第三講代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞(DOC)

1、2012初三英語語法講義（三）代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞（教師）一、代詞1定義：為避免重復(fù)而用來代替前文提到的名詞的詞2分類：共類，分別為人稱代詞（主格和賓格）、物主代詞（ 形容詞性和名詞性）、反 身代詞（-self）、指示代詞（this, that, these, those疑問代詞（wh-）,不定代詞（some,any及其與 thi ng , body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞等等），相互代詞 （each other, one an other）和關(guān)系代詞。3人稱代詞的重難點：1）不同人稱代詞的順序問題a単數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語和賓語時，其順序為：you, he/she and I:you ,him/her

2、and me （賓格）b. 復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語和賓語時，其順序為：we,vou and they：（主格）；us, you and them注意：在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。a. 在承認(rèn)錯誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時。It was I and John that made her angry.（我和約翰）b. 在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱。I and you try to finish it.（我和你）2）it的特別用法a. 作形式主語或賓語It s n ecessary to buy that dicti on ary.I consider it_ important to ask

3、 the teacher.（不用 that）b. it表示時間，天氣，季節(jié)，距離，還可以指代上文內(nèi)容。It rains all the year.Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterday.也 was of great in terest.3）人稱代詞單獨使用時，常用賓格而不是主格。-Id like to stay here for ano ther week.- Me too. （I）4. 物主代詞的重難點：1）形容詞性物主代詞起 形容詞作用，后面一定要有（有/沒有）名詞；名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞，后面一定沒有（有/沒有）名詞。比較：這本書是我的。Th

4、is is my book. This book is mine.2）物主代詞不可與 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such,an other, which等詞一起前置修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。3）雙重所有格（a friend of mine的用法）公式為：a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞e.g. How many friends of yours （你的多少朋友）will come to the party?5. 反身代詞的重難點：

5、1）可作賓語、同位語、表語等，但不能單獨作主語。判斷正誤：Myself drive the car.（F）_I myself drive the car. （T）2）當(dāng)賓語代詞與主語指同一人時，賓語要用反身代詞。You should be proud of yourself （you）比較：Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）Mary saw her in the mirror.（she）（看到另外一人）3）on eself 親自（做），相當(dāng)于 perso nally, in person : by on eself 獨自（做），相當(dāng)于 al

6、o ne 或獨立做； for on eself 獨立（做 ），自己動手做，相當(dāng)于 without bei ng helped或者 為自己”b. You should go to see him yourself （you） 你應(yīng)該親自去見他。He likes to take a walk by himself （he）他喜歡獨自一人去散步。You should work out problem for yourself, (you)你應(yīng)該獨立解決這個問題。4) teach on eself 自學(xué)enjoy on eself 過得愉快dress on eself 自己穿衣服can t help

7、on eself 情不自禁help on eself to 隨便吃 / 請自便talk / speak to on eself 自言自語6. 指示代詞的重難點：1) this, theset指時間，空間離說話者較近人或物;that, those常指時間，空間離說話者較遠(yuǎn)人 或物。2) that, those用來代替前面說過的事物以免重復(fù)。The weather in Wuha n is much colder tha n that in Guan gzhou in win ter.(用 this/that 填空)The radios made in Guan gzhou are better

8、tha n thosemade in Chan gch un.3) that有時可代替句子或句中的一部分。He was ill. That s why he didn t come.7. 疑問代詞who/whomWho put the light out before I fini shed my work?Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?With whom did you go to the con cert?8. 不定代詞的重難點：1) 包括 all, both, each, either, neit

9、her, more, little, few, much, many, *another, *other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one 以及 someth ing, anything, everyth ing, somebody, some one, an ybody, anyone, no thi ng , n obody, no one, none, everybody, every one.2) 以上既可起名詞作用也可用作形容詞，但標(biāo)*的除外，他們只能作定語；以及”后面的只能起名詞作用。3) all VS both: all指三者及三者以上；b

10、oth指兩者。a. all的主謂一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。All goes (go) well.All of the stude nts come (come).b. both 一般修飾可數(shù)名詞(兩者)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)Both Mary and Mike are students. (be)We both can speak En glish. (speak)We are both students.位置在名詞前亠行為動詞 前，be動詞之后。(前/后)4) either VS neither: either指兩者中任意一個;neither指兩者中沒有一個，全否定。a.

