英語專四語法總結(jié)

1、1. 主謂一致就近原則1. 由并列結(jié)構(gòu)或連詞(either or , neither nor , notbut , not onlybut also, or 等連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與靠近的那個名詞或代詞保持一致。2. 在倒裝句和 there be句型中,謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語保持一致。例句:There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本書和幾支鋼筆。 3. 在強調(diào)句中,連接代詞又在句中作主語,這時它應(yīng)與被強調(diào)的主語保持一致。例句:It is Marys brother who was injured in the car acciden

2、t. 是 Mary 的哥哥在 車禍中受傷了。意義一致原則1. 當(dāng)主語與謂語動詞之間插入 along with, with , as well as, together with, no less than , besides , except , but , including 等短語時, 謂語動詞不受這些插入語的干擾, 依然和主語保持一致。例句:I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我,還有我 姐姐,打算下個月去上海。2. 英語中有一類單、復(fù)數(shù)同型的詞 (people , means , sheep , deer

3、, fish 等 ,其單、 復(fù)數(shù)取決于它在句中的含義。例句:All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation. 這個國家的人都已經(jīng)為大變革做好了準(zhǔn)備。3. 多數(shù)情況下,由 “what” 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語時,其后的謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。 例句:What I want to say is just “ Take care!”. 我只想說:“ 多保重! ”4. 當(dāng)主語與 all , none , any , some 等不定代詞、形容詞連用時,應(yīng)根據(jù)具體句意, 來決定其后的謂語動詞的單復(fù)

4、數(shù)。例句:All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我對這家 公司的了解都是昨天完他告訴我的。5. “+ (of +名詞 ” 結(jié)構(gòu)描述數(shù)量時,如果 “of” 后的名詞為單數(shù)(不可數(shù)名詞 ,則謂語動 詞用單數(shù),如果名詞為復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例句:Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干凈的。80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已經(jīng)被送往美國。Half of the apples are red.有一半兒的蘋果是紅的。6. 詞組 “a

5、 number of, a great/good many, a group of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) ” 的結(jié)構(gòu)作 主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù);如果冠詞 a 變?yōu)?the ,則謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例句:A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war. 許多的古代建 筑在戰(zhàn)爭中被毀。The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的數(shù)量今年減少了。 7. 英語的集體名詞(committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, cla

6、ss, club, company, union ,clergy, mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等詞 ,指代 “ 整體 ” 時為單數(shù);指代 “ 其中的各成員 ” 則為復(fù)數(shù)。例句:My family was very poor when I was a little girl.當(dāng)我還是一個小女孩兒 的時候,我家很窮。My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待著你的到 來。整體原則1. 從句、 不定式、 動名詞等作主語時謂語動詞一律視作一個整體, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 例句:Whe

7、n to leave has not been decided.什么時候離開還沒有定下來。Go shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.周日購物是他的一個習(xí)慣。Note :如果主語是兩個 (或兩個以上 的名詞性從句,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。例句:What he said and what he did were always different.他所說的和他所做 的總是不一樣。2. 如果兩個以上的名詞組成一個整體概念作主語時,謂語動詞須用單數(shù)。例句:The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year. 這位小說

8、家兼詩人 打算明年去歐洲。The novelist and the poet are going to Europe next year. 小說家和詩人都打算 明年去歐洲。3. 專用名詞,如:書名、劇名、報刊名、國家(組織名等,通常作單數(shù)用。例句:The United States was found it 1776.美國成立于 1776年。4. 表示時間、距離、金額、度量等詞語作主語時,通常被視作整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 例句:10 minutes is enough.十分鐘足夠了。5. 加減乘除等數(shù)學(xué)運算謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例句:2 times 3 makes 6. 二乘三等于六。個體原則1

9、. and連結(jié)的兩個或多個主語前如果有 each, every, no等修飾語時(后面的一個有時也 可省略 , 后面的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 例句:Every man and every woman is busy at working.每個人都在忙著工作。2. 英語句中的 each , either , neither 等詞,既可作代詞充當(dāng)主語,又可作形容詞 修飾主語,這時的謂語動詞一律用單數(shù)。例句:Neither of us has been abroad. 我們誰都沒出過國。3. 由 some, any every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞(somebody , nobody , everyth

10、ing , anything 等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例句:Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.有人在學(xué)校門口等你。 4. many a / more than one + 單數(shù)名詞,一般接單數(shù)謂語動詞。例句:Many a man does not understand Einsteins relativity.許多人不明白愛因 斯坦的相對論。5. “one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 ” 作主語,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。例句:One and a half hours has passed. 一個半小時過去了。6. 成雙成對出現(xiàn)

