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1、Passage 1 and 2Overview of the Digestive System-translation Overview of the Digestive System Consider for a moment a Big Mac. The purpose in your eating a Big Mac, other than s
2、imple hedonism, is to assimilate the nutrients it represents and make them available to build, repair and maintain your own tissues, as well as provide energy for st
3、udying and occa-sional other pursuits. You may have asked yourself - "Exactly what nutients are present in a Big Mac that I can assimilate?" MacDonald's
4、 comes close to full disclosure in this regard, but what they don't tell you is that in order to take advantage of these nutrients, you have to provide
5、;the means to carefully break them down into much smaller molecules that can be imported into blood. Luckily, your digestive system takes care of this very complex p
6、rocess so efficiently that most of the time you don't even need to think about it. At its simplest, the digestive system it is a tube running from&
7、#160;mouth to anus. This tube is like an assembly line, or more properly, a dissembly line. Its chief goal is to break down huge macromolecules (proteins, fats and
8、160;starch), which cannot be absorbed intact, into smaller molecules (amino acids, fatty acids and glucose) that can be absorbed across the wall ofthe tube, and into the&
9、#160;circulatory system for dissemination around your body. Consider for a moment a Big Mac. The purpose in your eating a Big Mac, other than simple hedonism,
10、60;is to assimlate the nutrients it represents and make them available to build, repair and maintain your own tissues, as well as provide energy for studying and occ
11、asio-nal other pursuits. The breakdown of foodstuffs like a Big Mac is accomplished through a combination of mechanical and enzymatic processes. To accomplish this breakdow
12、n, the digestive tube requires considerable assistance from accessory digestive organs such as the salivary glands, liver and pancreas, which dump their secretions into the tu
13、be. The name "accessory" should not be taken to mean dispensible; indeed, without pancreatic enzymes you would starve to death in short order. In many
14、 ways, the digestive system can be thought of as a well-run factory in which a large number of complex tasks are performed. The three fundamental processes&
15、#160;that take place are: Secretion: Delivery of enzymes, mucus, ions and the like into the lumen, and hormones into blood Absorption:
16、Transport of water, ions and nutrients from the lumen, across the epithelium and into blood Motility: Contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of
17、the tube that crush, mix and propel its contents Each part of the digestive tube performs at least some of these tasks, and different regions of the
18、160;tube have unique and important specializations. Like any well-run factory, proper function ofthe digestive system requires robust control systems. Control systems must faci
19、litate communication among different sections of the digestive tract (i.e. control on the factory floor), and between the digestive tract and the brain (i.e. between workers
20、160;and managment). Control of digestive function is achieved through a combination of electrical and hormonal messages which originate either within the digestive system's own
21、;nervous and endocrine systems, as well as from the central nervous sytem and from endocrine organs such as the adrenal gland. Different parts of these systems are c
22、onstantly talking to one another. The basic messages are along the lines of "I just received an extraordinary load of food, so I suggest you get prepared"
23、(stomach to large intestine) or "For goodness sake, please slow down until I can catch up with what you've already given me" (small intestine to stomach).
