非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講義d

1、1 2 Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you do not know? 你想結(jié)交更 多的朋友但與陌生人交流感到信心不足嗎?注意:某些不及物動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)需要加上一個(gè)介詞,即構(gòu)成 “ 不定式+介詞 ” 結(jié)構(gòu),這個(gè)介詞是不可省 略的。例如:Give me a pen to write with. 給我一支筆寫字。另外,還有一種 “ 介詞+which +不定式 ” 的 結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作定語(yǔ)。例如:The young couple needs a lot of money with whi

2、ch to buy a new house. 這對(duì)年 輕夫婦需要一大筆錢,用來買房子。不定式作定語(yǔ),應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系:1動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:He has a lot of meeting to attend .Please lend me something to write with .He is looking for a room to live in .I think the best way to travel ( by is on foot .There is no time to think ( about .2主謂關(guān)系:She is always the last ( person to

3、speak at the meeting .-I m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . (邏輯主語(yǔ)是 I -Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (邏輯主語(yǔ)不是 I 6作狀語(yǔ)Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year to visit her.她母親計(jì)劃每年至少四次飛到北京來看她。I am very happy to meet you. 我很高興見到您。注意:有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)家將形

4、容詞后的不定式歸到賓語(yǔ)。這類形容詞有:able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, content, determined, foolish, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。在強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式前可加上 in order或 so as,即通常我們所說的 “in order to/so as to” 詞組。 有時(shí)候?yàn)榱送怀鰪?qiáng)調(diào)目的時(shí),還可將這個(gè)詞組置于句首,但 so as to較少用于句首。在 so as to, enough to, only to, tooto 等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式表示結(jié)果。例如:Will you be s

5、o kind as to open the window? 勞駕您打開窗戶好嗎?He arrived at the airport only to find the plane had already taken off. 他到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)(結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)飛機(jī)已經(jīng) 起飛了。3. 不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)由 “not +不定式 ” 構(gòu)成,簡(jiǎn)言之, to 前加 not 。例如:She finally decided not to marry him. 她最終決定不嫁給他。4. “ 疑問詞+不定式 ” 結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞 who, what, which, when, where和 how 后加上不定式可構(gòu)成

6、一種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu), 它的作用相當(dāng)于一 個(gè)名詞性從句。同樣一句話,英語(yǔ)里可用從句和不定式結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá),意思沒有區(qū)別。試比較:3我不知道該怎么辦。I dont know what I should do. (賓語(yǔ)從句,較正式 I have no idea (of what I should do. (同位語(yǔ)從句,較正式 I dont know what to do. (疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ),簡(jiǎn)潔,較口語(yǔ)化 I have no idea (of what to do. (疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作同位語(yǔ),簡(jiǎn)潔,較口語(yǔ)化 注意 :在 Why (not do sth.? 這個(gè)句式里, 不定式不帶 to , 例

7、如:Why not try again? 為什么不再試試? 5. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)形式所謂不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式是指不定式有完成式、進(jìn)行式和被動(dòng)式。例如:I am very happy to have met your mother. 見到了你的母親我非常高興。(表明已經(jīng)見到Her English seems to be improving. 她的英語(yǔ)似乎在長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。This book is said to have been translated into Chinese. 據(jù)說這本書已譯成了中文。(完成式和被動(dòng)式二、動(dòng)名詞1. 動(dòng)名詞的構(gòu)成與特征動(dòng)名詞是由 “ 動(dòng)詞原形+ing” 構(gòu)成, 與

8、現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成完全相同。 顧名思義,又具有名詞的特征。所謂的動(dòng)詞特征是說動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),名詞特征是指動(dòng)名詞可以 像名詞一樣充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如:Would you mind my closing the window? 我關(guān)上窗戶你會(huì)介意嗎?(有賓語(yǔ) the window2. 動(dòng)名詞的功能與用法1作主語(yǔ)Seeing is believing. 百聞不如一見。Its no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶打翻了,哭也無益。注意:當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用 it 作形式主語(yǔ),通常用在 It is no use/ no good/a waste o

9、f time/ a great fun+doing 這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)中。2作表語(yǔ) (表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征The situation is encouraging. 情況挺振奮人心的。His job is fixing computers. 他的工作是修電腦。3作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)Have you finished writing the article? 你寫完那篇文章了嗎?She suggested going there by air, as plane tickets are very cheap. 由于機(jī)票很便宜,她建議乘飛機(jī)去那里。 有些動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),這類動(dòng)詞常見的有:admit, a

10、void, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, stop, suggest等;短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 give up, insist on等。為了幫助大家記憶,現(xiàn)將最常用的 10個(gè)動(dòng)詞的首字母縮略在一起:MEPSKARFI (梅不是咖啡(M-mind, E-enjoy, P-practise, S-stop, suggest, K-keep, A-avoid, R-risk, F-finish, I-

11、insist on 。44作介詞賓語(yǔ)I wrote him and his wife a thank-you note for helping me我給他和他的妻子寫了一封感謝信,因?yàn)樗麄儙椭宋?。She didnt feel like going out for a walk. 她不想出去散步?！就敢暩呖碱}】Something as simple as _some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.(2008年高考第 35題 BA to drink B drinking C to be drinking D drunk5作

12、定語(yǔ)The Iron Curtain was the statesman Winston Churchills term for the dividing line between eastern and western Europe.鐵幕是政治家溫斯頓 丘吉爾使用的術(shù)語(yǔ),指東歐與西歐的分界線。3. 動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是由 “not +動(dòng)名詞 ” 構(gòu)成。例如:I am sorry for not handing in my homework on time. 很抱歉我沒有按時(shí)交作業(yè)。4. 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)形式所謂動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式是指動(dòng)名詞有一般式和完成式兩種,語(yǔ)態(tài)形式是說動(dòng)名詞