11、的復(fù)數(shù)名詞(glasses , scissors , shoes , trousers , pants , gloves , stockings 等作主語時,通常謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),但如果前面有 a /the pair of; a /the suit of等詞語時,則謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。例句:A pair of scissors is useful tool for a dressmaker. 剪刀是裁縫的重要工具。 7. 以 “ -s” 結(jié)尾的 “ 復(fù)數(shù) ” 名詞 (例如; 一些學(xué)科名詞 mathematics , physics , politics 等 ,或以 “ -s” 結(jié)尾的地點名詞、人名

12、等詞后面的謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例句:Mathematics is my favorite subject.數(shù)學(xué)是我最喜歡的科目 1.Economics, several courses of which I have taken thus far, _ to be difficult but useful for almost all students.A. prove B. proves C. have been proved D. are proved2. A thousand miles no longer _ much to us today, for modern jets can

13、easily get us to a great distance within a matter of a few hours.A. meant B. means C. mean D. will mean3. The secretary and treasurer of our company _ the meeting. A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is attend D. is to attend4. Cattle _ to graze on the village common.A. are allowed B. is allowed C

14、. allows D. allow5. Mathematics as well as other subjects _ a science.A. was B. is C. are D. belong to6. Either of these young ladies _ perfectly qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French.A. were B. are C. is D. have been7. Large quantities of water _ cooling purposes.A. are needed for B. is needed

15、 to C. are needed to D. is needed for 8. Copper as well as most metals_.A. is a good conductor B. is a good insulatorC. are good conductors D. are good insulators9. There used to be some trees by the lake, _ ?A. was there B. were there C. weren't there D. wasn't there10. Cattle_ to graze on

16、the village common.A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow1.答案 B.解析 該句考察學(xué)生主、謂語一致。其中 several courses of which I have taken thus far 為設(shè)置的干擾項。由于主語為表示學(xué)科的單數(shù)名詞,故謂語應(yīng)是單數(shù)形式。2.答案 B.解析 表示重量、度量、衡量、價值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。3.答案 D.解析 C項結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤,可先排除;由 and 所連接的兩個名詞,如果 and 后面的名詞前沒有 冠詞,謂語要用單數(shù)。故 D 項為正確答案。4.答案 A.解析 c

17、attle 是集體名詞,在形式上是單數(shù),但在句中往往作復(fù)數(shù)用,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 這類名詞常見的有:clergy mankind, militia, police, people, poultry等。5.答案 B.解析 此題主語是 Mathematics ,學(xué)科做主語時,是表示單數(shù)的意義的詞,故只能在 A 、 B 兩項中選擇,而 A 時態(tài)不對, D. belong to屬于。6.答案 C.解析 當(dāng) either , each, neither, everyone等不定代詞作主語時,其后謂語需用第三人 稱單數(shù)。例如:a. Neither of these books is very new.這兩本

18、書都不新。 B. Each of the students brings a dictionary.學(xué)生各自帶字典來。 C. Every man andwoman is eligible to vote.每個男人或女人都有資格投票。7.答案 B.解析 表示數(shù)量的名詞應(yīng)做單數(shù)看待。8.答案 A.解析 as well as 在此并不是表示與主語并列關(guān)系, 該句主語僅僅是 copper . 因此, 選項 A 是正確的(conductor 導(dǎo)體, insulator 絕緣體 。9.答案 C.解析 There used to 句型上相當(dāng)于 there be句型,所以此處用 be 提問。動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與 后面

19、的名詞一致。10.答案 A.解析 cattle 是集體名詞,在形式上是單數(shù),但在句中往往作復(fù)數(shù)用,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 這類名詞常見的有:clergy mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等。虛擬語氣1. 1與過去事實相反主had+過去分詞 should (第一人稱 would(其它人稱 +have+過去2與現(xiàn)在事實相反一般過去式(動詞 be 用 were would/should/could/might+動詞原型3與將來事實相反過去式或 should/wereto+動原 would/should/could/might+動詞原型2. It is (high/