24、 Finally, a note about differences in digestive anatomy and physiology among animals. The digestive systems of humans, dogs, mice, horses, kangaroos and great white sh
25、arks are, to a first approximation, virtually identical. If you look more carefully however, it becomes apparent that each of these species has evolved certain digestive
26、specializations that have allowed it to adapt to a particular diet. These differences become particularly apparent when you compare a carnivore like a cat
27、;with a herbivore like a goat or a horse. Goats and horses evolved from ancestors that subsisted on plants and adapted parts of their digestive tracts into massive
28、160;fermentation vats which enabled them efficiently utilize cellulose, themajor carbohydrate of plants. In contrast, cats evolved from animals that lived on the carcasse
29、s of other animals, and have digestive systems that reflect this history- extremely small fermentation vats and essentially no ability to utilize cellulose. Bridging the gap
30、160;between carnivores and herbivores are omnivores like humans and pigs, whose digestive tracts attest to a historical diet that included both plants and animals. The image
31、160;above shows a young omnivore in the company of herbivore and carnivore friends.翻譯Passage 1消化系統(tǒng)概述(1)考慮一下麥當(dāng)勞的漢堡。你吃漢堡的目的不只是簡(jiǎn)單的享受,而是吸取它提供的營(yíng)養(yǎng)以便增強(qiáng)、修補(bǔ)并維持你自己的機(jī)體組織,同時(shí)為你的學(xué)習(xí)和其他活動(dòng)提供能量。你可能會(huì)想,“我能從漢堡中吸取什么營(yíng)養(yǎng)呢?”麥當(dāng)勞在這方面幾乎揭示全部秘密。但是,他們不可能告訴你的是,為了利用這些營(yíng)養(yǎng),你必須
32、想方設(shè)法地將它們分解成很小的分子以便進(jìn)入血液。幸運(yùn)的是,消化系統(tǒng)能如此有效地處理這個(gè)復(fù)雜過(guò)程,以致于大部分的時(shí)間你不需要去考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題。簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō),消化系統(tǒng)是從口到肛門(mén)的一條管道。這條管道像一條裝配線。更準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō),像一條分解線。它的主要目的是將不能完全消化吸收的高分子物質(zhì)(如蛋白、脂肪和淀粉)分解成可被吸收的小分子(如氨基酸、脂肪酸和葡萄糖),再將它們運(yùn)送到血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)分發(fā)到機(jī)體各部。通過(guò)機(jī)械過(guò)程和酶解過(guò)程的結(jié)合,完成分級(jí)像漢堡一樣的食物。為完成這樣的分解,消化道需要附屬消化器官的大量支援。這些附屬器官,如唾液腺、肝臟和胰腺,將分泌液注入消化道。所謂“附屬器官”絕不是意味著可有可無(wú)。沒(méi)有胰腺酶,
33、你肯定會(huì)餓死的。從許多方面看,消化系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是一家經(jīng)營(yíng)很好的工廠,大量復(fù)雜的工作都可以在這里完成。三種基本程序:分泌:把酶、黏液、離子等輸送到機(jī)體內(nèi),把激素輸送到血液。吸收:穿過(guò)上皮細(xì)胞,將水、離子和營(yíng)養(yǎng)從體內(nèi)送入血液。運(yùn)動(dòng):通過(guò)消化道平滑肌的收縮,把消化道內(nèi)的東西粉碎、攪拌并向前推動(dòng)。消化道的每一部分至少完成其中一些項(xiàng)目,其不同區(qū)域都有獨(dú)特的重要特征。Passage 2消化系統(tǒng)概述(2)像任何一家善于經(jīng)營(yíng)的工廠一樣,正常的消化系統(tǒng)功能需要精力充沛的控制系統(tǒng)??刂葡到y(tǒng)必須便于消化道不同部位的信息交流(即控制勞方),便于消化道與大腦的信息交流(即勞資之間)。通過(guò)電信息和荷爾蒙信息的結(jié)合控制消化功
34、能。這兩種信息不是來(lái)源于消化系統(tǒng)本身的神經(jīng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),就是來(lái)源于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和內(nèi)分泌器官,如腎上腺。這些系統(tǒng)的不同部位經(jīng)常相互對(duì)話。最基本的信息是這樣一句,“我剛收到一大塊食物,我建議你做好準(zhǔn)備”(胃對(duì)大腸說(shuō))或者“看在上帝的份上,請(qǐng)慢一點(diǎn),我才能完成你交給我的任務(wù)”(小腸對(duì)胃說(shuō))。最后,談?wù)剟?dòng)物中消化解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)的不同之處。人、狗、鼠、馬、袋鼠和大白鯊基本上一致。如果你更仔細(xì)地觀察,很明顯這些物種各有某些消化特征,即允許各個(gè)物種可以適應(yīng)一種獨(dú)特的飲食。如果你將食肉動(dòng)物(如貓)與食草動(dòng)物(如羊或馬)比較一下,這些不同點(diǎn)就變得特別明顯。羊和馬的祖先靠植物生存,使其消化道進(jìn)化成為肥厚的發(fā)酵囊,
35、它能有效地利用植物的纖維素和大部分碳水化合物,與之形成對(duì)比的是,貓的祖先獵食其他動(dòng)物的尸體,他們的消化系統(tǒng)可以驗(yàn)證這段歷史-發(fā)酵囊極小,不能利用纖維素;處在食肉動(dòng)物和草食動(dòng)物之間的是雜食動(dòng)物,如人和豬,其消化道證明他們的飲食歷來(lái)就包括動(dòng)植物,以上所述形象地表明新一代雜食動(dòng)物是以草食動(dòng)物和食肉動(dòng)物為友的。Passage 3AIDS Vaccine Candidate Trials 2005-Early 2006: A Review-translation AIDS Vaccine Candidate Trials 2005-Early 2006:
36、 A ReviewAs of April 2006, there are more than 30 preventive AIDS vaccine candidates in early stages of human clinical trials in approximately two dozen countries ar
37、ound the world. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative(IAVI) partnerships have supported the development and placement of two novel candidate vaccines in international trials in the
38、;past 14 months, IAVI has entered into a multi-partner, mulit-county trial of a prime-boost combination of two vaccine, IAVI V001.IAVI and collaborators are currently conducting
39、60;trials in India, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, South Africa, and the United States to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. Atrial in Pune, India-conducted
40、;by the India Council of Medical Research(ICMR), the National AIDS Control Organization(NACO), and IAVI-marks the county's first AIDS vaccine trial. Initiated in February 2005,the
41、160;partners have recently completed the recruitment and vaccination stages of the study.International vaccine organizations and private sector companies,such as HIV Vaccine Trials Network,N
42、ation Institute of Allergy and Infections Disease,and Guangxi Center for Disease Control have also begun Phase I studies in Pure,Kenya,Thailand,Brazil,and China.The different trails inv
43、olve 45 to 104 healthy volunteers who demonstrate full understanding of study.In addition to monitoring trail participants to determine the safety of the vaccine product,during
44、0;this stage if any of research,investigators also have analyze blood samples to see if any immune response to the vaccine can be detected.The IAVI candidates are designe
45、d as preventive vaccines,intended to protect people uninfected with HIV from acquire HIV infection or developing AIDS,The field's scientists are currently working on developing
46、;vaccines to trigger the production of infection-fighting while blood cells infected with HIV or facilitate the creation of neutralizing antibodies that prevent the virus from
47、;replicating.Some HIV vaccine trials have involved prime-boost regimens.During these studies,two vaccine candidates are administered separately-the first to "prime" the immune system an
48、d the second to "boost" it,in an effort to improve the immune responses.In both of these approaches,the science of designing affective candidate AIDS vaccines remains
49、0;daunting.To address major obstacles in AIDS vaccine development,IAVI brought together leading scientists and researchers from around the globe to from two scientific consortia.The Neu
50、tralizing Anti-body Consortium(NAC) is currently exploring candidate vaccine that can induce antibodies to neutralize a broad range of HIV strains.The Live Attenuated Consortium(LAZ) se
51、eks to inform and accelerate AIDS vaccine design by studying successful vaccination strategies against SIA,a virus that causes an AIDS-like disease in some non-human primates.For
52、160;additional information on newly-initiated AIDS vaccine trails go to IAVI Press Release or IAVI Report.The January issue of VAX,a monthly bulletin of IAVI Report-a newsletter
53、60;on AIDS vaccine research-also features a map and a detailed review of all AIDS vaccine trails launched around the world since the beginning of 2005.翻譯Passage 3綜述2005年至2006年早期艾滋病
