上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作(Summary)

1、上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作澄衷高級(jí)中學(xué)孫吉從2017年起，上海英語高考試卷的題型將面臨許多調(diào)整，其中之一便是增 加了概要寫作（Summary writing）,也有許多人將之稱為 小作文”。概要寫作分 值占據(jù)15分，考查的是考生閱讀和寫作的綜合能力。概要寫作所給定的語篇一般在200-250字，內(nèi)容豐富多樣，包含故事、時(shí)政、科普等，體裁以記敘文、說明文為主，字?jǐn)?shù)一般要求在50-60字，答案盡量符合“ Key points of a summary勺要求。一.正確認(rèn)識(shí)概要寫作1. Definition of summary writing（概要寫作的定義）By summary, we mean

2、a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.2. Key points of a summary （概要寫作的要點(diǎn)）Conciseness（簡(jiǎn)要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness;（完整性）：To

3、include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.Accuracy （準(zhǔn)確性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence （連貫性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transition

4、s and function structures to make it flow.Objectivity （客觀性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic.The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.3. Steps to write a summary （概要寫作的步驟）1） Skim the text to find out the general theme.2） Analyze the text ' s struc

5、ture to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. （one sentence）3） Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.4） Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order

6、 with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.5） Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.4. Beginning of a summary （概要寫作的開頭）Begin your summary with:*The author ' s name*The article ' s or chapter ' s name*The author ' s thesis statement a general overview（surv

7、ey） of the article.The Body:First of all, the author describesHe then points out that In addition, the author talks aboutFinally, the author suggests Some other introductory phrases:*(The author) states in (this article) that*(The author), in (this article) shows that*In (this article), (the author)

8、 writes that*As (the author) says in (this article),*The main idea of (the author ' s article) is *The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes) that + clause *The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.二.記敘文概要寫作要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥記

9、敘文體的閱讀材料，相比其他文體而言，寫概要相對(duì)容易。在寫概要前， 除明確文章主題外，還應(yīng)抓住六個(gè)要素：when, where, who, what, why, how在這六個(gè)要素中，所占內(nèi)容比重最大的是what。一般來說，記敘文的故事概要可以用 這樣的模板來表示：Who did what by because 當(dāng)然，不是說每個(gè)故事概要都包含how或why,有時(shí)兩者選其一即可。下文 是課堂訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)例子：Directions: Please read the following passage and write a summary of it in no more than 60 words.

10、I took a trip to a big lake in Indonesia with my family two years ago. It was really a huge lake with beautiful scenery all around. People were amazed by the endless view in front of our eyes. Later on, unlike other girls, I volunteered to go water-skiing alone. I put on the life jacket, got on the

11、motorboat immediately and started my engine as soon as possible.The lake seemed broad and endless. I was so thrilled劭)to enjoy my trip among the mountains and waters that I sped my motorboat. Then, after some time, I found myself in the middle of the endless lake. A sudden fear came around me. I did

12、n'where I was or even how far I had gone from the shore. What was worse, it began to rain and it became very cold and foggy. I rode everywhere but couldn' t find my wa：back. It was useless for me to cry or shout for help. I was so terrified that I began to think about all kinds of horrible t

13、hings. After floating on the water helplessly and hopelessly for a long time, suddenly I heard someone calling my name. Soon, a big steamboat sailed to me and they pulled me up to the deck and asked me if I was hurt. I couldn ' t say a word but cried in my father' s arms.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇故事類的

14、記敘文，要求對(duì)其進(jìn)行概要寫作。 因此，我們先找出記敘文的六要素：When- two years agoWhere a trip to a big lake in Indonesia Who- T' , the writer2 / 5What got lost; was foundWhy go water-skiing alone; too thrilledResult father came to her rescue列出了要點(diǎn)之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點(diǎn)組織起來，概括成一段約50詞的通順概要：The passage tells us the writer s experience

15、 of adventure. Once the writer was on a trip to a lake where she went water-skiing alone. She was so excited and enjoyed herself that soon she got lost. Fortunately, her father finally came to her rescue.（ 44 words）三說明文概要寫作要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類： 現(xiàn)象揭示類：The article points out the common phenomenon

16、 主題）,Which 陳卜充解釋） 利弊對(duì)比類：The article compares the disadvantages/bene巾ts of A and B. Awhile B The passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side, ，but it may also 研究顯示類：The study reveals that The purpose of the report is to show that下文是課堂訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)例子：Directions: Please read the following passage

17、and write a summary of it in no more than 60 words.A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the

18、tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary,landfills take up valuable space, often stink （發(fā)出惡臭）,and ca

19、n leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the pa

20、ckaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories metal, plastic and papercartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to a recycling company for

21、 processing.The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain ale

22、rt and do their part.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇講包裝材料所帶來的問題的說明文，要求對(duì)其進(jìn)行概要寫作。因此，我們必須首先弄清每一段落的主要內(nèi)容是什么。第一段開頭第一句話 “A large source ofrubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the tota是段落的中心句，同時(shí)也點(diǎn)明了文章的 主題，后面就在以牙膏為例進(jìn)行舉例說明。第二段主要講的是包裝材料所帶來的問題，主要包括兩方面，一是垃圾進(jìn)入填埋場(chǎng)后所造成的污染；二是這些包裝材料在生產(chǎn)過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生對(duì)空氣和水

23、的污染。第三段主要在講人們正在采取措施解決包裝材料所帶來的問題， 其中第句 "People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials是段落的中心句，后面就在用德國(guó)的事情舉例說明， 政府、制造商和個(gè)人采取的措施試圖解決包裝材料帶來的污染問題。第四段開頭的however至關(guān)重要，說明德國(guó)的方法盡管起到了一定的作用，但包裝材料的污染仍然是一個(gè)大問題，我們絕不能放松警惕。弄清了每段的主要內(nèi)容后，我們就按照概要寫作的幾個(gè)原則對(duì)其進(jìn)行連接， 在連接段落時(shí)需要添加必要的連接詞使其通順連貫即可：The art

24、icle points out the problem of packaging. About one third of rubbish results from the packaging materials, which cause damage to the environment during their production and after ending in landfills. Though the programs carried out to combat the problem are temporarily successful, the problem remain

25、s a great concern. (50 words)四.小試牛刀Read the following paragraphs and use one sentence or phrase to write the summary of each paragraph.1. An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the" C” Ireceived on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay," rec

26、allscounselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade.became apparent that she ' d written it. ”2. In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving parents in their children education is a priority at their school but only 25% described their experience workin

27、g with parents as “very satisfying ” . When asked to choose the biggest challenge they face, 31% of them quoted involving parents and communicating with them as their top choice.73% of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.3. At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phone and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parentteacher co