雙語教學(xué)示范課程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目

1、地理信息系統(tǒng)考試試題、簡答題（ 70 分）1. 什么是地理信息系統(tǒng) ?它與地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫有什么異同 ?與地理信息的關(guān)系是什么 ?2. 通過課程的學(xué)習(xí)， 你對地圖投影與地圖比例尺之間的關(guān)系有什 么新的認(rèn)識？3. What are the development periods, status quo and the most urgent key problems to be solved in GIS?4. How Geo-Spatial Information describe the true word in digital form?5. Describe metadata concepti

2、on, types and its function.6. Illustrate the characteristics of GIS spatial Database and its basic organizing pattern.7. Describe metadata and its types and function.二、編程題 （ 30 分） ，試求：設(shè)有一個(gè)公路矢量數(shù)據(jù)文件 W.TXT （x1,y1,x1,y2,1）該公路的總長度 2）該公路中點(diǎn)坐標(biāo) （該點(diǎn)到兩端點(diǎn)的線路長度相等）答案：1. 什么是地理信息系統(tǒng) ?它與地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫有什么異同 ?與地理信息的關(guān)系是 什么?地理信息系

3、統(tǒng)簡稱為GIS。關(guān)于它確切的全稱，多數(shù)人認(rèn)為是GeographicalInformation System ，也有人認(rèn)為是 Geo-Information System 。不同領(lǐng)域、不同專業(yè)對 GIS 的理解不同，目前沒有完全統(tǒng)一的被普遍接受的定義：1）美國學(xué)者Parker認(rèn)為“GiSi種存貯、分析和顯示空間與非空間數(shù)據(jù)的信息技 術(shù)”。2） 加拿大的Roger Tomlinson認(rèn)為“GISi全方位分析和操作地理數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)”。3）Goodchild 把 GIS 定義為 “采集、存貯、管理、分析和顯示有關(guān)地理現(xiàn)象信息的 綜合系統(tǒng) ”。4）Burrough認(rèn)為“GIS是屬于從現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中采集、存

4、儲、提取、轉(zhuǎn)換和顯示空間數(shù) 據(jù)的一組有力的工具 ”。5）俄羅斯學(xué)者也把 GIS 定義為 “一種解決各種復(fù)雜的地理相關(guān)問題，以及具有內(nèi)部 聯(lián)系的工具集合 ”。6） 美國國家地理信息與分析中心給出的定義：“GIS為了獲取、存儲、檢索、分析 和顯示空間定位數(shù)據(jù)而建立的計(jì)算機(jī)化的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng) ”。7） 英國教育部認(rèn)為：“GIS是一種獲取、存儲、檢索、操作、分析和顯示地球空間 數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng) ”。這些定義， 有的側(cè)重于 GIS 的技術(shù)內(nèi)涵， 有的則強(qiáng)調(diào) GIS 的應(yīng)用功能。 本人傾向認(rèn) 為：地理信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該是在計(jì)算機(jī)硬、軟件系統(tǒng)支持下，對整個(gè)或部分地球表層（包括 大氣層）空間中的有關(guān)地理分布數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行

5、采集、儲存、管理、運(yùn)算、分析、顯示和描述 的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)。地理信息系統(tǒng)處理、管理的對象是多種地理空間實(shí)體數(shù)據(jù)及其關(guān)系，包括 空間定位數(shù)據(jù)、圖形數(shù)據(jù)、遙感圖像數(shù)據(jù)、屬性數(shù)據(jù)等，用于分析和處理在一定地理區(qū) 域內(nèi)分布的各種現(xiàn)象和過程， 解決復(fù)雜的規(guī)劃、 決策和管理問題。地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫可以從兩個(gè)方面來理解：一是把它看作是軟件系統(tǒng)，即“地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫管 理系統(tǒng)”；一是把它看作是地圖信息的載體數(shù)字地圖。地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫使地圖信息表現(xiàn) 為結(jié)構(gòu)化的數(shù)據(jù)集合，可以為多個(gè)部門使用，從而擴(kuò)大了其使用范圍，減少了大量的不 必要的用于重復(fù)獲取數(shù)據(jù)而消耗的人力物力；另一方面，地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫中的信息（地圖數(shù) 據(jù)）可以能以多種方式進(jìn)行處理，為不同