11、 作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)，但有時復(fù)數(shù)也可以。Either of the films is/are good. Neither of the films is/are good.b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用。Either film is good.Neither film is good.c. 可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。She cant sing, neither (can) he.5) neither VS nora. 如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。 e.g. If you dont do it , neither should I. (neither/nor)b. 如同一個人不做

12、不同的事用nor, 不用 neither。 e.g. He cant sing, nor dance, nor skate.6) no one VS none:No one 一般指人，其后不能加of短語；none既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短語。No one常用來回答who的提問；none常用來回答how many/ much的提問。 -Who told you the news? - No one. I read the newspaper. (no one/ none) -How much money have you got on you? - None.a. none of表示若干人

13、(物)中一個也不，謂語動詞可單可復(fù)。b. 在答語中 none可單獨使用。e.g. -Are there any pictures on the wall?-None.7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指與前面的名詞同類的另一事物，既同名異物；that, it表示特指。皿與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it與所指名詞為同一個。11e.g. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) (one/ that/ it) The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同

14、個 )I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put8) some VS anya. some也可與單數(shù)名詞連用，意為某一it.(同一物)(=a certain) e.g. You will be sorry for thissomeday.b. any可用于肯定句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three no vels. You may read any.c. some用于肯定疑問句中：說話人認(rèn)為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。Would you like 句式中，表委婉請求或建議，如：Would you like some

15、 coffee?9) one/ ano ther/ the other / others:onethe othe只有兩個 somethe other有三個以上others = other people/th in gs;the others = the rest 剩余的全咅 Banother泛指另一個a. 定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物)，一個用one,另一個用the other。b. 定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個用one,另一個用one (another)，第三個可用the other, a third。c. 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物some,剩余的全部用the others。10) a few, little

16、, a few, a little:(a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, little + 不可數(shù)名詞;a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點；few / little 為否定含義,巫有多少了。固定搭酉己： only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=ma ny)*ma ny a (=ma ny)Gen erally, a mild, sunny climate, with little rai n.11) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時，要放在不定代詞后面。I have nothing important to deal with no

17、w.( 沒有什么重要的 )二、介詞1. 當(dāng)介詞后直接跟動詞時，動詞用ing形式。They are frightened of going into the area.2. 意義相近的介詞的區(qū)別：1) in, after, latera. in表從現(xiàn)在開始一段時間以后，往往和一般將來時肯定句連用e.g.He ll reach hern twodays.b. after表以過去的某一時間為起點，過之后”，其后既可接時間點，又可接時段。但是，如果after用于一般將來時，那么其后應(yīng)接時間點。He left there after two oclock that after noon.They sta

18、rted to go aga in after two days I think hell come here after three oclock.c. later指以后”、后來”，可以指過去，也可指將來，是副詞，常常放在時間段的名詞 之后。Three days later he got to Beiji ng.2) at, in, on表示時間的區(qū)別a. at 用于表示時刻、時間的某一點。e.g. at noon, at prese nt, at Christmasb. _in用于表示周、月、季節(jié)、年，泛指的上午、下午、晚上。c. _on表示具體的節(jié)日、幾月幾號、星期幾。on Teache

19、rs Day, on Tuesday morningd. 注意：泛指一般的上午(下午)時用in，但特指某日的上午(下午)時用on。e.g. on a cold ni ghte. 在 this, last, n ext, every 等詞前面不能再加介詞this mornin g, last Friday, n ext Sun day3) in, by , with 表示 用”a. jwilh表 用工具”后面的名詞，要加上冠詞或代詞。b. in表用材料”后面加物質(zhì)名詞，不能加冠詞。c. by表用手段”后面用名詞單數(shù)，不能加冠詞。She always goes to school _by_ bik

20、e.The guard cut one boot open with a knife.He writes _in black ink.4）表示排除包括”的介詞初中階段 表示 排除的介詞：but, expect, expect for.表示 包括的介詞：besides.besides除還，計算在內(nèi)；except除之外，不計算在內(nèi).I like English, math, Chinese besidesP.E.除了體育，我還喜歡英語，數(shù)學(xué)和語文。We are all Chinese exceptTom in our class.除了 Tom，我們都是中國人。5）表示地點，方位的介詞： on, o

21、ver, under, above, belowa. on表示在某物面上，與此物接觸。e.g. There are two maps on the wall.b. over表示在某物正上方，與此物不接觸或橫在某物上或覆蓋在某物上；un der在正下方，是ove啲反義詞。There is a light over Li Ming. There is a ball under the table.c. above意為 在上，強(qiáng)調(diào) 高于；below是above的反義詞。也指溫度，海拔。We were flying above the clouds.Part of the Netherla nds i