13、有被動(dòng)式。例如: Sorry to keep you waiting so long. 對(duì)不起讓你久等了。(一般式Sorry for having kept you waiting so long. 對(duì)不起讓你久等了。(完成式Thats all right. I dont mind being kept waiting. 沒關(guān)系。讓我等了,我不會(huì)介意的。(被動(dòng)式5. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),這樣就形成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其構(gòu)成形式為:“ 名詞所有格(或 物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞 ” 。Marys coming late made the teacher very angry. 瑪

14、麗的遲到讓老師很生氣。(在口語(yǔ)中可用名詞通格: Mary coming late made the teacher very angry.Do you still remember my first meeting with you? 你還記得我第一次與你見面的情景嗎? (在口語(yǔ)中可用 代詞賓格:Do you still remember me first meeting with you? 三、現(xiàn)在分詞1. 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成與特征現(xiàn)在分詞由 “ 動(dòng)詞原形+ing” 構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在分詞亦有雙重性, 一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì), 可以有自己的賓語(yǔ) 和狀語(yǔ),另一方面具有形容詞的性質(zhì),可以像形容詞一樣充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)

15、等。例如:My mother is in the kitchen making coffee. 我母親在廚房里煮咖啡。(現(xiàn)在分詞 making 有賓語(yǔ) tea 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的功能與用法1作表語(yǔ)This English story is very interesting. 這篇英語(yǔ)故事非常有趣。52）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) We felt the house shaking. 我們感覺房子在搖晃。 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式都可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不定式表示動(dòng)作的全過程，而現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作過 程的一部分。試比較; We saw him go downstairs. We saw him going downs

16、tairs. 3）作定語(yǔ) Its a most exciting film. 這是個(gè)激動(dòng)人心的電影。 If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations peacekeepers. 如果你看見士兵戴著天藍(lán)色的頭盔，他們就是聯(lián)合國(guó)維和人員。 簡(jiǎn)析：考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)。答案是 C。在復(fù)合句中，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)常常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)含有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行 時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句。如：Theres a bus coming. = Theres bus which is coming. 有一輛公共汽車開過來了。 4）作狀語(yǔ) Having expe

17、rienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didnt take much notice. 在夏威夷已經(jīng)歷過好幾次地震，所以我就沒有太在意。 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都是后面句子的主語(yǔ)，上句 Having experienced 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 I。下面這句 話一般認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的：Entering the house, the window was found broken. 是誰(shuí)走進(jìn)屋子？顯然不是 the window。所以應(yīng)更正為：Entering the house, I found the window broken. 但 Ju

18、dging from her accent, she must be an American. （從她的口音判斷，她肯定是美國(guó)人。）這句話被看作是正確的，這類現(xiàn)在分詞 被稱之為“懸垂分詞”。 A. doctors came to their rescue C. an emergency measure was taken B. the tall building collapsed D. warnings were given to tourists 簡(jiǎn)析：考查現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般都是句子的主語(yǔ)，遭受恐怖分子的襲擊后，高 樓坍塌了。根據(jù)句意，邏輯主語(yǔ)顯然是 the tall

19、building，故 B 正確。 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu) 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是由“not現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如： Not having received a reply, I sent her an e-mail again. 沒有收到回復(fù)，于是我又給她發(fā)了一封電子郵件。 （注意不可以寫成：Having not received a reply,） 4. 現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) “名詞（或代詞）現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)名詞或代詞就是現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 這種結(jié)構(gòu)常用于書面語(yǔ)，置于句首或句末，作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨動(dòng)作。 Weather permitting, we w

20、ill go climbing the mountain. 時(shí)間允許的話，我們?nèi)ヅ郎?。（表示條件） He guiding us, we had no trouble in finding his house. 他引著我們，我們毫不費(fèi)勁就找到了他的家。（表 示方式） 5.現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)形式 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式是指現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式兩種， 語(yǔ)態(tài)形式是說現(xiàn)在分詞有被動(dòng)式。 以 writing 6 為例說明其變化形式： 一般式 writing being written having been written 完成式 having written E.g. Having finished

21、all his work, he went back home. 完成了所有的工作以后，他回家了。（現(xiàn)在分詞的 完成式，相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：After he had finished all his work, he went back home. ） The high building being built over there will be a modern hotel. 那里正在建的高樓將是一座現(xiàn)代化的賓 館。 （現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式， 作定語(yǔ)， 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句： The high building which is being built over there will be a

22、modern hotel.） 四、 過去分詞 1. 過去分詞的構(gòu)成與特征 過去分詞也是一種非限定動(dòng)詞。過去分詞也有雙重性，既具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，又有形容詞的性質(zhì)。過 去分詞一般只有一種形式。 2. 過去分詞的功能與用法 1）作表語(yǔ) I feel tired. 我感覺累。 Are you interested in this TV play? 你對(duì)這個(gè)電視劇感興趣嗎？ 2）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) His English is so poor that he cannot make himself understood. 他的英語(yǔ)很蹩腳，不能表白自己。 My computer has broken down.

23、I am going to get it repaired. 我的電腦壞了。我打算請(qǐng)人修理一下。 3）作定語(yǔ) English is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在是一門國(guó)際語(yǔ)言，約有 7.5 億人說英語(yǔ)。 4）作狀語(yǔ) Born into a poor farmers family in 1931, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953. 袁博士 1931 年出生于一個(gè)貧苦農(nóng)民的家庭，1953 年畢業(yè)于西南農(nóng)學(xué)院。 Seen from space, the earth looks like