風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)英語(第一二課翻譯)

1、The practice and theory of Landscape Architecture景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)理論【1】Landscape Architecture involves the five major components:They are natural process，human factors， methodology， technology， and values， whatever the scale or emphasis ofoperation， these five components are consistently relevant.Social and na

2、ture factors clearlypermeate every facet of a profession that is concerned with people and land. Problem solving，planning， and design methods apply at all scales.Good judgment is consistently required.風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)包含五個主要方面:自然進(jìn)程、社會進(jìn)程、方法論、技術(shù)、價值觀無論規(guī)模尺度或運(yùn)作的重點(diǎn)各不相同這五個要素一貫是相關(guān)的。社會因素和自然因素的因子充斥著這個關(guān)系到人與土地的領(lǐng)域的方方面面。解決問

3、題規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)方法都會用到所有的尺度。正確的判斷判斷是一貫必須的。【2】Consider how natural factors data are relevant to both planning and design.At the regionalscale， the impact of development or change in use on a landscape must be known andevaluated before a policy to allow such action is set.An inventory of the natural factors，inc

4、luding geology， soils， hydrology， topography， climate， vegetation and wildlife， andthe ecological relationships between them is fundamental to and understanding of the ecosystemto which change is contemplated.Equally important is an analysis of visual quality .Land usepolicy can thus be made on the

5、basis of the known vulnerability of resistance of the landscape.Inother circumstances the natural processes which add up to a given landscape at a give moment inits evolution may， as at Grand Canyon and other unique places， be considered a resource to bepreserved， protected， and managed as a public

6、trust.On a smaller scale， soil and geologicalconditions may be critical in the determination of the cost and the form of building foundations:where it is most suitable to build and where it is not.Sun， wind， and rain are important factorsof design where the development of comfort zones for human act

7、ivity or the growth of plants is aprimary objective.Thus，in many ways natural factors influence land use， site planning， anddetailer design.自然因素的考慮與規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)都有關(guān)系。在區(qū)域尺度上，關(guān)于利用方面的開發(fā)變化的影響，在政策制定之前，必須了解和評估景觀的脆弱性和敏感性。詳細(xì)的自然因素包括地質(zhì)的、土壤的、水文的、地形地貌的、氣候的、植被的和野生動物的、以及它們之間的生態(tài)關(guān)系是理解它將要改變的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。 同樣重要的是視覺質(zhì)量的分析。 土地利用政策的基礎(chǔ)

8、是由于了解到景觀的脆弱性和抗損性的基礎(chǔ)上建立的。 在某些發(fā)展進(jìn)化的過程中， 一些在特定的時刻作用到特定的景觀的自然進(jìn)程會產(chǎn)生一些公共資源比如科羅拉多大峽谷，讓我們后人去保護(hù)它和管理它。 在小尺度上，土壤和地質(zhì)條件是決定建筑的成本和建筑基礎(chǔ)形態(tài)的關(guān)鍵要素哪里適宜建立以及哪里不適宜。 設(shè)計(jì)是為人類發(fā)展活動找到適宜的空間或者以植物的生長為主要目標(biāo)，因此，陽光風(fēng)和雨是設(shè)計(jì)最重要的要素。因此場地和區(qū)域的自然要素在景觀規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的許多過程當(dāng)中相互作用?！?】The social factors apply equally at various scales.In site planning and lan

9、dscape design，cultural variation in the use and appreciation of open space and parks and the physical and socialneeds of the young and old are some of the many variables to be considered in a design processthat aims to be responsive to social values and human needs.In decisions relates to appropriat

10、ionof landscape for recreation and aesthetic value peoples perception of the environment and thebehavioral patterns understand the impact of environment on behavior and also appreciate thebasic human need to manipulate and control the environment.社會因素也同樣應(yīng)用在不同尺度上。在場地規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中，對開放空間和公園使用和喜好上的文化差異和年輕人與老年人的

