the children to come in.They sent a man to mend the wi ndow.2、表結(jié)果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型 soas to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?

19、such ()as to I m not such a fool as to believe that. adj./adv. + eno ugh to The boy is old eno ugh to go to school. tooto His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.(5) only to find , only to be told出乎意料之外的結(jié)果3. 原因不定式可以用于動詞、形容詞或-ed分詞后表示原因。He was too excited to get high marks.Is this your pur

20、pose, to avoid being puni shed?To tell you the truth, I don t like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., tobe exact.類似的有：to be fra nk坦率地說，to hear him talk 聽他說話的口氣，to cut a longstory short長話短說，等等。C不定式的各種結(jié)構(gòu)1 .賓格詞+不定式1 )普通結(jié)構(gòu)此結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓格詞為名詞或代詞的賓格，賓格詞是謂語動詞的賓語，同時又是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式和賓格詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。I want Henry to come

21、. She expects this to be true. I heard them sing yesterday.2) “ there to be +賓格詞”結(jié)構(gòu)此結(jié)構(gòu)的賓格詞仍是不定式的邏輯主語，只是它位于不定式to be的后面。I don t want there to be any misunderstanding.3) 各種形式的不定式都可以用于此種結(jié)構(gòu)中。The judge wan ted the man to be puni shed.He expected each of his stude nts to be worki ng hard for the coming exa

22、m.2 .主格詞+不定式當(dāng)上一種結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，就出現(xiàn)了此種結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式都要帶to詞是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式在句中作主語補足語。They are allowed to go. J We allowed them to go.He was see n to en ter the store.j I saw him en ter the store.3 . for + 賓格詞+不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓格詞是不定式的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作：1) 主語 It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign Ianguage.2 ) 賓語 I

23、con sider it n ecessary for her to lear n Fren ch.3 ) 表語 The best thing is for us to make our own decisi on.4) 定語 There is a lot of work for us to do.5) 狀語 He ope ned the door for the car to en ter.The book is too easy for them to read.4 . with/without + 賓格詞+ 不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)在句中常作原因狀語，賓格詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。With so muc

24、h work to do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you.Without anything to eat, he died of hun ger.5 疑問詞+不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在句中可作：1) 主語 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet.2) 賓語 We must know how to operate this mach ine.3) 表語 The problem now is how to collect eno ugh mon ey.4) 同位語 The

25、 problem what to do next is unknown.注意 intend,plan, hope, expect, mean, promise, want, think, wish, were (was),like, should like +不定式完成式，可表過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，期待和計劃。He intended to h ave come. = He intended to come, but he didn t.She wished to have bought a car. = She wished to buy a car, but she didn t.I mean

26、t to have called on you, but I was too busy.She hoped to have passed the exam. (but she didn t)I would like to have go ne abroad. (but I didn t)D不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加not，表示較強的否定意義時可用never。I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do thatE特殊動詞不定式的“省略與保留”一、不定式符號的省略與保留1. 在 had better,

27、 would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than,cannot but, why (not)等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的不定式符號 to通常被省略。如：You d better tell her the truth.你最好告訴她真相。2. 動詞不定式短語作介詞but, except, besides的賓語，且介詞之前有行為動詞它的其它形式時，不定式符號to通常被省略。如：What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳，你還喜歡干什么？My mother could do nothing but wait for the d

28、octor to arrive.，主格wouldaga in.do或媽媽只好等著醫(yī)生的到來。Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her. （ 本句中不定式符號 to 不可 省略 ）當(dāng)時他毫無選擇的余地 , 只好告訴她了。3. 兩個或多個不定式短語表示并列關(guān)系時 , 后面不定式短語的不定式符號 to 通常被省 略; 如果表示對比關(guān)系 , 則不定式中的不定式符號 to 通常要保留。如 :They didn t tellme whether to go on or to stop.（ 對比關(guān)系 ）他們沒有告訴我是繼續(xù)下去還是停止。She to

29、ld the child to stay there and wait till she came back.（ 并列關(guān)系 ） 她讓孩子待在那里等她回來。4. 在某些感官動詞或使役動詞 （ 如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch,make等）之后充當(dāng)賓語補足語的不定式中,不定式符號to總是被省略，但在被動語態(tài)的句子中,不定式符號 to 通常要保留。如 :They made that man work all the morning.他們讓那個人干了一個早晨。That man was made to work all the morning.

