初中英語語法：直接引語和間接引語詳解

1、直接引語和間接引語詳解引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話，兩邊用引號(hào)“ “標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號(hào)這叫做間接引語，實(shí)際上間接引語大都是賓語從句（其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式）。那么直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí)，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等都要有變化，如何變化呢?1、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變1）直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱，如：He said，“I am very sorry.”>He said that he was very sorry.2）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果

2、原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說的，轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱，如：“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.>My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.3）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對(duì)第三人稱說的，轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如：She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”>She said to her son that she would check his homework

3、that night.4）人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”>He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對(duì)待，要符合邏輯。2.時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換直接引語改為間接引語時(shí)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí)，從句（即間接引

4、語部分）的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變成過去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)（實(shí)際也是賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求），變化如下：1.直接引語 間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)2.例如：“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.>She said she was very glad to visit our school.Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”>Tom

5、 said that they were listening to the pop music.Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”>Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”>He asked the conductor where he

6、would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.>The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?”>Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.Tom said

7、, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”>Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.”>He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.3、直接引語變成間接引語時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)無須改變的情況1）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候，

8、如：He always says, “I am tired out.”>He always says that he is tired out.2）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：He will say, “Ill try my best to help you.”>He will say that he will try his best to help me.3）當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，如：He said, “I went to college in 1994.”>He told us that he went to college in 1994.4

9、）當(dāng)直接引語中有以when, while引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)，如：He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”>He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.5）當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，如：Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”>Our teacher told us that light tr

10、avels faster than sound.6）當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時(shí)，如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.”>He said that practice makes perfect.7）當(dāng)直接引語中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need時(shí)，如：例如：The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.”>The doctor said I'

11、d better drink plenty of water.He said, “She must be a teacher.”> He said that she must be a teacher.He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”>He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”>The tea

12、cher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”> She asked if she had to take the medicine.注：此處用had to代替must更好8）此外轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定，不能機(jī)械照搬，如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there, 動(dòng)詞come不必改為go，如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改變

13、。如：Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.3、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞變化直接引語變間接引語，時(shí)間狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律，時(shí)間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday變?yōu)?the day beforetoday變?yōu)?that dayHe said, ”I want to go

14、 swimming now. ” He said he wanted to go swimming then.地點(diǎn)狀語，尤其表示方向性的，here 變 thereThe teacher said ,“ You should come here at 7:00.”The teacher said I should go there at 7:00.She said, “I won't come here any more.”She said that she wouldnt go there any more.指示代詞修飾的狀語，由“此”改為“彼”例：this 改為thatHe said

15、, "This books is mine.“He said that book was his.動(dòng)詞：come變成go，bring變成take4、直接引語變成間接引語，句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化1）陳述句。用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可直用接引語中的said, 也可用told來代替，注意，可以說said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接說told that, 如：He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”>He said to us that he had been

16、to the Great Wall.He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”>He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可說told that）此外主句中的謂語還常有：repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”> He ex

17、plained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.如果間接引語是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句，第一個(gè)連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”>The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.2）直接引語為一般疑問句，（也稱是否疑問句，）間接引語用連詞wheth

18、er或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中謂語動(dòng)詞said要改為asked（me/him/us等），語序是陳述句的語序，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”>He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”>He asked whether I was interested in English.3） 直接引語為

19、選擇疑問句，間接引語用whetheror表達(dá)，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror. 如：He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”>He asked me whether I spoke English or French.I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”>I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.4）直接引語為特殊疑問句，改成間接引語時(shí)，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用ask（sb.）來表達(dá)，語序改為陳

20、述句語序。如：He asked，“What's your name?”> He asked（me）what my name was.He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”>He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.5）直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達(dá)，謂語動(dòng)詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to

21、 do，（由肯定祈使句變成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變），并且在不定式短語中的時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如：He said，“Be seated, please.”> He asked us to be seated.“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.>He told me to be careful with my handwriting.“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.>The officer orde

22、red the villagers never to go there again.“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said.>The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.6）有些含有“建議”>、“勸告”>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述，如：He said, “Let's have a rest.”&g

23、t; He suggested our having a rest.He said, “Let me help you.”> He offered to help me.7）當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示請(qǐng)求，建議意義時(shí)，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked.>He asked me to open the door.“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked u

24、s.>He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.8）直接引語是感嘆句時(shí)，變間接引語可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)，如：She said, “What a lovely day it is!”> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.5. 一些注意事項(xiàng)(1)直接引語是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理等，變成間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：They told their son,"

25、The earth goes round the sun."They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.(2)直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。如：this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, "I haven't seen her today."

