簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句

1、簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句根據(jù)語法形式，即句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語的句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1 簡單句句型 : 主語+謂語只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子的各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都只由單詞或短語表示They are playing baseball in the garden.他們正在公園里打棒球。Her brother and sister both are teachers.她的哥哥和姐姐都是老師。2 并列句句型 : 簡單句 +并列連詞+簡單句(常見的并列連詞有and， but， or)并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連

2、詞連結(jié)。Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.Iliked the story very much but Li Ming wasn''t interested in it.Hurry up ， or you''ll be late.3 復(fù)合句句型 :主句+連詞+從句;或連詞+從句+主句(包含一個(gè)主句、一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句，或只包含一個(gè)從句，但有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主句的句子叫復(fù)合句。)復(fù)合句 (The Complex Sentence): 句子中有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句，叫做復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句可分為:1)

3、.定語從句(The Attributive Clause);2) .狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause);3) .名詞性從句(The Noun Clause):一、 定語從句定語從句的定義定語從句在句子中作定語，用來修飾一個(gè)名詞、名詞詞組或者代詞。先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞被修飾的名詞、名詞詞組或代詞叫做先行詞;在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫做引導(dǎo)詞。引導(dǎo)詞分為“關(guān)系代詞”和“關(guān)系副詞”。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as 。關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why 。 注意 :關(guān)系副詞里面沒有how。如果要修飾方式

4、，用that 或 in which 引導(dǎo)，或者不用引導(dǎo)詞。I don t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.我不喜歡他看我的那個(gè)樣子。關(guān)系代詞:who關(guān)系動(dòng)詞who 在從句中主要作主語，在非正式語體里who 還可以作從句中的賓語。He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.關(guān)系代詞:whomHe is the man (whom) I saw in the park yesterday.(whom 在從句中作賓語)關(guān)系代詞:who

5、sewhose 用來指人或物，(只能用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which 互換 )。They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green. (of which the cover/the cover of which)關(guān)系代詞:which(1)which 指物，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)在非正式語體中可以省略。They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as r

6、ice.The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.關(guān)系代詞:which(2)當(dāng)在 which 和 that 面前進(jìn)行選擇的情況下，一下情況要選which:1. 在非限制性定語從句中通常用which 作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用that 做非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。2. 修飾整個(gè)主句。Inever met Julia again after that, which was a pity.3. 修飾謂語部分。He can swim in the river, which I cannot.4. 介詞 +

7、 whichThey are all questions to which there are no answers.關(guān)系代詞:that(1)that多用來指物，有時(shí)也可以用來指人；在從句中作主語或賓語。指物的時(shí)候多用 that,也可用which 。Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration.( 指物，作主語。)Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?( 指人，作主語。)The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom s

8、sister.( 指人，作賓語，可省略。)關(guān)系代詞:that(2)在以下的情況中，只能用that 作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用which 作引導(dǎo)詞。1. 先行詞為all , everything, anything, nothing, little 等不定代詞時(shí)。All (that) she lacked was training.2. 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)This is the best film that I have ever seen.3. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞和the last 修飾時(shí)4. 先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)They talked about the teachers and the sc

9、hools that they had visited.5. 主句是含有who 或 which 的特殊疑問句，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)二、 狀語從句1 地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.2 方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) as - so- -, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1) as, (just) asso引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在 (just) asso結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，

10、 這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如 ：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2) as if, as tho

11、ugh兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛似的"，"好像似的"，例如:They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。

12、)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看來天氣很快就會(huì)好起來。(實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。)說明 :as if / as though 也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動(dòng)詞短語，例如:He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。3) 原因狀語從句比較 :because, since, as 和 for1) be

13、cause語勢最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答 why提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as 或since。Ididn't go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2) 由 because 引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for 來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for 。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, fo

14、r he is absent today.4 目的狀語從句表示目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case 等詞引導(dǎo)，例如:You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.5 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句常由sothat或suchthat引導(dǎo)，掌握這兩個(gè)句型，首先要了解so和such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。比較 :so 和 such其規(guī)律由so 與 such

15、 的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little 連用，形成固定搭配。so foolish such a foolso nice a flower such a nice flowerso many / few flowers such nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many people such a lot of people（so many已成固定搭配，a lot of雖相當(dāng)于 man

16、y,但a lot of為名詞性的，只能用 such搭配。） sothat與suchthat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。The boy is so young that he can't go to school.He is such a young boy that he can't go to school6 條件狀語從句連接詞主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。 .if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種。非真實(shí)條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。unless = if not.Let's g

17、o out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.7 讓步狀語從句though, although注意：當(dāng)有though, although時(shí)，后面的從句不能有but,但是though和yet可連用Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.3） ever if, even though. 即使We'll make a trip even though the wea

18、ther is bad.4） whether or-不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5） "no matter + 疑問詞 " 或 "疑問詞+后綴ever"No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替換 :no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where

19、= whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意 :no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。（錯(cuò) ）No matter what you say is of no use now.（對 ）Whatever you say is of no use now.你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（Whatever you say 是主語從句）（ 錯(cuò) ）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,（ 對 ）Prisoners have to eat whatever

20、 they're given. 囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。8 比較 while, when, as1）as, when 引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前，只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as 或 while 。When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）從句表示"隨時(shí)間推移"連詞能用as,不用when或while。As the day went

21、on, the weather got worse.日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。9 比較 until 和 till此兩個(gè)連詞意義相同?？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际?quot;做某事直至某時(shí)"，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是"直至某時(shí)才做某事"。 動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。 正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動(dòng)詞該用肯定式還是否定式?？隙ň?:Islept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。(在肯定句中可用before 代替 Let's get in the whe

22、at before the sun sets.)否定句 :She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.1)Until 可用于句首，而till 通常不用于句首。Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。2)Until when 疑問句中，until 要放在句首。注意 : 否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。(1)Not until在句首，主句用倒裝。Not u

23、ntil the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到 19 世紀(jì)初，人類才知道熱能是什么。Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我開始工作，我才認(rèn)識(shí)到了我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。(2) It is not until that 10表示"一就"的結(jié)構(gòu)hardly/scarcely when/before, no sooner than 和 as soon as者B可以表示 "就"

24、;的意思，例 : Ihad hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.Ihad no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意 :如果 hardly, scarcely 或 no sooner 置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rai

25、n.三、 名詞性從句1） .賓語從句(The Object Clause);賓語從句在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。賓語從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語，作短語動(dòng)詞的賓語，介詞的賓語。賓語從句:及物動(dòng)詞Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees.賓語從句:短語動(dòng)詞Please go and find out when the train will arrive.賓語從句:介詞的賓語Iam interested in what she is doing.賓語從句:否定的轉(zhuǎn)移Idon't s

26、uppose you're used to this diet.我想你不習(xí)慣這種飲食。Idon't believe she'll arrive before 8.我相信她8 點(diǎn)之前不會(huì)到。2） .表語從句（The Predicative Clause）;表語從句在句子中起表語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。What the police want to know is when you entered the room.This is what we should do.That's why I want you to work there.as if, as though, because 也可用來引導(dǎo)表語從句。She seems as if she had done a great thing.It is because you eat too much.虛擬語氣:表語從句主語是 idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request 等名詞時(shí), 作表語從句的動(dòng)詞為原形動(dòng)詞或should+原形動(dòng)詞。My suggestion is that we （should） go and help him.Our o