30、那個人被要求干了一個早晨。5. 不定式短語作表語 ， 不定式符號 to 常常要保留 ， 但當(dāng) what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語 ， 或 all， everything 等后接定語從句作主語 ， 從句謂語部分含有動詞 do 或 do 的其他形式時 ， 作 表語的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符號 to 。如 :The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。The only thing I can do now is （to）go on by myself.我現(xiàn)在唯一能做的就是靠自己繼續(xù)進行下

31、去。二、不定式符號后面動詞的省略與保留1. 為了避免重復(fù) ， 在 hope， wish， want， like， love， decide， plan， mean， prefer，want， have to， be able to， be going to， used to， ought to等動詞及習(xí)語后面出現(xiàn)與上文相同的不定式時 ， 常保留不定式符號 to， 而把其它部分省略。如 :Ms King lied to us because she had to.金女士跟我們?nèi)隽酥e ， 因為她不得不這樣做。 I heard that you would go to Dalian for your

32、 holiday. 我聽說你要去大連度假。I planned to， but I have some important business to deal with. 我原計劃去的 ， 但有重要的事情要處理。2. 當(dāng)不定式在 ask， advise， persuade， wish， allow， permit， tell， expect， force，invite， beg 等動詞后面充當(dāng)賓語補足語時 ， 為了避免重復(fù) ， 常保留不定式符號 ， 而把后面的動詞 省略。如 :She wants to co me but her parents won t allow her to.她想來 ， 但

33、她的父母不允許。If he doesn t want to go there， don t force him to.如果他不想去那里 ， 別強迫他。He didn t come， though we had invited him to.雖然我們邀請了他 ， 但他沒來。Did your husband give up smoking?你丈夫戒煙了嗎 ?No. He was advised to， but he wouldnt listen.沒有。有人勸過他 ， 但他就是不聽。3. 在特定的上下文中 ， 為了避免重復(fù) ， 如果不定式為一般式to be. 或完成式 to havedone 時，

34、則不定式符號 to 和 be 或 have 常一并保留 ，be 或 have 之后的部分通常要省略。如 : Arent you the headmaster?你難道不是校長嗎 ?No， and I don t want to be.我不是 ， 而且我也不想當(dāng)。Hasnt he finished writing the report?難道他還沒寫完報告嗎 ? No, but he ought to have. 是的 , 但他本來應(yīng)該寫完。F常見的含有動詞不定式的句式主要有以下幾種：It takes sb. some time(money) to do sth.某人花費多少時間(金錢)做某事。例如

35、：1. It often takes me half an hour to watch TV every evening. 每天晚上我常常用半小時看電視。2. It took me ten yuan to buy the book last week. 上周我花了 10 元買那本書。3. How long will it take them to finish the work? 完成那項工作需要花費他們多少時間？ 在使用該句式要注意的是： sb. 如果代詞表示用賓格； take 隨時態(tài)改變；句中的時間用段 時間，對此提問用 how long 。例： It takes us more than

36、 two hours to do our homework every day.It took us more than two hours to do our homework yesterday.It will take us more than two hours to do our homework tomorrow.How long did it take you to do your homework yesterday?. It s time to do sth.該做某事了，同義句為：It s time for sth. / doing sth.例：It s time to go

37、 to school.該上學(xué)了。( It s time for school. )It s time to get up.該起床了。( It s time for getting up.)此句可以擴展為： It s time for sb. to do sth 是某人做某事的時間了。for sb. to do sth.是動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。例：It s time for me to work.到我工作的時間了。It s time for you to go to school. 到你們上學(xué)的時間了。. 主語 be（not ） +adj.+enough to do sth. （某人、某物）足夠

38、（不能）做某事。例：The boy is old enough to go to school. 這個孩子到了上學(xué)年齡。I m tall enough to reach the top of the tree. 我夠高能夠到樹頂。*1.此句是肯定句時，可以用主+be+ so+ adj. + that的句型（即so,that表示的結(jié)果狀語從句）來替換。The boy is so old that he can go to school.I m so tall that I can reach the top of the tree.2.此句是否定句式時，既可以用sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句來替

39、換，還可以用tooto句式替換。例：He is not old enough to go to work.他太小不能去上班。He is so young that he cant go to work.He is too young to go to work.再如：The box is not light enough for me to carry.這個箱子太重我搬不動。The box is too heavy for me to carry.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.四 . sb. +be ready + to do sth.（某人

40、樂意做某事）He is always ready to help others.（他總是樂于幫助別人）I m always ready to make new friends.我總是樂于結(jié)交新朋友。五. It s +adj. + for / of sb. to do sth.對某人來說做某事例：It s dangerous for children to play football in the street. 對孩子來說在街上踢足球是很危險的。It s good for us to take more exercise.對我們來說多運動是有益的。It s very kind of you t