22、s below the level of the sea.6）by, un til （till）a. by在前（時間）；截至（到）一般和完成時連用，不可作連詞How many English books had you read by the end of last yea?b. until （till）直到為止（時間）可與多個時態(tài)連用，既可以作介詞，也可以作連詞，until和till可以通用，till 一般不用于句首。在肯定句中，表示做某事直到時間為止”，要用延續(xù)性動詞；在否定句中，表示直到才”，可用瞬間動詞。Eg. Noth ing happe ned until 5 oclock.（作介

23、詞）The street is full of traffic from morni ng _till ni ght.（作介詞）Con ti nue in this directi on until you see a sig n.（作連詞）I wont stop shouting until you let me go.（作連詞）They went to other tow ns and waited until the water level fell aga in.（作連詞）7）某些介詞的省略be busy （in） doing sth.have difficulty/ trouble

24、doing （in） sth.（in） this/ that wayspend （n） doing sth.have a good time （in） doing sth.waste （i n） doing sth.There is no use/good （in） doing sth.三、連詞1. 定義：連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子的詞2. 分類：從連詞本身的含意及其所連接的成分的性質(zhì)來看，可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。1) 常用來并列同類性質(zhì)的詞與詞、短語與短語或分句與分句的并列連詞and, or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, b

25、othand2) 引導(dǎo)從句的連詞叫做從屬連詞，分連接代詞和連接副詞兩種。3. 重難點：1) or在非否定句中表或者”，在否定句中代替ande.g. Are you a teacher or a student? I don t like readingwriting.2) 當(dāng)either.or., neither.nor, not only., but also.并列主語時，謂語動詞與最靠近的主語在人 稱和數(shù)方面保持一致，即 就近原則。Either his parents or he himself is (be) at home now.Neither my classmates nor I

26、 _am (be) reading now.Not only her friends but also Lucy was (be) here yesterday.3) 當(dāng)連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞與as well as前面的主語一致；謂語動詞與notonlybut also 與后面的主語一致。My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy classical music.Not only my pare nts but also my elder sister enjoys classical music.4）that用于引導(dǎo) 陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化而來的賓語從句

27、，可以（可以/不可以？）省去。She says that she likes watch ing TV very much.5）because和so不能同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子； though /although不能和but連用。6）if, whether連接由一般疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化過來的賓語從句。They are won deri ng if they can get the money back.四、冠詞：定冠詞the，不定冠詞a, an1要用the的特別情況:1) 兩人或物進(jìn)行比較時特定的比較級前。He is the taller of the two children in his family.2

28、) only, very, same 修飾名詞時。Thats the very thi ngve bee n look ing for.3) 用在形容詞、動名詞、過去分詞前表示一類人或物或某種抽象概念。the rich (poor, old, young, sick, dead, new, blind, wounded); the true; the living ;the dying; the un expected; the unknown;4) 用在單數(shù)名詞前表示某一類人或事物。The whale is in dan ger of beco ming ext inct.5) 慣用語：th

29、e day after tomorrow,in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the Atla ntic;the Alps; the Yellow sea;the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the dark, in the rain,in the dista nee,in the end, on the whole (大體上，基本上)，6)用在海洋、河流、山脈、群島、某些國名等名詞前。7）用在某些組織機(jī)構(gòu)、報刊、雜志、學(xué)校、歷史朝代、三軍、船只、飛機(jī)等名詞前。in the sky

30、(water，field， country),in the middle (of),by the way The World Trade Cen ter, the Empire State Buildi ng,the People s Daily, the Times, the University of Beijing ( 但Beijing University), the Intern ati onal Climate Conference, the YHA,8）用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人，夫婦倆”。The Greens are watching TV. （Green 全家）2.要用

31、不定冠詞的特別情況:1 ）用在可數(shù)名詞前，泛指人、事或物的類別，相當(dāng)于any。e.g. A child needs love.2） 用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前，表示一陣、一份、一類、一場等e.g. I d like anccsHm.3） 用在姓名前或+姓氏前，表示某一個，某位”有不肯定的意味；也可表示一位”指某家庭成 員。 A_Mr Thoms on wan ted to see you.4）與序數(shù)詞用表再一,又一”She has called on the preside nt a third time but has n t see n him yet.5）要用不定冠詞的慣用短語：in a way

