芝加哥論文格式（課堂PPT）

1、12 總體介紹 論文格式的三大流行范式，關(guān)于英文學(xué)界論文的格式，目前被國際學(xué)術(shù)界廣泛接受的主要有三種： 芝加哥論文格式（Chicago Manual Style，CMS） 美國心理學(xué)會論文格式（American Psychological Association，APA） 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)會論文格式（Modern Language Association，MLA）3歷史淵源 CMS論文格式源于芝加哥大學(xué)出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style，經(jīng)過100多年的增補、修訂、CMS確立了學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作格式的權(quán)威地位。 The Chicago Manual of Style目前已出至第十五版，書中的

2、“格式指南”部分詳細說明撰寫論文時需要注意的細節(jié)，包括標(biāo)點符號、人名和數(shù)字的寫法、縮寫、以及注釋和書目的編制方法等，是撰寫論文時，編寫注釋和參考書目之必要參考。4This section provides note forms for a wide range of sources,from books and articles to electronic media, based on The ChicagoManual of Style,15th edition,2003.Because types of sources are proliferating rapidly, you may

3、 use one that is not mentioned here. In this case, you should look at the closestalternative and construct your own entry according to the basic principlesof Chicago Manual format.5Footnotes and Endnotes腳注和尾注腳注和尾注 The citation of a source in the note-bibliography system is indicated in the text with

4、 a superscript (raised) number, which refers to a note providing information about the source.The notesWhen they appear at the bottom of the pagefootnotesWhen they are collected in a section at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire paperendnotes6Designation of Notes in the TextA note i

5、s indicated in the text by a raised arabic numeral. The superscript number should be raise one-half space (not a full space) above the line and should be placed directly after the material (without a space) to which the note refers. The best placement of the number is at the end of a sentence.The nu

6、mber follows all punctuation except the dash, and it should not be italicized, circled, or followed by a period.The following examples demonstrate correct and incorrectplacement of superscript numbers.7Robert Heilbroner explains that “the profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man.1”Ro

7、bert Heilbroner explains that “the profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man.”18Robert Heilbroner1 explains that “the profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man. ”“The profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man,” according to Robert Heilbroner.19“The profit

8、 motive as we know it is only as old as modern man. ”-1 ancient civilizations would have found this principle alien.“The profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man”1-ancient civilizations would have found this principle alien.10“ The profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern

9、 man”:1 ancient civilizations wouldhave found this principle alien.Both footnotes and endnotes are usually numbered consecutively within a chapter, starting with number one in each new chapter. Some institutions, however, recommend numbering notes throughout the entire thesis.11example1213First Refe

10、rence and Subsequent Reference 首次引用首次引用和和后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用 The first time you cite a source in the notes, give a complete entry in the correct format for the bibliographical style you are using throughout the paper.For a book A complete entry includes the following information (if applicable): complete name

11、of the authortitle of the bookname of the editor, compiler, or translatoredition (other than first)number of volumes or the individual volume numberseries and numbercity and state of publication; publisherdate of publicationpage number (s)14 Leonard Shatzkin, In Cold Type: Overcoming the BookCrisis

12、(Boston: Houghton, 1982), plete name of the authortitle of the bookcity and state of publicationdate of publicationpage number (s)15Benjamin Woolley,Virtual Worlds: A Journey in Hype and Hyperreality(Cambridge: Blackwell,1992),100.A:B:C：D:16First Reference and Subsequent Reference 首次引用首次引用和和后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用

13、 The first time you cite a source in the notes, give a complete entry in the correct format for the bibliographical style you are using throughout the paper.For a articlein a periodical A complete entry includes the following information (if applicable): complete name of the author (if provided)titl

14、e of the articlename of the periodicalvolume and number of the issuedatepage number (s)17 C. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no.28 (1979): plete name of the author (if provided)title of the articlename of the periodic

15、alnumber of the issuedatepage number (s)18 After the first complete reference note, use a shortened format for subsequent references to the same work. In most cases, the last name of the author and the page number serve to identify the work. Subsequent reference notes should provide enough informati

16、on to allow the reader to locate the original note or the bibliography entry, but they should be no longer than necessary.Subsequent Reference 后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用19 Leonard Shatzkin, In Cold Type: Overcoming the BookCrisis (Boston: Houghton, 1982), 45.Shatzkin, 45.20 When more than one work by an author is cit

17、ed, each subsequent reference must include not only the name of the author, but also the title of the article or book (shortened when the title is long). 后續(xù)引用中的后續(xù)引用中的一人多著作一人多著作首次引用文獻首次引用文獻 Vaclav Havel, Keeping the Faith: Summer Meditations (New York: Knopf, 1990), 15. Vaclav Havel, Living in Truth

18、(New York: Knopf, 1987), 43.后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用Havel, Keeping the Faith, 43.Havel, Living in Truth, 72.21 For a work with multiple authors, give the last names of up to three authors. When a work has four or more authors, give the name of the first author followed by et al.后續(xù)引用中后續(xù)引用中的多人合著的多人合著首次引用文獻首次引用文獻 Clea

19、nth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, ModernRhetoric, 4th ed. (New York: Harcourt, 1979), 56.后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用Brooks and Warren, 89.Lauer et al., 80. Janice M. Lauer et al., Four Worlds of Writing (NewYork: Harper, 1981), 77.22 When you have more than one author with the same lastname, include first names or in

20、itials in subsequent references.同姓作者同姓作者首次引用文獻首次引用文獻 Helen C. White, The Mysticism of William Blake (New York: Russell, 1964), 75.后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用Helen C. White, 77.E. B. White. 95. E. B. White, Charlottes Web (New York: Harper,1952), 67.23 Some works have the name of an editor, compiler, or translator in p

21、lace of the name of an author. In subsequent references, you should list the name or names of the editor, compiler, or translator without the accompanying abbreviation (ed., comp., or trans.), which should appear in the bibliography.僅署編者或僅署編者或譯者名的著作譯者名的著作首次引用文獻首次引用文獻后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用Brandon， 17. Henry Brando

22、n, ed., In Search of a New World Order: The future of U.S.- European Relations (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1992), 231.24 If a multivolume work has one general title, each subsequentcitation must include the volume number.多卷本著作多卷本著作首次引用文獻首次引用文獻后續(xù)引用后續(xù)引用Rad, 1:76. Gerhard von Rad, Old Testament Theolog

23、y, trans. D.M. G. Stalker, 2 vols. (New York: Harper, 1962-65)(This citation refers to material in volume 1, on page 76).25Magazines月刊文章基本形式月刊文章基本形式（附署名）（附署名） Daniel Kleppner, “About Benjamin Thompson,” PhysicsToday, September 1992, 9.周刊文章基本形式周刊文章基本形式 “The Bard of Betrayal,” Observer Magazine, September27, 1992, 44-46. p17826Newspapers基本形式基本形式 Pamela Mercer, “U.S Venture Bets on Colombian Coal,”New York Times, July 27, 1995, D7.社論社論 “Potomac Yard Decision,” ed