54、疫苗試驗(yàn)截至2006年4月,已有30多種預(yù)防艾滋病的疫苗在20多個(gè)國(guó)家用于人類(lèi)臨床早期試驗(yàn)。國(guó)際艾滋病疫苗研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)(IAVI)的合伙企業(yè)在過(guò)去的14個(gè)月里一直支持廣泛試用其中2種新疫苗。IAVI聯(lián)合多個(gè)合作伙伴在多個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)2種組合疫苗進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)。IAVI和合伙企業(yè)最近在印度、肯尼亞、盧旺達(dá)、烏干達(dá)、南非和美國(guó)進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)來(lái)評(píng)估疫苗的安全性和免疫性。由印度醫(yī)療研究委員會(huì)(ICMR)、國(guó)家艾滋病控制組織(NACO)和IAVI在印度普納市進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)標(biāo)志著這個(gè)國(guó)家的首次艾滋病疫苗試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)始于2005年2月,最近合作伙伴已經(jīng)完成了研究志愿者招募和疫苗接種研究階段。國(guó)際疫苗組織和私營(yíng)公司,如HIV疫苗試驗(yàn)
55、網(wǎng)、國(guó)家過(guò)敏和傳染病研究院、中國(guó)廣西疾病控制中心,已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在秘魯、肯尼亞、泰國(guó)、巴西、和中國(guó)進(jìn)行第一階段研究。不同的試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)包含45104名身體健康的志愿者,他們完全了解整個(gè)研究程序。在這個(gè)階段的研究過(guò)程中,除了要檢測(cè)試驗(yàn)參與者以確定疫苗產(chǎn)品的安全性外,研究人員還要分析血樣以了解是否可以檢測(cè)到免疫對(duì)疫苗的反應(yīng)。安排IAVI志愿者用預(yù)防性疫苗,擬保護(hù)未受HIV感染的人免于感染HIV或艾滋病。目前,這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家正在研制一些疫苗,它們可以激活抗感染的白細(xì)胞以消滅受HIV感染的細(xì)胞,或者促進(jìn)產(chǎn)生中立抗體以防止病毒復(fù)制再生。有些HIV疫苗試驗(yàn)涉及激活-推進(jìn)攝生法。在研究過(guò)程中,疫苗志愿者分兩步實(shí)施第
56、一步“激活”免疫系統(tǒng),第二步“推進(jìn)”免疫系統(tǒng),目的是改善免疫反應(yīng)。在這兩個(gè)步驟中,設(shè)計(jì)有效的候選艾滋病疫苗是最令人望而生畏的。為了攻克艾滋病疫苗研制中的主要障礙,IAVI召集了世界各地的頂尖科學(xué)家和研究人員組建兩支科研團(tuán)體。中立抗體協(xié)會(huì)(NAC)目前正在研究一些能誘導(dǎo)抗體中立廣范圍的HIV菌株的候選疫苗。減毒活疫苗協(xié)會(huì)(LAC)正尋求加速艾滋病疫苗設(shè)計(jì),通過(guò)研制出抗SIV有效的接種疫苗SIV是導(dǎo)致一些靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物患艾滋病樣疾病的病毒。要索取更多的有關(guān)新開(kāi)發(fā)的艾滋病疫苗試驗(yàn)的信息資料,請(qǐng)登陸IAVI Press Releases 或IAVI Report網(wǎng)站。VAX一月刊,IAVI報(bào)告月刊艾滋病疫
57、苗研究通訊也提供了一些有特點(diǎn)的信息線索和所有2005年以來(lái)世界各地的有關(guān)艾滋病疫苗試驗(yàn)的詳細(xì)文獻(xiàn)綜述。Passage 4Breast cancer-translation Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women,expect for non-melanoma skin cancer.Approximately 3 million women
58、0;in the United States are living with breast cancer.Older women are much more likely to get breast cancer are aged 50 years and older.Several studies have shown tha
59、t breast cancer is a disease that cause great turmoil for the older women and her family and often creates feelings of despair.These women and their families will
60、60;require assistance in coping with this disease as they move along a continuum of illness.There are many challenges that an older woman and her family face when di
61、agnosed with breast cancer.These challenges may include needing assistance with existing medical conditions,physical care,social support,accessing resources,and navigating the health care system.It
62、60;was reported that older women with breast cancer had more existing medical conditions than their younger counterparts.Several severe illnesses were found to have a harmful
63、effect on survival for older women with breast cancer.Older women with breast cancer had diabetes,kidney failure,stroke,liver damage,and previous cancer were all likely to die earl
64、ier than those who did not have such conditions.Similarly,in addition to the physical and psycho-social problems associated with breast cancer for older women.these issues may
65、;be compounded by coexisting medical conditions,decreased social support,and physical factors that have the potential to aggravate adjustment to recovery.As clients are being discharged earlier and treatment is provided on an ambulatory basis,challenges faces by the older client and her family will be in the home and community setting.Thus,utilizing
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