高中英語必修5Unit 2 Grammar and Usage(2)

1、Unit 2 EnvironmentPart One Teaching DesignGrammar and UsageStep 1: General introduction The grammar items in this unit focus on the verb-ing form as adjective and adverb and verb-ing phrase. You will learn how a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb and how a verb-phrase can be used as

2、 a verb-ing on its own. Step2: RevisionSince a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb, it can serve in a sentence as the attribute, the predicative or the object complement. Now lets read some sentences and try to identify the function of the underlined words or phrases.Its nice to see

3、a familiar face here. (the attribute)He is greedy for knowledge. (the predicative)The news that I failed in the exam made me upset. (object complement)Last night the whole city was left getting into a mess because of power failure. (subject complement)Step 2: Explanation:1. Now can you tell the use

4、of the verb-ing in the following sentences? A.There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park. She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. He rushed into the burning house.The child standing over there is my brother.The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all u

5、sed as the attribute. Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form?1). A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it.2).It is said that nothing that lives can be found on Mars.3).The boy who was smiling ran to his mother.4).The woman who is coming to dinner this

6、 evening works in the bank.5).The young man who is looking at the map is lost.6).The man who is performing in the street can play five musical instruments.Sample answers:1). A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it.2). It is said that no living things can be found on Mars.3). The smiling

7、boy ran to his mother.4). The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.5). The young man looking at the map is lost.6). The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments.B. Our work is serving the people.The argument is very convincing. This food smells inviting.The new

8、s that the Chinese team won 32 gold medals in the Olympics games was encouraging .The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the predicative. They follow linking verbs.C. I watched the athlete jumping from the diving board into the swimming pool.The boy looked out of his window and saw a

9、man entering his neighbourings house.I heard someone playing the violin in the next room.The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the object complement. A verb-ing form may be used after verbs like see, watch, notice, hear and observe as an object complement.2. Read Part 2. You may noti

10、ce that a verb-ing can be used after verbs after verbs like stand, sit and lie to show that the two actions are happening at the same time.Eg. The girl lay in bed reading her favorite novel. = The girl lay in bed while she was reading her favorite novel. The boy sat at the table eating his breakfast

11、. = The boy sat at the table while he was eating his breakfast. The man sat on the sofa watching TV.= The man sat on the sofa while he was watching TV.3. Now read the sentences in Part 3. A verb-ing has a perfect form “having +verb-ed”to show this verb happens before the main verb.Eg. Having finishe

12、d his homework, he sat down to watch. Having returned from the supermarket, she started to prepare the dinner.4. Go over Points 1-4 in Part 1 on Page 30. verb-ing phrases can express the time, the reason, the result and the condition. Eg. 1).Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didnt

13、 open the door. 2).Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. 3).Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins.4).The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home.5).Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch.Can you rewrite these sentences

14、,using clauses introduced by when,after,because,as a result,and if ect.Sample answers:1). Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didnt open the door.2). Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.3). Lucy and Lily, because they look so alike, are o

15、ften mistaken for twins.4). The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home.5). If time permits, I will meet you for lunch.5.We can also use the pattern conj.+verb-ing to express the time. Go over Part 2 and here are more examples.Eg. While waiting for the bus, h

16、e read the newspaper. Whiling building a tunnel through the mountain, the workers discovered an underground lake.6. Notices: 1).The understood subject of a verb-ing phrase is usually the same as the subject of the main clause.2). The word “not” should be put before the verb-ing to create its negativ

17、e form.Eg. Hearing the news, her face lit up.(誤) Hearing the news, she felt happy.（正） While cleaning the window, her finger got hurt.（誤） While cleaning the window, she had her finger hurt.（正） Not knowing much English, he found it difficult to communicate with others when he was traveling abroad. Not