11、生理和社會需求，是以創(chuàng)造社會價值和滿足人們需求為目的的設(shè)計(jì)過程中需要考慮的眾多因素當(dāng)中的一部分。為了游憩或者景觀價值而投資的決策價值和人的行為模式是息息相關(guān)的，設(shè)計(jì)師必須了解環(huán)境對人類行為的影響，同時還要意識到人類對于操縱和控制環(huán)境的最基本的人類需求，這兩點(diǎn)是非常重要的。【4】Technology is the means by which a design is implemented or on which a policydepends.Some of it changes year by year as new materials， machinery， and techniques

12、aredeveloped.Specific areas of technology include plants， planting and ecological succession， soilscience， hydrology and sewage treatment， microclimate control， surface drainage， erosioncontrol， hard surfaces， and maintenance.工業(yè)技術(shù)是技術(shù)得以實(shí)施或政策得以指定的基礎(chǔ)，隨著每年材料、機(jī)器、技術(shù)的提高，它們在三種景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中的作用是清楚的。具體的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域包括植物栽培和生

13、態(tài)進(jìn)程、土壤科學(xué)、水文、污水處理、小氣候控制、地表排水、侵蝕控制、道路鋪裝和維護(hù)保養(yǎng)?！?】設(shè)計(jì)方法的使用是一個過程，在這個過程中，所有相關(guān)的要素和變量都得到了評價，并且對解決問題的過程產(chǎn)生影響。在這個過程中，制圖技術(shù)、分析技術(shù)和標(biāo)識系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮了重要作用。有一個由霍普林提出來的針對創(chuàng)新過程的評價方法值得推薦，他指出像在音樂和舞蹈比賽中使用的打分法一樣，使得設(shè)計(jì)過程更加公開化、可視化。這種方法能允許更多的人參與到設(shè)計(jì)和政策制定的過程中，并且使大尺度的復(fù)雜環(huán)境的設(shè)計(jì)形成更多新的方法，使設(shè)計(jì)方案更加人性化。【6】把上述五大要素結(jié)合起來的目的是為了搭建一個基礎(chǔ)，使得在這個基礎(chǔ)上編制的規(guī)劃方案和詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)方

14、案，能夠滿足人們的行為方式，并適應(yīng)環(huán)境的條件特征。因?yàn)檫@兩者（行為方式和環(huán)境特征）是會隨著文化區(qū)域和鄰里關(guān)系而產(chǎn)生差異的，所以不可能有一勞永逸的設(shè)計(jì)方案。在復(fù)雜問題的判斷中，對于自然和社會的分析是關(guān)鍵的。從而編制出一個合適的設(shè)計(jì)形態(tài)和平面關(guān)系?！?】 的 設(shè)計(jì) 過程可以比作創(chuàng)造了設(shè)計(jì)上最偉大景觀的原始造型過程，（設(shè)計(jì)的目的是為了讓形態(tài)的發(fā)展及它們之間的相互關(guān)系更符合人們的需求，）山脊與山谷，充滿水的盆地，山峰都反映了地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)和外力侵蝕的相互作用，我們現(xiàn)在看見的地表形態(tài)是無機(jī)物在強(qiáng)加于它之上的外界風(fēng)化作用的結(jié)果。從南坡到北坡，從草地到高原，從山谷到亂石堆的植被覆蓋的差異是由于景觀分異造成的不同環(huán)

15、境條件的反映，生物的分布也是受到植被的類型和它的分布的影響，任何結(jié)果都是有原因的。 所有都不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的落入到一個持續(xù)的發(fā)展的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。它反映在某個時期特定的時段，自然力和自然過程的意志。這種潛在的、改變地形的強(qiáng)大力量和絕心，正是景觀規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)師追求的目標(biāo)。ON GARDEN說園【1】The best gardens are much more than an assortment of beautiful plants.Successful gardensgenerally represent a careful Integration of diverse elements ， rangi