20、about/thetime.謂語動詞用過去式 指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r 表示早該 做某事而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有點晚了3. It is the first(second/thirdtime后的 that 從句中,謂語動詞要用完成體來表示一 種經(jīng)驗4. as if/though 的虛擬要點1 .對當(dāng)時事實的假設(shè),從句謂語用過去式, be 動詞一律用 were2 .對過去事實的假設(shè),從句謂語用過去完成式3 .對未來事實的假設(shè),從句謂語用 would+動詞原型情態(tài)動詞1.can 用于否定句 cannot(helpbut表示不能不,只能(but 后跟不帶 to 的動詞不定式2. must 表示禁止,一定不要時的否定式為

21、 mustnt 當(dāng)它表示有把握的推斷時 意為一 定 準(zhǔn)是時 它的否定形式為 cant3. need doing=need to be done 這個句型表示被動意味4. need not have done sth 表示本來沒有必要做某事倍數(shù)增減的表示法1 倍數(shù) +形容詞 /副詞比較級 +than: three times brighter than the earth.2 倍數(shù) +as+形容詞 /副詞 +as : three times as fast as the athlete.3 倍數(shù) +名詞 例:five times the size/the length of /weight/th

22、e 1963figure.ect.4 動詞 +百分比或倍數(shù) :the output was 400%up.5 動詞 +to+數(shù)詞 :increase to five times.6 double/triple/quadruple: the figure doubled.7 動詞 +by+數(shù)詞 /百分比 /倍數(shù)存在句的非限定形式1.there to be 和 there being結(jié)構(gòu)用法與區(qū)別there to be:作 for 介詞補語作動詞(except, want, like, prefer, hate 的賓語eg.They planned for there to be another

23、meetingMembers like there to be plenty of choice.there being : 作除 for 外的介詞的補語作主語和狀語eg.John was relying on there being another opportunity.There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.2. 存在句的非限定形式與限定形式的轉(zhuǎn)化eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual tha

24、t there were so few people in the street.存在句的謂語動詞存在句的謂語動詞主要是動詞 be 的某種形式, 分限定形式和非限定形式。限定形式:一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成體、過去完成體和情態(tài)助動詞 +不定式。除 be 外, 某些表示存在意義的不及物動詞如:exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等, 能用于 there 存在句。地點狀語前移, there 可省。Eg.There can be very little about his guilt.There are many desks in the classroom.Th

25、ere used to be a hospital round the corner.There appears to be no doubt about it.There stands a house behind the tree.Behind the tree (there stands a house.Tag QuestionHe must be a clever boy, _?He must be studying in the room,_?He must have worked hard last night, _?He must have finished his work,

26、_?He said he would go with Mary, _?If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, _?I think he is a good student, _?I dont think he is a good student, _?You have a new book, _?He had to go now,_?I have read the book , _? Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,_? We used to live in the co

27、untry,_? We never used to live in the country, _? 一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu) 與 morethan 有關(guān)的： 1）morethan是而不是，與其說是不如說是 eg. She is more been than wise. He is more a writer than an artist. "more + than+原級形容詞（副詞）"結(jié)構(gòu)，這是將不同性質(zhì)加以比較，其中的"more"有 "rather"的意思。 It is more than probable that he will fall

28、. "more than +動詞"結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示動詞的程度，可譯為"異常"，"豈止"，"十二分 地"等。 This more than satisfied me. 2） not so much as 與其說是不如說是 eg. It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested. 3not more/er than 與 no more/er than eg. He is no richer than I= as poor as

29、He is not richer than I 4）more than 不止， 超過 eg. She is more than pretty. 5 more than 簡直不 eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 6. Not any more than 不能.正如不能 One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing

30、 by the pool. 7no more than A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 8 “Nothing is morethan”和“Nothing is so as”結(jié)構(gòu) "Nothing is morethan"和"Nothing is so as"都具有最高級比較的意思，"Nothing I" 可換用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，&

31、quot;little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可 譯為"沒 有比更為"，"像再沒有了"，"最"等。 Nothing is more precious than time. 9 “not so muchas”和“not so much as ”結(jié)構(gòu)， "not so muchas"="not so much as "，其中 as 有進可換用 but rather，可譯為： "與其說是

32、毋須說是"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可譯為" 甚至還沒有"。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. only (not, all, but, never too to do so “和”too ready (apt + to do“結(jié) 沒有否定意義， 凡是”not“，”all“ ”but 等字后+“tooto，”不定式都失去了否定意義， 在“too ready（apt） +to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中也沒有否定意

33、義。 You will be but too glad to get home. “cannottoo”結(jié)構(gòu) "cannottoo"意為"It is impossible to overdo"或者，即"無論怎樣也不算過分"。 "not"可換用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可換用"enough"， "sufficient"等 You cannot be too careful. “否定+but ”