41、o say so.你這樣說真是太好了。It s very kind of you to help me.你真好，肯幫我。該句式中，引導(dǎo)動詞不定式的邏輯主語的介詞用 for 還是 of ，主要取決于前面的形容詞。 如果形容詞是描述動詞不定式的行為者的性格、 品質(zhì)的。如： kind, good, nice, wrong, right, clever, careless, foolish等，應(yīng)用 of ；如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物，不是對動詞不定式的行為者的品質(zhì)進行評價的，就用 for. 常見這類形容詞有 difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous 等。It

42、 s wrong of you to do it.你做這件事是錯的。It s hard for you to be a lawyer. 對你來說做律師很困難。六.主+would like /love to do sth.喜歡（想做某事）I d like to go there with you.我很想和你一起去那。I d love I like to he lp you study English.我很愿意幫你學(xué)英語。此句式還可以擴展為：would like / love sb. to do sth.“喜歡 /想讓某人做某事?！盜 d like you to stay here.我想讓你留在這

43、。I d like them to help me.我想讓他們幫助我。七 . had better do sth.（最好做）It s very cold outside, youd better put on your coat.外面很冷，你最好穿上大衣。Wed better go right now.我們最好馬上去。 had better do 的否定式為 had better not do.（在 better 后加 not 即可）例：Youd better not speak when your mouth is full of food.滿嘴食物時你最好別講話。八. Why don t

44、you +動詞原形 +?（ Why not +動詞原形？）你為什么不？這本書有點難，為什么不讀些容易的？This book is a bit hard, why not read something easier?It s warm here, why don t you take off your coat?這很暖和，你為什么不脫掉外衣？There is a seat, why not sit down?還有座位，怎么不坐下？九. Would / Will / Could you please+動詞原形 +？請你好嗎？（用來請求對方為自己做某件事）Would you please bring

45、 some water with you?請你帶點水來好嗎？Will you please help her with her maths?請你幫她學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)好嗎？寧愿也不愿十. prefer to do sth. rather tha n do sth.I prefer to stay at home rather than go out. 我寧愿呆在家里，也不愿出去。She prefers to be poor rather than get money in such a way. 她寧愿受窮也不愿以這種方式掙錢。十一 . It s one s turn to do sth.該輪到誰做某事了

46、。ones用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格來替換。例：It s my turn to be on duty.該輪到我值日了。It s Li Ping s turn to clean the blackboard.該輪到李平擦黑板了。It s our turn to do the cleaning.該輪到我們做掃除了。It s Danny s turn to give a talk. 該輪到 Danny 做報告了。十二.主語+ be+形容詞+ to do sth.做某事如何。例：I m sorry to hear that. 聽到這事很難過。I m glad to see you again. 再

47、次見到你我很高興G1. The teacher told them make so much noise.A. don tB. notC. will notD. not to2. Our master often told us things for granted.A. not to haveB. not to takeC. di dn t takeD. not to make3. Tell him the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. not shuthim 4. The boy wanted to ride his

48、 bicycle in the street, but his mother toldA. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never drivingD. never drive6. The patient was warned oily food after the operation.A. to eat notB. eating notC. not to eatD. no

49、t eating7. The workers want us together with them.A. workB. workingC. to work D. worked8. They would not allow him across the enemy line.A. to risk goingB. risking to goC. for risk to goD. risk going9. I saw him out of the room.A. goB. had goneC. has gone D. goes10. They knew her very well. They had

50、 seen her up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow11. I ve heard him about you often.A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his littlesistertoday he was made byhis little sister.A. cry ；to cryB. crying ； cryingC. cry ；cryD. to cry ；cry13. He was made .A. go B. gon

51、e C. going D. to go14. John was made the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing15. Paul doesn t have to be made . He always works hard.A. learn B. to learnC. learnedD. learningon sale that I cant make up my mind16. Therere so many kinds of tape - recorders to

52、 buy.C. how D. whereA. whatB. which17. There isn t any difference between the two. I really dont know A. where to choose B. which to chooseC. to choose whatD. to choose which18. “ Have you decided when ? ”“ Yes, tomorrow morning. ”A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. will you leaveD. are you leaving19. Las

53、t summer I took a course on .A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made20. He doesn t know to stay or not.A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will21. She pretended me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen22. -

54、 The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot .A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off23. We agreed here but so far she hasn t turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meetD. to have met24. Little Jim should love to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B

55、. to takeC. being takenD. taking25. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours tofinish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. going D. having gone26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to .A. make friend withB. make friends ofC. make friends D. make friends with27. Go on the other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped on a big rock by the sideof the path.A. to have rested B. resting