16、ng from the purelyornamental to the strictly functional. Paths， pools， planters， trellises， arbors， fountains，and fences can contribute enormously to the creation of an exciting and harmonious garden.Thesame attention one bring to decorating a home and making it “l(fā)ivable” can be used to make agarden

17、 a pleasant place to find Privacy， to meditate， and to escape the pressures of afast-moving， machine-oriented world.最好的園林不僅是一個各式各樣美麗植物的集合。 成功的園林通常代表一個不同元素的精心整合從純觀賞性的到有實(shí)際功能的。小徑、水池、花槽、棚架、涼亭，噴泉以及柵欄可以為創(chuàng)造一個令人愉悅興奮、心曠神怡的花園起到重要作用。同樣引起重視的是裝修一個家并使之“適宜居住”可以創(chuàng)造一個花園，它是一個找到個人生活并令人愉快的地方冥想逃避移動迅速和面向機(jī)器的世界帶來的的壓力?！?】Its

18、 a fact that man-made garden accents establish the “style” of a garden moredefinitively than plants alone .Period gardens Victorian， French， Elizabethan， AmericanColonialall demand the proper placement of structural and design elements to make themrecognizable.Indeed， the simple addition of a partic

19、ular style of gazebo， bench， or arbor caninstantly “identify” a garden. Similarly， with ethnic gardenssuch as an English cottagegarden， Chinese meditation garden ， or an Italian water garden the selection of appropriatefences， bridges， and ornaments brings style and a sense of permanence to the envi

20、ronment.事實(shí)上人造花園的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格不僅僅是園中的植物本身來決定的。維多利亞時期園林法式園林伊麗莎白園林美國殖民地風(fēng)格都需要合理的結(jié)構(gòu)安排和設(shè)計(jì)要素以便使他們聲名遠(yuǎn)振。事實(shí)上簡單添加一個風(fēng)格獨(dú)特的露臺長凳或涼亭能立即“識別”一個花園。同樣的關(guān)于“民族的”花園，例如英國的鄉(xiāng)村園、中國的冥思園、意大利水園都具有特別的籬笆、橋和有式樣的裝飾物以及一種永久的場所感覺?！?】The world over， there are structures that “make” a gardens reputation.At MagnoliaGardens， near Charleston， South C

21、arolina， for example， a sleek trellised footbridge calledThe Long Bridge Is a “trademark” of the garden.Its distinctive design， traversing the corner ofa cypress lake， is immediately identifiable.Somewhat French in style， painted white to contrastwith the dark water and the tall cypress trees draped

22、 with the Spanish moss.The bridge helpscreate a romantic atmosphere， which probably makes it the subject of more photographs andpaintings than any other garden structure in the world.在全世界，構(gòu)筑物使花園成名。在靠近南加利福尼亞查理斯頓的木蘭園。例如，一座被稱為“長”的整潔的步行廊橋是柏樹湖的標(biāo)志，這是很顯而易見的。有時，在法式風(fēng)格里，白色的油漆和深色水面形成的對比與長滿苔蘚的高大柏樹以及這座橋共同營造了浪漫的氛

23、圍， 這種更像主題照片和油畫的場景可能使它勝過于全世界其它花園的構(gòu)筑物?！?】Though some structures look good unadorned， as part of a garden composition， othersare enhanced by some kind of plant decoration.The British are especially fond of training climbingroses， wisteria， honeysuckle， and Ivy up walls， fences gazebos， and summer house

24、，sometimes so successfully that the structure becomes completely covered in vines， flowers， orfoliage.雖然一些建筑沒有其他裝飾看起來也很不錯其他的建筑物則被植物點(diǎn)綴裝飾而增強(qiáng)效果。擻繞湎不對諏雇膠屠榘侍嚇嚶逝爛倒濉咸佟鷚統(tǒng)禾俚戎參錚庵中僑绱順曬災(zāi)劣詮怪銼煌耆謨吃謚參鎦辛??！?】Then there are accents that rely on plants alone for dramatic impact.At the Ladew TopiaryGardens， near Baltimo