34、結(jié)構(gòu) 在否定詞后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意義，構(gòu) 成前后的雙重否定?？勺g成"沒有不是"或"都"等 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse. “not sobut”和“not such a but”結(jié)構(gòu) 這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)和"否定+but"的結(jié)構(gòu)差不多，不同之點是這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中的"but"是含有 "thatnot&q

35、uot;意味的連續(xù)詞，表示程度?？?譯為"還沒有到不能做的程度"，"并不 是不"，"無論怎樣也不是不能"等。 He is not so sick but he can come to school. only (not, all, but, never too to do so “和”too ready (apt + to do“結(jié) 沒有否定意義， 凡是”not“，”all“ ”but 等字后+“tooto，”不定式都失去了否定意義， 在“too ready（apt） +to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中也沒有否定意義。 You will be bu

36、t too glad to get home. “cannottoo”結(jié)構(gòu) "cannottoo"意為"It is impossible to overdo"或者，即"無論怎樣也不算過分"。 "not"可換用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可換用"enough"， "sufficient"等 You cannot be too careful. “否定+but ”結(jié)構(gòu) 在否定詞后面的"b

37、ut"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意義，構(gòu) 成前后的雙重否定。可譯成"沒有不是"或"都"等 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse. “not sobut”和“not such a but”結(jié)構(gòu) 這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)和"否定+but"的結(jié)構(gòu)差不多，不同之點是這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中的"but"是含有 "thatnot"意味的連續(xù)詞，表示程度?？?/p>

38、 譯為"還沒有到不能做的程度"，"并不 是不"，"無論怎樣也不是不能"等。 He is not so sick but he can come to school. “good and ”的副詞用法，譯為“非?！保昂堋钡?。 類似還有"nice and ", "fine and ," "lovely and ", "bright and ", "rare and ", "big and "等，均表示程度。 The a

39、pples are good and ripe. "and that"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個"and that"應(yīng)譯為"而且"，表示對它前面陳述部分的語 氣加強，"that"代表前面的整個陳述部分。 Return to your work , and that at once. “at onceand”結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)譯為“既又”，起相關(guān)連接的作用，相當(dāng)于 “bothand”。 The novel is at once pleasing and instructive. . “in that”結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是“在那一點上（

40、方面）”，可譯為“因為”。類似 的結(jié)構(gòu)還有“in this”。 The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs. 多個形容詞的排列順序： A, brown, charming, French, oak, old, round, small, writing desk A charming small round old brown French oak writing desk 限定詞一般描繪性形容詞表示大小、 長短、 高低的形容詞表示形狀的形容詞表示年 齡、新舊的形容詞表示顏色的形容詞表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞

41、表示物質(zhì)、材料 的形容詞表示用途、類別的形容詞名詞中心詞。 縣長行令殺國才 縣（限定詞）長（長短）行（形狀）令（年齡）殺（顏色）國（國籍）才（材料） Many, wool, green, Chinese, large, beautiful, carpets Many beautiful large green Chinese wool carpets 非謂語動詞與獨立主格：短語，句子（或者句子，短語） 當(dāng)短語部分有獨立主語，并且該主語不同于句子主語，這時短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格。 （它最 明顯的特點是短語部分有獨立的主語） 。 獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu) 1：名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞

42、表示主動的，正在進行的行為；過去分詞表示被動的，已經(jīng)完成的行為。 作題時 要通過判斷動作與名詞（代詞）之間的關(guān)系來確定是使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。當(dāng)動作由 名詞（代詞）發(fā)出時使用現(xiàn)在分詞，而名詞（代詞）是受動者時則用過去分詞。 1）. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely. A followed B following C to follow D being followed 2）. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called of

43、f. A considered B be considered C considering D having considered call off 取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四級中的考點就是現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別。 獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu) 2：with + 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 句子當(dāng)中作狀語 1）. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school. A to be

44、encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged as well as 和（相當(dāng)于 and） be encouraged 不會考。 ； 動詞不定式有預(yù)示將來行為的含義。to be encouraged 將要被鼓勵； been encouraged 已經(jīng)被鼓勵完了，與主句的謂語動詞相對；being encouraged 正在 被鼓勵 2.短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為非謂語動詞。 非謂語動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語） 句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發(fā)出動作， 則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出，則使用過去分詞。 2）.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏； to b