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1、高中英語語法系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)七動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。這里的to是不定式標(biāo)志,沒有詞義。不定式具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些語法功能,又有動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的特點(diǎn)及作用。 常見的形式如表所示(以及物動(dòng)詞do為例),不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing / 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing / 7.1 有些動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語,大致上有三種情況。 1) 有些及物動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語,結(jié)構(gòu)為動(dòng)詞+不定式。例如: afford

2、 aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意幫助我。 2)有些動(dòng)詞除了可以用不

3、定式作賓語,還用不定式作補(bǔ)語,即有動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如: I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3) 有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組可以用動(dòng)詞+疑問

4、詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。例如: decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如: Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 7.2 不定式作補(bǔ)語 1) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如

5、: advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驅(qū)使 enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如; Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 The officer ordered his men to f

6、ire. 長官命令士兵開火。 注意:有些動(dòng)詞如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ),也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng),也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。 2) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如: consider find believe think declare(聲稱) appoint guess fancy(設(shè)想) guess judge imagine know 例如: We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨

7、蛋。(to be 不能省去) 典型例題 Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer. A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:C. 一般沒有consider+賓語+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),也沒有consider+賓語+doing的結(jié)構(gòu),排除A、B、D。consider用動(dòng)詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),一般要求用不定式的完成式,故選C。 3) 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: believe expect int

8、end like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如: We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生吧。 7.3 不定式作主語 不定式作主語,往往用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面。 例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。 It's necessary for

9、 you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車的時(shí)候,鎖車是有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們,他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。 但是,用不定式作主語的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí),不能用It is to的句型。另外,這樣的句子,不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語。例如: (對)To teach is to learn. (錯(cuò))It is to learn to teach. (錯(cuò))T

10、o teach is learning. (錯(cuò))Teaching is to learn. 典型例題 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí),常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。 7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 這樣的句子中,由于表語形容詞性質(zhì)的不同,導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語標(biāo)

11、志用for或of的區(qū)別。 1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如: It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。 2)of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如: It's very nice of you to help me.

12、 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。 用for還是用of 的另一種辨別方法: 用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語作句子的主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of,不通則用for。例如: You are nice.(通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard. (非所表達(dá)的意思,不通,因此用for。) 7.5 不定式作表語 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語。例如: My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢想是成為一名醫(yī)生。 7.6 不定式作定語 不定式做定語

13、通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如: I have a lot of work to do.我有許多事要做。 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。 7.7 不定式作狀語 1)目的狀語 常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such) as to(如此以便)。例如: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only t

14、o say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。 2)作結(jié)果狀語,可以表示沒有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間,沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 見到你很高興。 She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。 4)表示理由和條件 He must be a fool to say so. You will d

15、o well to speak more carefully. 7.8 用作介詞的to to 可以用作介詞,也可用作不定式的標(biāo)示。下面的to 都用作介詞: admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to開始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to 7.9 省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外) 后。 2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后,

16、感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意:被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不能省去to。例如: I saw him dance. 我看見他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. 3) would rather,had better句型后 4) Why / why no句型后 5) help

17、后可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth: 6) but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。 比較:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信。 7) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去: 8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),可以省去to be。例如: He is suppo

18、sed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。 典型例題 1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。 2) Paul doesn't have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案:B

19、. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí),to 不可省略。 7.10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式 在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如: Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候,她假裝沒看見。 典型例題 1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案:A

20、。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never. 2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _. A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to 答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式??梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞,而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有賓語,因此也B,D不對。 7.11 不定式的特殊句型tooto 1)tooto 太以至于。例

21、如: He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了,說不出話來。 - Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔? - Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝。 2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定,too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。例如: It's never too late to mend. 改過不嫌晚。(諺語) 3) 當(dāng)

22、too 前面有only, all, but時(shí),意思是:非常 等于very。例如: I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能幫助你我非常高興。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如: Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。 2)表示結(jié)果。例如: Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。 7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not "Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"

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