18、 having received a reply, he wrote a letter to the professor again.For reference: 非謂語動(dòng)詞包括不定式，過去分詞和動(dòng)詞的ing形式。動(dòng)詞的-ing形式包括動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。1動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）：1）動(dòng)名詞的功能：動(dòng)名詞可以起名詞的作用，在句子中作主語，賓語，表語和定語。例：1. Playing football is my favourite sport. 主語2.Tom made his aunt angry by not taking his medicine. 賓語3 Her job is washin

19、g，cleaning and taking care of the children.表語4.Theres a swimming pool in front of my house. 定語2）動(dòng)名詞用法注意點(diǎn)：A.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)及動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)見下表：  主 動(dòng)被 動(dòng)一 般writing being written完 成having written having been written 例：I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.（動(dòng)名詞的一般被動(dòng)態(tài)） She admitted h

20、aving opened the box.（動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)態(tài)） How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) (動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)) B.動(dòng)名詞與不定式作主語，表語的區(qū)別。v-ing形式作主語時(shí)往往表示一般性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語則表示在具體情況下特定的或一次性的動(dòng)作。但有時(shí)可以通用。C.作賓語時(shí)，有些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)名詞，有些動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式，有的兩者都能,有時(shí)含義相同，有時(shí)含義不同。只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞如下：v advise, allow, avoid, admit, appreciate,

21、 consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, 只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞詞組如下：v feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to ,insist on ,get used to ,devote to 既能跟動(dòng)名詞用能跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞分三類：v 在begin, start, continue, intend 等動(dòng)詞后跟v-ing形式和不定式作賓語，含義相同

22、。注意：下列三種情況， begin/start后只能接動(dòng)詞不定式：1 start/begin本身用于ing形式： beginning/starting to do2 無生命名詞做主語: Ice begins to melt.3 賓語是表示心理活動(dòng)的詞: begin to understand/ know/realize/wonderv 在like, love, hate等動(dòng)詞后v-ing形式作賓語時(shí)往往表示一般性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；而不定式作賓語則表示在具體情況下特定的或一次性的動(dòng)作。下列動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)名詞或不定式意思完全不同。v 1.remember,forget, regret + doing

23、記得/忘記/懊悔曾做過某事+ to do記得/忘記/遺憾要做某事如：He regrets having told the news to his mother.他懊悔把著消息告訴了他媽。I regret to tell you that you are fired.我遺憾地告訴你你被解雇了。v 2.want,need,require+doing 需要被做+to do 需要做v 3.stop,try, mean,go on,cant help,be used togo on to do 接著又做另一件事/go on doing 繼續(xù)做同一件事stop to do 停下來去做某事/stop doi

24、ng 停止做某事try to do 努力做某事/try doing 試一試做某事mean to do 打算想做某事/mean doing 意味著意思是做某事cant help (to)do無法去幫助做/cant help doing禁不住做某事be used to do被用來做/be used to doing習(xí)慣于做如：She cant help laughing after hearing the news.聽到這消息她禁不住大笑起來。She cant help(to)do any housework with so much homework to do.由于有很多作業(yè)要做，她無法幫著做

25、家務(wù)。D.作定語時(shí)，與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別。 動(dòng)名詞作定語表名詞的作用或功能，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)名詞a sleeping child一個(gè)正在睡覺的孩子a sleeping car一輛臥車a flying bird一只正在飛翔的鳥a flying course飛行課程a swimming girl一個(gè)正在游泳的女孩a swimming pool一個(gè)游泳池the running water自來水the running track跑道2現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式與動(dòng)名詞相同，但功能不同?？稍诰渲谐洚?dāng)定語，表語，狀語和補(bǔ)語。1）作定語an in

26、teresting book the man sitting by the window boiling water falling snow the bridge being builtA. 與動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別B. 與過去分詞,不定式 作定語的區(qū)別過去分詞做定語與其修飾詞之間在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已完成?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，與修飾詞在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系。boiling water 正在沸騰的水 boiled water 開水 the changing world 變化中的世界 the changed world 變化了的世界 the developing coun