6、的應(yīng)用提供決策依據(jù)。地理信息系統(tǒng)與地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫的共同點(diǎn)在于： 都有地圖編輯、 輸出、 查詢、 檢索功能， 地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫也是GIS的重要組成部分，為綜合圖形和屬性進(jìn)行深層次的空間分析提供輔 助決策信息。本質(zhì)區(qū)別在于：地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫側(cè)重于數(shù)據(jù)的查詢、分類及自動符號化等，強(qiáng) 調(diào)數(shù)據(jù)顯示、 管理而非數(shù)據(jù)分析， 地理信息系統(tǒng)不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了地理空間信息的采集、 儲存、 管理，更重要的在于其空間分析功能。地理信息是有關(guān)地理實(shí)體的性質(zhì)、 特征和運(yùn)動狀態(tài)的表征和一切有用的知識， 它是對表達(dá)地 理特征與地理現(xiàn)象之間關(guān)系的地理數(shù)據(jù)的解釋。 地理數(shù)據(jù)則是各種地理特征和現(xiàn)象間關(guān)系的 符號化表示， 包括空間位置、 屬性特征及時(shí)域特征

7、三部分。 地理信息是地理信息系統(tǒng)賴以進(jìn)行空間分析的數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)和理論基礎(chǔ)2. 通過課程的學(xué)習(xí)，你對地圖投影與地圖比例尺之間的關(guān)系有什么新的認(rèn)識？一 概念闡述：（ 1）地圖投影：就是把地球橢球面上的點(diǎn)、線（即經(jīng)緯線 ）投影在平面圖紙上。它是研究把地球橢球體面上的經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)按照一定的數(shù)學(xué)法則轉(zhuǎn)繪到平面上的方法及其變形問題。 地圖 投影的方法有幾何法和解析法。幾何法是以平面、圓柱面、圓錐面為承影面，將曲面（地球 橢球面）轉(zhuǎn)繪到平面 （地圖）上的一種古老方法， 這種直觀的透視投影方法有很大的局限性。 解析法是確定球面上的地理坐標(biāo)與平面上對應(yīng)點(diǎn)的直角坐標(biāo)之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系。 將地球橢球面 上的點(diǎn)投影到平面上， 必然

8、會產(chǎn)生變形， 這是由于橢球面是一個(gè)不可展的曲面所決定的。 在 地球面上一定間隔的經(jīng)差和緯差構(gòu)成經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)， 相鄰兩條緯線件的許多網(wǎng)格具有相同的形狀和 大小。 但投影到平面后， 往往產(chǎn)生明顯的差異，這就是投影變形導(dǎo)致的。這種變形表現(xiàn)在形 狀和大小上發(fā)生了變形，實(shí)質(zhì)上，就是由投影產(chǎn)生了長度變形、面積變形、角度變形。（2）地圖的比例尺，是指地圖上某線段的長度與實(shí)地相應(yīng)線段的水平長度之比。 其表現(xiàn)形式有數(shù)字比例尺、 文字比例尺和圖解比例尺。 地圖上的比例尺又分為主比例尺和局 部比例尺。 在計(jì)算地圖投影或制作地圖時(shí)， 將地球橢球按一定比率縮小而表示在平面上， 這 個(gè)比率稱為地圖的主比例尺， 或稱普通比例尺。