32、;have a try;make a livi ng;take an in terest in;lend a hand;for a while;in a hurry;in a word;take a rest/bath/walk3. 有些詞組中有無冠詞含義是不同的，比較：in hospital住院in the hospital在醫(yī)院（參觀或工作）at table在吃飯by day 白天at the table在桌子旁by the day 按 日計算take place 發(fā)生in future 今后take the place of 取代in the future 將來go to church

33、/ college/ prison /school 做禮拜 / 上大學(xué) / 坐牢/上學(xué) go to the church/ college / prison /school 至U教堂去/至U大學(xué)去/至U監(jiān)獄去/至U學(xué)校去4.表示某一類事物的方法。Cats are loved by many people. The cat can catch the mouse.第二講 代詞、鞏固練習(xí)介詞、連詞、冠詞（教師）I.選擇(C )1. Onlykn ow it.A. I and heB. he and you C. he and I D. I and you(D ) 2. The price of a

34、 watch is higher tha nof a pen.A. itB. priceC. anyD. that(D ) 3. -Do you like these computers? No, I don t like.A. all themB. them all C. someD. any(C ) 4. -Look, who is coming? -must be our En glish teacher.A. SheB. He C. ItD. This(B ) 5. -How many policeme n did you see? -.A No oneB. NoneC. Not ma

35、ny ones D. No many(D ) 6. He ran too fast forto catch up with.A. everybody B. somebodyC. n obodyD. an ybody(A ) 7. -Mum, do we havemeat in the fridge? - No, we haveleft.A. eno ugh, little B. lots of, anyC. much, many D. a few, few(B ) 8. If you drove more carefully, your uncle would be all right and

36、 you would nhurt.A. youB. yourself C. yoursD. yourselves(B ) 9. -When shall we meet next time, next Wednesday or Thursday? -day is OK.A. AnyB. Either C. Every D. Some(D ) 10. Here is a seat for.A. both usB. us both C. both of usD. B and C(B ) 11. -Which of your parents is a doctor? -. They reteacher

37、s.A. Neither, allB. Neither, both C. None, all D. None, both(B ) 12. The moon light is coming inthe win dow and the room seems quiet andbeautiful.A. acrossB. through C. overD. past(B ) 13. You can study the grammarmemoriz ing it.A. withB. byC. inD. on(A ) 14. In the UK, smoki ng kills about 114,000

38、people each year, 300 people die every day because of smok ing, andthem many are young smokers.A. amongB. betwee nC. fromD. i n(D ) 15. It was a great day but we did not enjoy itthe beg inning.A. onB. forC. withD. at(C ) 16. Many sportsme n are gett ing readythe 2008 Beiji ng Olympic Games.A. toB. w

39、ithC. forD. on(C ) 17. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip?.A. In three days .B. After three days.C. In three days time. D. Three days later.(A ) 18. He went to Shanghai September, 1991 and came back a coldmorning last year.A. in; onB. on; inC. on; onD. in; in(C ) 19.I hear you have got a tick

40、et the Opening Ceremony of the BeijingOlympics.Yes, I got it my uncle.A. of, fromB. to, byC. to, fromD. or, to(D ) 20. Tom sat the classroom, looking at the old trees theclassroom.A. behind, in the front ofB. at the back of, in the front ofC. behind, in front ofD. at the back of, in front of(A ) 21.

41、 I dont like to sit Toms right. I would like to sit the back row.A. on; inB. in; onC. on; atD. at; on( B ) 22. Children get gifts Christmas and their birthdays.A. on, onB. at, on C. in, in D. in, on(D ) 23.How do you like the two pairs of shoes?They don t fit me well. They are too big too small.A. n

42、ot only; but also B. both; and C. neither; norD. either; or(C ) 24. -What do you think of the book about Harry Potter? -I like it very much. It s interesting exciting.A. neither, norB. not, butC. not only, but alsoD. either, or(C ) 25. Mary got up late this morning, she didn catch the first bust .A.

43、 becauseB. for C. soD. or(B ) 26. -It s a long story, but there are few new words in-Git.ood! it will be hardfor children.A. SoB. Or C. ButD. And(C ) 27. I hardly knew anything about it you told me.A. sinceB. after C. until D. when( C) 28. What s wrong with my son, doctor? serious. Just a slight cold.A. SomethingB. AnythingC. Nothing D. Everything(A ) 29. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with .A. the other B. another C. others D. other ( B) 30. - Can I get you a drink?That s very n