27、tries 發(fā)展中國家 the developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家falling leaves 正在落下的葉子fallen leaves 落葉rising sun 正在升起的太陽risen sun 已經(jīng)升起的太陽 不定式作定語表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。the house being built/to be built/built by them正在被建/將要被建/建好了的房子2). 作表語 與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite， interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語意思不是“激動(dòng)”，“高興”，

28、而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對感興趣，就是somebody is interested in，若人/物本身令人感到有興趣時(shí)，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：interesting使人感興趣的-interested感興趣的exciting令人激動(dòng)的-excited感到激動(dòng)的delighting令人高興的-delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的-disapp

29、ointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的confusing令人困惑的/confused感到困惑的puzzling令人費(fèi)解的-puzzled感到費(fèi)解的satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的-surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔(dān)心的-worried感到擔(dān)心的Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。The pupils will get confused if they are

30、 made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。They were very excited at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。3).作狀語1 .Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.2. Being a student, he was interested in sports.3. Having written the letter, John went to the po

31、st office.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，注意如下三點(diǎn)：v 相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句v 分詞的邏輯主語就是全句的主語v 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)有不同的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)4).作補(bǔ)語Can you get the machine going again? The boys were seen walking on the grass.非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式均為not+非謂語動(dòng)詞For reference: Relative items in recent years college entrance examination:1. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all h

32、e had to _ some schools for poor children.(01上海)A. set up B. setting upC. have set up D. having set up2 I really appreciate _ to relax with you on this nice island.（01上海A. to have had time B. having timeC. to have time D. to have time3 In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.

33、(02上海).A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting4_ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(03上海).A. The president will attend B. The president to attendC. The president attendedD. The presidents attending5Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.(04 上海

34、) .A. his being not able B. him not to be ableC. his not being ableD. him to be not able6. Alice returned from the managers office _me that the boss wanted to see me at once.（04 全國IV）A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling7._ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had lef

35、t his wallet at home.(04北京)A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited8.The flowers _sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.(04上海)A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt9. The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his mother

36、land.(04江蘇)A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked10. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket into a passenger.(04春季北京)A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting11. The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area.(05全國 I)A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D.

37、 having caused12. “You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _away.(05全國II)A. run B. running C. to run D. ran13. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready will be of great help.(05 北京)A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having14. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _

38、.(05 北京)A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.(NMET 03)A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic games _in Beijing in 2008.(06 四川)A. hold B. holding c. held D. to be held17. My c

39、ousin came to see me from the country, _ me a full basket of fresh fruits.(06)A. bought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought18. Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.(06山東) A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly 19. Whenever he was asked

40、 why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _ the same thing.(06江蘇) A. sayingB. saidC. to sayD. having said 20. - There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. - My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. (06江蘇) A. to beB. to have beenC. beingD. having beenKEY:15 BBADC

41、 610 DCBDD 11-15 DBDAB 16-20 DBAACStep 3: practice:1. Read the letter to the editor of a newspaper on Page 29. Fill in the letter using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets .Answers:1. shocking 2. relaxing 3. tiring 4. disappointing 5. interesting 6. living2. Read the news report on Page 29. F

42、ill in the blanks using the words from the box and then check the answers .Answers:1. Exciting 2. walking 3. falling 4. following 5. moving 6. sleeping 7. keeping 8. pleasing3. Read the conversation on Page 31.Please change the highlighted sentences into verb-ing clauses.Answers:2.Looking back, I fi

43、nd I didnt like some of the questions the audience asked though.3.Hearing what you said about the environment and the economy needing to work together more, I was very impressed.4.Making that statement forcefully, you impressed all the audience.5.After talking to you today, I think we should work on

44、 some projects together.Step 4: Consolidation:I. Multiple choice:1.Where is my passport? I remember it here.You shouldn't have left it here. Remember it with you all the time.A. to put；to takeB. putting；taking C. putting；to take D. to put；taking2.After finishing his homework he went on a letter to his parents.A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write 3.Only English doesn't mean the language.A. to learn；to learn B. lea