25、re， Maryland， a fox-hunting scene of clipped Japanese yew providessuch a whimsical highlight that it has made the garden famous. The realistic ， life-sizecomposition of a topiary fox being chased by five topiary hounds and a topiary horse and rideracross a section of lawn at the entrance to the gard

26、en sets the scene for even more surprisingand amusing topiary work in other sections of garden.也有一些完全靠植物本身來形成自己獨(dú)特風(fēng)格的，在馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩的修剪型園林，用修剪的日本紫杉呈現(xiàn)給人們的一個古怪離奇獵狐場面使得這個園林聲名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)。構(gòu)圖里，修剪如實(shí)物大小的狐貍正在被五個修剪的獵犬和一個修剪的馬和騎士追逐著穿越一片草坪，把場景引向園林中其他更加精彩離奇的作品?！?】The roles of plants-man and architect in the creation of a beaut

27、iful garden are important，but their efforts may fall short without a third important influence the contribution ofartist.The best gardens today seem to combine the talents of plants-man， architect， andartist.Sometimes these three skills are embodied in a single person but more frequently they areach

28、ieved by a pooling of talents.For example， the beautiful American estate garden of Filoli，near San Francisco， is a result of the collaboration of Isabella Worn， a plants person， andBruce Porter， a landscape painter.Porter did the overall arrangement of spaces and accentsWorn developed the planting s

29、chemes and selected the plants.雖然園藝師和建筑師在園林發(fā)展當(dāng)中起的作用是非常重要的， 但是如果沒有藝術(shù)家作為第三方面參與的作品和貢獻(xiàn)，他們的作品也會有所暇疵。當(dāng)前最好的園林就是集中了園藝師、建筑師、和藝術(shù)家的智慧。有時候這三種智慧集于一身，但更多的時候，是眾人智慧的結(jié)晶。例如在美國舊金山附近美麗的地產(chǎn)園林 Filoli是做植物設(shè)計(jì)的園藝師伊麗莎白沃恩，做空間布局的規(guī)劃師波特和畫家布魯斯波特合作的結(jié)果?！?】Impressionist painter Claude Monet was an artist who embodied skills as a plant

30、s-man andarchitect in designing his garden at Giverny， in France. Monet created very simple butstunning flower beds for the entrance of his home.To complement his pink stucco house withdistinctive green shutters he planted solid blocks of pink geraniums studded with pink and whiterose standards.He b

31、ordered these raised flowerbeds with gray foliages dianthus.Bold blocks ofcolor， carefully selected to blend with the nearby structure， is the key to success of thisparticular garden space.印象派畫家克勞德莫奈在設(shè)計(jì)法國他自家的花園時，體現(xiàn)了園藝師和建筑師智慧。莫奈在自己家入口處設(shè)計(jì)了一個非常簡單但令人驚奇的花壇。為了補(bǔ)充他有著獨(dú)特的綠色百葉窗的粉色房子， 他定植了一些粉紅色的天竺葵中間點(diǎn)綴粉色和白色玫瑰的花

32、磚。 在花墻的邊緣，他用灰葉的石竹來鑲邊。他給這些都增加了以灰色 dianthus 南市城區(qū)花床一事著實(shí)感到抓狂。精心挑選以配合附近建筑的大塊強(qiáng)烈顏色正是這個獨(dú)特的園林空間成功的關(guān)鍵所在?！?】Gardens can also be repositories for works of art. These artworks need not be realisticto be an effective embellishment. Garden art began as symbolism in rocks and dead wood， theancient Chinese bringing

33、into their gardens boulders representing images of mammals. Theygave these rock formations names such as “turtle rock” “owl rock” and “dragon rock” for ，the objects they resembled.From symbolism in rocks and dead wood， garden makers becameobsessed with realism.The more anatomically correct a sculpture， the more highly valued