高一化學(xué)必修一化學(xué)方程式及離子方程式小結(jié) 2

1、必修一化學(xué)方程式及離子方程式小結(jié)1、硫酸根離子的檢驗(yàn):BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4+ 2NaCl SO42-+ Ba2+ = BaSO42、碳酸根離子的檢驗(yàn):CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaCl CO32-+ Ca2+錯誤!未找到引用源。CaCO33、碳酸鈉與鹽酸反應(yīng):Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + CO2CO32-+ 2H+錯誤!未找到引用源。CO2+ H2O4、木炭還原氧化銅:2CuO + C 高溫2Cu + CO25、鈉與非金屬單質(zhì)反應(yīng):4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na+O2點(diǎn)燃Na2O2Cl2 +2Na點(diǎn)燃2NaCl6

2、、鈉與水反應(yīng):2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na + 2H2O = 2Na+ + 2OH-+ H27、氧化鈉的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì):2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+H2O=2NaOH Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O 8、過氧化鈉的主要反應(yīng):2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2;2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O29、氯氣的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì): Cl2 +H22HCl (或光照 3Cl2 +2P2PCl3Cl2 +PCl3PCl53Cl2 +2Fe2FeCl3Cl2 +2Na2NaCl Cl2+

3、Cu CuCl2Cl2 +2FeCl2=2FeCl3Cl2 + 2Fe2+錯誤!未找到引用源。2Fe3+ + 2Cl-Cl2+2NaBr =Br2+2NaCl Cl2+2Br-=Br2+2Cl-Cl2 + 2KI =2KCl + I2Cl2 + 2I-= 2Cl-+ I2Cl2+H2O=HCl +HClO Cl2 + H2O = Cl-+ H+ + HClO光照2HClO 2HCl +O2Cl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HCl Cl2+ SO2 + 2H2O = 2Cl-+ SO42-+ 4H+Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O Cl2 + 2OH-= Cl-+ Cl

4、O-+ H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O 2Ca(OH2 +2Cl2=2Ca2+2ClO-+2Cl -+2H2O Ca(ClO2+CO2+H2O=CaCO3+2HClO Ca2+2ClO-+CO2+H2O =CaCO3+2HClO 10、鐵及其化合物的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì):2Fe + 3Cl2點(diǎn)燃2FeCl33Fe + 2O2點(diǎn)燃Fe3O4 Fe +SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g高溫Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+2H+ = Fe2+ + H2Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu Fe + Cu2+ = Fe2+ + Cu4Fe(OH

5、2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4 Fe(OH32Fe(OH32O3+3H2O2FeCl2 + Cl2=2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2FeCl3 + 3KSCN = Fe(SCN3 + 3KCl Fe3+ + 3SCN-= Fe(SCN3(紅色溶液Fe + 2Fe3+ = 3Fe2+2Fe3+ + Cu = 2Fe2+ + Cu2+Fe3+ + 3OH-= Fe(OH311、碳及其化合物的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì):2C+O2(少量點(diǎn)燃2CO C+O2(足量點(diǎn)燃CO2C+CO22COC+H2O高溫CO+H2(生成水煤氣C+2H2SO4(濃2+2SO2

6、+2H2OC +4HNO3(濃CO2+4NO2+2H2O2CO+O2點(diǎn)燃2CO2 CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O3高溫2Fe+3CO2CO2+Ca(OH2(過量=CaCO3+H2O Ca2+ + 2OH-+ CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O2CO2(過量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO32CO2 + OH-= HCO3-CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2O=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制堿法12、氮?dú)?、氨氣及硝酸的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì): 2NH3N2+O22NO 2NO+O2=2NO2N2+3H2催化劑高溫高壓4NO+6H2O NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白煙3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO

7、4NH3+5O2催化劑NH 3 + H2O NH3·H2O NH4+ + OH-NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl + Ca(OH22 + NH3+ H2O NH4+ + OH-NH3+ H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O4HNO3(濃+C CO2+4NO2+2H2O4HNO3+Cu=Cu(NO32+2NO2+2H22NO3-+ Cu + 4H+ = Cu2+ + 2NO2+ 2H2O8HNO3+3Cu=3Cu(NO32+2NO+4H2O 2NO3-+ 3Cu + 8H+ = 3Cu2+ 2NO+ 4H2O 13、硫及其化合物的化學(xué)性質(zhì):S

8、+H2H2S S+FeFeS S+2CuCu2S S+O2點(diǎn)燃SO2 3S+6NaOH2S+Na2SO3+3H2O 3S + 6OH-2S2-+ SO32-+ 3H2OSO2 + 2H2S=3S+2H2O SO2+H2O=H2SO32NaOH+SO2(少量=Na2SO3+H2O SO2 + 2OH-錯誤!未找到引用源。SO32-+ H2O NaOH+SO2(足量=NaHSO3SO2 + OH-= HSO3-2SO32SO2+O2催化劑加熱2H2SO4(濃+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2ONa2SO3+H2SO4 = Na2SO4+ SO2+ H2O

9、 SO32-+ 2H+ = SO2+ H2O14、鋁及其化合物主要化學(xué)性質(zhì):4Al+3O2點(diǎn)燃2Al2O3(純氧 2Al+Fe2O3高溫Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H22Al + 6H+ = 2Al3+ + 3H22Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2或2Al+2NaOH+6H2O=2NaAl(OH4+3H22Al+2OH+6H2O=2Al(OH4+3H2Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O Al2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2 +H2O Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2O 2Al2O3(

10、熔融3O2 + 4Al 2Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O Al(OH3+3H+=Al3+3H2OAl(OH3+NaOH=NaAlO2 +2H2O Al(OH3+OH=2AlO2+H2OAlCl3+3NaOH=A l(O H3+3NaCl Al3+ + 3OH-= Al(OH3AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH3+3NH4Cl Al3+ + 3NH3.H2O = Al(OH3+ 3NH4+AlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3+3CO2Al3+ + 3HCO3-= Al(OH3 + 3CO215、硅及其化合物主要化學(xué)性質(zhì):Si(粗+

11、2Cl24SiCl4+2H2Si(純+4HCl Si(粉+O2SiO2Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2Si + 2OH-+ H2O = SiO32-+ 2H22C+SiO2Si+2CO (制得粗硅4HF+SiO2=SiF4 +2H2O SiO2+CaO高溫CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O (常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃SiO2+Na2CO3高溫Na2SiO3+CO2 SiO2+CaCO3高溫CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O SiO2 + 2OH-= SiO32-+ H2ONa2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O = H2SiO3+

12、 Na2CO3SiO32-+ CO2 + H2O = H2SiO3+ CO32-16、鎂、銅等單質(zhì)及化合物的性質(zhì):2Mg+O2點(diǎn)燃2MgO Mg + 2H2O 2Mg(OH2+ H2Mg + Cl2點(diǎn)燃MgCl22Mg +CO2點(diǎn)燃2MgO+CMg + H2SO4=MgSO4 + H2Mg + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2MgO + 2HCl = MgCl2 +H2O MgO + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2OMg(OH2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 +2H2O Mg(OH2 + 2H+ = Mg2+ + 2H2OMgCl2+2NaOH=Mg(OH2+2NaCl Mg2+ + 2OH-= Mg(OH2 2Cu +O22CuO 2Cu +S Cu2S Cu+ Cl2CuCl2CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O CuO + 2H