26、;He said that he hadn't seen her that day.注意：如果轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)就在原來的地方，就在說話的當(dāng)天，就不必改變指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等。(3)間接引語一般要用陳述句的語序，即主、謂、賓的順序。例如：He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"Tom asked Ann what she wanted.初中英語直接引語變間接引語練習(xí)題一、將所給直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語

27、，每空一詞：1. “I never eat meat.” he said. He said that _ never _ meat.2. “Ive found my wallet.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet.3. “I took it home with me.” she said. She said that _ _ _ it home with her.4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”The teacher s

28、aid that the sun _ in the east and _ down in the west.5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ met the day _.6. “You must come here before five.” he said. He said that I _ to go _ before five.7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said. He said that he _ bought the house 10 years

29、 _.8. “Did you see her last week?” he said. He _ _ I had seen her the week _.9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” He _ Jim that he _ sit there.10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?” He asked her mother _ _ _ found it.11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked. He asked me _ _ _been _ days.

30、12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked. He asked _ _ knew where she _.13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.He _ the children _ _ making so much noise.14. “Dont tell him the news.” she said. She told me _ _ _ him the news.15. “Are you intested in this?” he said. He _ _ I was intere

31、std in _.16. “I am having supper,” he said. He said that _ _ having supper.17. “Ive seen the film,” Gina said to me. Gina _ me that she _ _ the film.18. “I went home with my sister,” she said. She said that _ _ _ home with her sister.19. “Keep quiet, children.” he said. He _ the children _ _ quiet.2

32、0. “Dont look out of the window,” she said.She told me _ _ _ out of the window.【參考答案】1. he, ate 2. told, had, found, his 3. she, had, taken 4. rise, goes 5. told, had, before 6. had, there7. had, before 8. asked, if whether, before 9. told, could 10. how, she, had 11. where, I, had, those 12. if whe

33、ther, I, lived 13. told, to, stop 14. not, to, tell 15. asked, if whether, that16. he, was。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，代詞I要變?yōu)閔e；主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)，賓語從句通常要將時(shí)態(tài)往后推一個(gè)，即現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am having變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時(shí)was having。17. told, had, seen。直接引語中的said to sb在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)應(yīng)改為told sb；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have seen改為過去完成時(shí)had seen。18. she, had, gone。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱代詞I 應(yīng)變?yōu)閟he；一

34、般過去時(shí)went改為過去完成時(shí)had gone。19. told, to, keep。如直接引語為肯定的祈使句時(shí)，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，可使用ask tell, order sb to do sth這一結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。20. not, to, look。如直接引語為否定的祈使句時(shí)，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，可使用ask tell, order sb not to do sth這一結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。二、將所給直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語1He said: “Ive left my book in my room.”2She said: “He will be busy.”3She said to Tom, “Can yo

35、u help me?”4She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”5The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”6The teacher said to the students, “Dont waste your time.”7The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”8The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”9My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”10The boy

36、 said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”11He said, “We are still students.”12He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”13The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”14He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”15She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.”16Mr. Green sai

37、d to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”17He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.”18She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”19I said to him, “I have finished it.”20She said to us,“ Ill come here tomorrow.”21“Where does your chemistry teacher live, K

38、aren?” the young man asked.22 “Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.23 “Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.24 “What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.25. "I'm checking your home work now."hi

39、s mother said.附答案：【參考答案2】1 He told me that he had left his book in his room.2 She said that he would be busy.3 She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.4 She asked me whether that book was mine or his.5 The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.6 The teacher told the students not to waste their

40、time.7 The mother asked Tom to get up early.8 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.9 My father said practice makes perfect.10 The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.11 He said they are still students.12 He told me that he was born in 1978.13 The engineer said he was at col

41、lege in 1967.14 He said he had studied English since he was a boy.15 She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.16 Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.17 He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.18 She said he demanded th

42、at the girl leave at once.19 I told him I had finished it.20 She told us she would come here tomorrow21 The young man asked Karen where her chemistry teacher lived.22 The physics teacher told the boys and girls that light travels faster than sound.23 Mary asked me if / whether I would go to the conc

43、ert with her that evening.24 The old man asked my brother what he had done there the day before.25. His mother said she was checking his homework then .直接引語變間接引語專項(xiàng)練習(xí)題三1. Our teacher asked us _ our dictionaries to school.A. bring B. brought C. bring D. to bring2. The teacher told the boy students _ f

44、ootball on the grass.A. not play B. not to play C. played D. playing3. _ Tom didnt go to school?A. Do you know how B. Why do you know C. How you know why D. Do you know why4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _ that prevents her from being as happy as before?A. what it is B. it is what C. how

45、it is D. it is how5. Betty asked her sister _ to the railway station to see her off.A. not to come B. not to go C. to not come D. to not go6. The pupil asked his teacher _ round the earth.A. weather the moon goes B. that the moon went C. whether the moon goes D. whether the moon went7. Mr. Li _ Wang

46、 Ling _ a taxi to the airport.A. asked; take B. asked; taking C. told; take D. told; to take8. She asked him _.A. whose dictionary this is B. whose dictionary that wasC. whose dictionary is this D. whose dictionary that is9. Marys mother asked her _.A. that whether she had finished her homework B. if she has finished her homeworkC. if she had finished her homework D. that if she had finished her homework10. Do you know _?A. wh