9、 地圖上除保持主比例尺的點(diǎn)或線以外其他部 分的比例尺稱為局部比例尺。 局部比例尺的變化比較復(fù)雜， 它們依投影種類、 投影性質(zhì)的不 同，常常是隨著線段的方向和位置而變化的， 對于某些需要在圖上進(jìn)行量測的地圖， 便要采 用一定的方式設(shè)法表示出該圖的局部比例尺。二 兩者的關(guān)系：地圖投影的選取決定于地圖的應(yīng)用及其比例尺大小，例如,墨卡托投影適用于海圖，其面積變形隨著緯度的增高而加大， 但其方向變形很??； 橫軸墨卡托投影的面積變形隨著距中央經(jīng) 線的距離的加大而增大， 適用于制作不同的國家地圖。等角投影常用于航海圖、風(fēng)向圖、洋 流圖等。 現(xiàn)在世界各國地形圖采用此類投影比較多。 等積投影用于繪制經(jīng)濟(jì)地區(qū)圖和

10、某些自 然地圖。 對于大多數(shù)數(shù)學(xué)地圖和小比例尺普通地圖來說， 應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮等積的要求。 地理區(qū)域， 諸如國家、水域和地理分類地區(qū)（植被、人口、氣候等）相對分布范圍，顯然是十分重要的 內(nèi)容。 任意投影常用作數(shù)學(xué)地圖，以及要求沿某一主方向保持距離正確的地圖。常用作世 界地圖的投影有墨卡托投影、高爾投影、 摩爾威特投影、 等差分緯線多圓錐投影、 格靈頓投 影、桑森投影、烏爾馬耶夫投影等。3. What are the development periods, status quo and the most urgent keyproblems to be solved in GIS?Answer ：(

11、1) The development course of GIS ： The phase of GIS appearance:In 1963,Canada survey scientist R.F.Tomlinson firstly put forward the term of GIS, and builds the first GIS in the world- CGIS that is used to manage natural resources. The phase of GIS consolidation:In 1970s, Due to the effect of comput

12、er hardware and software technology development, GIS technology is developed to the practical direction. Some advanced countries successively built many professional LMIS and GIS. Meanwhile, GIS software market is very active. The government, commercial company and university began to pay attention

13、to GIS technology and GIS become a domain that attracts everyone. The phase of GIS popularization and application:In 1980s, With the improvement of ratio of capability and price of figure workstation and PC, Computers and spatial information system are widely applied. GIS application began to change

14、 from the spatial data management to spatial decision analysis with the development of GIS software and hardware. In 1990s,With the building of geography information industry and the popularization of digital information product in the world, GIS goes into a large number of households and becomes a

15、assistant and tool of people's life, study and work.Methodology of GIS design and realization;(2) Critical questions must be solved in the future: Functions of GIS;Management and operations of multi-media GIS;Deep process of geographical information in GIS;Visual and VR technology of spatial inf

16、ormation.The information islands and the information sharing problems4. How geo-spatial information describe the true world in digital form?Answer :We subdivide the true world, the earth 's surface into meaningful entities or objects that can be characterized. Each accident that happens on the t

17、rue world can be digitized. The geometrical entities of geo-spatial include several primitive types such as point, line, polygon, surface, volume and so on. The model of the earth, in this way, can be represented in a spatial database.The digital representation of geographical information is usually

18、 in two ways: vector and raster.Vector Data Structure is based on MA Mathematic Analysis, which uses point, line and arrow to describe geographical entities in a coordinate. So Vector Data Structure is in order. Concretely speaking, Vector Data Structures are based on elemental points, whose locatio

19、ns are known to arbitrary precision. Many computer graphics and computer-aided-design systems use vector-like models as their internal data organization, using primitives such as points, lines and circles.Since the geo-spatial is so complex, that vector data structure can 't represent it in deta

20、il and clearly. We think of using raster data structure.Raster data structure is based on LA Liner Math Analysis. In a raster structure, a value for the parameter of interest-elevation in meters above datum, land use class form a specified list, plant biomass in grams per square meter, and so forth

21、is developed for every cell in a array over space. This kind of data structure is intuitive, we might imagine a survey team determining elevations at regular distances along lines of constant latitude.5. Describe metadata and its types and function.Answer:When you look through a map,you may understa

22、nd something on it,no matter which country this map was made in,but you can never understand anything from a spatial data.You need a kind of data to tell you something about it,that is metadata.Till now,there is no exact definition about it,it is generally considered as such data that used to illust

