初高中英語銜接課程講義句子的成分和基本句型

1、第四章句子的成分和基本句型句子成分：組成句子的各個部分叫作句子成分。英語的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可 分為：主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補語。一、主語一一表明句子里所談的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主語常用名詞、代詞或 相當于名詞的詞或短語充當。例如：Lily likes her new bike.（ 名詞）莉莉喜歡她的新自行車。He gets up early every day.（代詞）他每天都起得很早。To learn English well is not easy.（不定式短語）學好英語不容易。一、謂語一一說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，英語中謂語只

2、能用型詞充 當。例如：We work hard.我們努力工作。The boy caught a bird.那個男孩逮住一只鳥。He is_ my father.他是我父親。They all look fine.他們都很好。謂語和主語在人稱和數方面必須保持一致。例如 ：I amreading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. Weare reading.三、賓語一一賓語是動作行為的對象。由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞或代詞的詞或短語充當，和及物動詞一起構成謂語，說明主語“做什么”。例如：Tom bought a story-book .（名詞）湯姆買了一本故事書。

3、I saw him yesterday.（代詞）昨天我看到他了。He wanted to have a cup of tea .（不定式短語）他想要一杯茶。直接賓語和間接賓語一一有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，一個指人，一個指物，指人 的叫作間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。合稱雙賓。例如：He gave me some ink .他給了我一些墨水。間接賓語直接賓語Our teacher told us an interesting story .老師給我媽講了一個有趣的故事。間接賓語直接賓語直、表語一一說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”，與連系動詞一起構成謂語，表語由名 詞、形容詞、或相當于名詞或形容詞的

4、詞或短語等充當。例如：My sister is a nurse .（名詞）我的姐姐是一名護士。They were at home .（介詞短語）他們在家里。She got angry .（形容詞）她生氣了。Her grandfather is over eighty years old .（數詞）她的祖父八十多歲了。五、定語一一定語是修飾名詞或代詞的，可以作定語的除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、 數詞、介詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等。例如：This is a green cup.（形容詞）這是一個綠色的杯子。Are these students your classmates?（代詞）這些學生

5、是你班的嗎？Winter is the coldest season of the year .（介詞短語）冬天是一年中最冷的季節(jié)。I have something important to tell you .（不定式）我有重要的事情要告訴你。The people here are very friendly.（副詞）這里的人們非常友好。注意：形容詞作定語時通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語、不定式短語或副詞等 作定語時則放在被修飾的詞之后。六、狀語一一狀語是修飾動詞、形容詞、或副詞的，有的修飾全句?？梢宰鳡钫Z的主 要是副詞和介詞短語或相當于副詞的詞或短語等。例如：You are quite

6、 right .（副詞） 你非常正確。Mr.Wu comes to the schoolShe will arrive in Beijingby bike.（介詞短語）吳老師騎自行車上學校。on Monday.（介詞短語）她將于星期一到達北京。He stopped to have a 100k（不定式短語）他停下來看了看。七、賓語補足語一一有些及物動詞的賓語后邊還需要有一個補足語，意思才能夠完整。賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。例如:We call her Xiao L i.賓語賓語補足語You must keep the room clean and tidy .賓語賓語補足語John ask

7、ed me to help him with his Chinese賓語賓語補足語I will have my hair cut tomorrow.賓語 賓語補足語We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just n賓語賓語補足語句子成分巧記歌訣主謂賓表定狀補，七種成分記清楚。句子主干主謂賓（表），枝葉成分定狀補。定語修飾主賓表，賓語之后常有補。主謂人稱數一致，狀語位置最靈活。Exercises:指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。ow.1. We all study hard at English .A.主語 B. 謂語 C. 賓語D

8、.表語2. Betty likes her new bike very much.A. 主語 B. 謂語 C.賓語 D.表語3. My brother is a policeman .A. 主語 B. 謂語 C.賓語 D.表語4. Were you at home last night ?A.定語 B. 狀語 C.賓補 D. 表語5. Winter is the coldest season of the year.A 定語 B. 狀語 C.賓補 D. 表語6. He often walks in the park.A.定語 B. 狀語 C. 賓語 D. 表語7. Mary asked me

9、to help her yesterday.A.定語 B. 狀語 C. 賓補 D. 表語8. He bought me a nice present last week.A.賓語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語D.賓補9. His parents are doctors.A.賓語 B. 表語 C. 謂語 D. 定語10. I' ll get you some tea now.A.賓語 B. 直接賓語 C.間接賓語D.賓補11. My mother told us an interesting story last nightA.表語B.直接賓語C. 間接賓語D.賓補12. He has r

10、ead the book twice.A.主語B. 謂語 C. 表語 D.賓語13. They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表語B.謂語 C.賓語 D.定語14. Do you have something to eat ?A.狀語B.定語 C.賓語D.賓補15. We made him our monitor .A.賓語 B.定語 C. 狀語 D.賓補簡單句的基本句型：由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）所構成的句子叫簡單句。根據 句子的基本結構，簡單句分為 5種基本句型：1. S+ V;（主語 + 不及物動詞）_ can

11、swim.我會游泳。主語 謂語（不及物動詞）Everything changes.萬物都在變。主語謂語The plane has already arrived. 飛機已經抵達。主語謂語2. S+ V+ O;（主語+及物動詞+賓語）L like English. 我喜歡英語。主語 謂語 賓語They are reading books . 他們在看書。主語. 謂語 賓語He bought a computer last week.他上周買了 臺電腦。主語謂語 賓語3. S+ V+ P;（主語+連系動詞+表語）My mother is _a scientist. 我母親是個科學家。主語 謂語 表

12、語She looks young.她看上去很年輕。主語 謂語 表語The food tastes very delicious. 這食物嘗起來很香。主語 謂語表語4. S+ V+ IO+DO;（主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）My mother bought me _adictionary yesterday.我母親昨天給我買了本字典。主語 謂語間接賓語直接賓語Can you give me the math book? 你能給我那本數學書嗎？謂語主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語Will you tell us something about your school life? 你給我講講你們的

13、學習生活，好嗎？謂語主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語5. S+ V+ O+ Oc;（主語+及物動詞+賓語+補語）We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我們必須保持教室干凈、整潔。主語 謂語賓語賓語補足語My mother asks me_to speak English as much as possible. 我母親要求我盡可能多地講英語主語謂語賓語賓語補足語剛才我聽到她在房間里L heard her singing happily in the room just now.高興地唱著歌。主語謂語賓語賓語補足語簡單句五種基本句型巧記歌訣：英語句子萬萬千

14、，五大句型把線牽。句型種類看動詞，后接成分是關鍵。系詞之后接表語，不及物后無需連。及物又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見。還有賓語補足語，各種搭配記心問。Exercises:指出下列句子的基本類型1. They are listening.2. My mother is fifty now.3. I have bought three books.4. My friend gave me a birthday present.5. I painted the wall white.6. The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.7

15、. They arrived at six o ' clock.8. The map is on the wall9. Children often sing this song.10. Mr Wu teaches us English.11. She showed her friends all her pictures.12. I find him a lovely boy.請朗讀以下句子，劃分下列句子的成分，并指出他們分別屬于簡單句中的哪種。1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.4. The new rule came out.5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.6. They can stop using plastic bags.7. What is particularly positiv