23、rate other datas.To better understand metadata and use metadata,we classify it into serval types.According to its content,it is classified into three types:Scientific research metadata,which helps users to get data from all kinds of sources and other related information;Assess metadata,which is used

24、 to assess the use of data;Model metadata,used to describe the data model.According to the object it describes,it is classified into other three types:Data layer metada,to describe each data in data assembly;Attribute metadata,related to attribute data;Entity metada,to describe the whole data assemb

25、ly.According to its function in the system,it is classified into two types:system level metadata,to realize the file-system characters or to manage the data information in the file system;Application-level metadata,which helps users to search,estimate,visit and manage data as well as some other info

26、rmation related to data users.According to its function,it is classified into two types:Illustration metadata ,specially serves when users use data:Control metadata,used to control the operate process of a computer.The main function of metadata include five aspects:The first one is to help the data

27、produced unit to efficientlly manage and maintain spatial data,to establish data documentation,and to ensure the understanding of data.Second,the metadata will provide the data-produced unit with lots of information about data storage,data classification,data content,data quality,data clearing house

28、,data sale and so on,so as to be convenient for users to search and reach spatial data.The third one is to provide methods or ways of searching data through the Interner,and assitant information about data exchange and transportation.The forth one is to help users to understand data,so as to make co

29、rrect judgement about shether the data could meet their needs.The last one is to provide some information that is helpful for users to process and convert useful data.6. Illustrate the characteristics of GIS spatial Database and its basic organizing pattern.Answer :Characteristics:(1)Traditional dat

30、abase system manages discrete,low-correlative numbers and strings.Geographic information data is continuous, and has a strong spatial relevance.(2) Traditional database system manages little types of entities, and the spatial relationship among them is usually simple and fixed.The entity type of geo

31、graphic spatial data is various,among which there is a complex spatial relationship,and some new relationship may come about.(3) Traditional database system usually stores data recorded of the equal length. Geographic spatial data often includes unfixed-length record,and the data items may be large

32、and complicated,because different spatial object has different coordinate string length.(4) Traditional database system only handles and inquires information of words and numbers.Spatial database requires much spatial data operating and inquiring.Basic organizing pattern:Hybrid model:Its basic conce

33、pt is to use two sub-systems to store and search spatial data and attribute data separately.Attribute data is stored in conventional RDBMS while geometric data is stored in spatial data manage system.These two sub system are connected by a kind of totem.While searching the object,it is essential to

34、inquire the two sub systems at the same time,then combine their answers.Considering part of this hybrid model is based on standard RDBMS,storing and searching data seems to be more effective and reliable.But as the rules of the two sub systems are different from each other,the data stored outside RD

35、BMS may sometimes lose its meaning.Besides,the qualification of the integrality of data is likely to be destroyed.7. Describe metadata and its types and function.Answer:When you look through a map,you may understand something on it,no matter which country this map was made in,but you can never under

36、stand anything from a spatial data.You need a kind of data to tell you something about it,that is metadata.Till now,there is no exact definition about it,it is generally considered as such data that used to illustrate other datas.To better understand metadata and use metadata,we classify it into ser

37、val types.According to its content,it is classified into three types:Scientific research metadata,which helps users to get data from all kinds of sources and other related information;Assess metadata,which is used to assess the use of data;Model metadata,used to describe the data model.According to

38、the object it describes,it is classified into other three types:Data layer metada,to describe each data in data assembly;Attribute metadata,related to attribute data;Entity metada,to describe the whole data assembly.According to its function in the system,it is classified into two types:system level

39、 metadata,to realize the file-system characters or to manage the data information in the file system;Application-level metadata,which helps users to search,estimate,visit and manage data as well as some other information related to data users.According to its function,it is classified into two types

40、:Illustration metadata ,specially serves when users use data:Control metadata,used to control the operate process of a computer.The main function of metadata include five aspects:The first one is to help the data produced unit to efficientlly manage and maintain spatial data,to establish data documentatio