低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)外文翻譯

1、低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)外文翻譯 外文翻譯Low-carbon economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA Low-Carbon Economy LCE or Low-Fossil-Fuel Economy LFFE1 is an economy which has a minimal output of greenhouse gas GHG emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Recently, most of s

2、cientific and public opinion has come to the conclusion there is such an accumulation of GHGs especially CO2 in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic causes, that the climate is changing. The over-concentrations of these gases is producing global warming that affects long-term climate, with negative i

3、mpacts on humanity in the foreseeable future.2 Globally implemented LCE's therefore, are proposed as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change, and as a precursor to the more advanced, zero-carbon society and renewable-energy economy Rationale and aimsNations seek to become low-carbon economi

4、es as a part of a national global warming mitigation strategy. A comprehensive strategy to manage global warming is carbon neutrality, geoengineering and adaptation to global warming.The aim of a LCE is to integrate all aspects of itself from its manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and power-

5、generation etc. around technologies that produce energy and materials with little GHG emission; and thus, around populations, buildings, machines and devices which use those energies and materials efficiently, and, dispose of or recycle its wastes so as to have a minimal output of GHGs. Furthermore,

6、 it has been proposed that to make the transition to an LCE economically viable we would have to attribute a costper unit output to GHGs through means such as emissions trading and/or a carbon tax.Some nations are presently low carbon: societies which are not heavily industrialised or populated. In

7、order to avoid climate change on a global level, all nations considered carbon intensive societies and societies which are heavily populated might have to become zero-carbon societies and economies. Several of these countries have pledged to cut their emissions by 100% via offsetting emissions rathe

8、r than ceasing all emissions carbon neutrality; in other words, emitting will not cease but will continue and will be offset to a different geographical area Energy policyA country's energy policy will be immediately impacted by a transition toward a low-carbon economy. Advisory bodies and techn

9、o-economic modelling such as the POLES energy model can be used by governments and NGOs in order to study transition pathways.Nuclear power, or, the proposed strategies of carbon capture and storage CCS have been proposed as the primary means to achieve a LCE while continuing to exploit non-renewabl

10、e resources; there is concern, however, with the matter of spent-nuclear-fuel storage, security and the uncertainty of costs and time needed to successfully implement CCS worldwide and with guarantees that the stored emissions will not leak into the biosphere. Alternatively, many have proposed renew

11、able energy should be the main basis of a LCE, but, they have their associated problems of high-cost and inefficiency; this is changing, however, since investment and production have been growing significantly in recent times.3 Furthermore, regardless of the effect to the biosphere by GHG emissions,

12、 the growing issue of peak oil may also be reason enough for a transition to an LCE.See also: Low carbon dietFoodstuffs should be produced as close as possible to the final consumers preferably within walking/cycling distance. This will reduce the amount of carbon-based energy necessary to transport

13、 the foodstuffs. Consumers can also buy fresh food rather than processed food, since carbon-based energy might be used to process the food. Cooking presents another opportunity to conserve energy. Energy could be saved if farmers produced more foods that people would eat raw.weasel wordscitation nee

14、dedAlso, most of the agricultural facilities in the developed world are mechanized due to rural electrification. Rural electrification has produced significant productivity gains, but it also uses a lot of energy. For this and other reasons such as transport costs in a low-carbon society, rural area

15、s would need available supplies of renewably produced electricity.citation neededIrrigation can be one of the main components of an agricultural facility's energy consumption. In parts of California it can be up to 90%.4 In the low carbon economy, irrigation equipment will be maintained and cont

16、inually updated and farms will use less irrigation water CropsDifferent crops require different amounts of energy input. For example, glasshouse crops, irrigated crops, and orchards require a lot of energy to maintain, while row crops and field crops dont need as much maintenance. Those glasshouse a

17、nd irrigated crops that do exist will incorporate the following improvements:5LivestockLivestock operations can also use a lot of energy depending on how they are run. Feed lots use animal feed made from corn, soybeans, and other crops. Energy must be expended to produce these crops, process and tra

18、nsport them. Free-range animals find their own vegetation to feed on. The farmer may expend energy to take care of that vegetation, but not nearly as much as the farmer who grows cereal and oil-seed crops.Many livestock operations currently use a lot of energy to water their livestock. In the low-ca

19、rbon economy, such operations will use more water conservation methods such as rainwater collection, water cisterns, etc. and they will also pump/distribute that water with on-site renewable energy sources most likely wind and solar.Due to rural electrification, most agricultural facilities in the d

20、eveloped world use a lot of electricity. In a low-carbon economy, farms will be run and equipped to allow for greater energy efficiency. The dairy industry, for example, will incorporate the following changes:5Irrigated Dairychemical substitute for hot water wash Hunting and FishingFishing is quite

21、energy intensive. Improvements such as heat recovery on refrigeration and trawl net technology will be common in the low-carbon economy.5dead linkForestryMain article: Wood economyIn the low-carbon economy, forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers wil

22、l make sure that they do not disturb soil based carbon reserves too much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to imize output.6MiningMain article: Gas flareFlaring and venting of natural

23、 gas in oil wells is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Its contribution to greenhouse gases has declined by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of approximately 110 million metric tons/year and now accounts for about 1/2 of one percent of all anthropogenic carb

24、on dioxide emissions.7 The World Bank estimates that 100 billion cubic meters of natural gas are flared or vented annually, an amount equivalent to the combined annual gas consumption of Germany and France, twice the annual gas consumption of Africa, three quarters of Russian gas exports, or enough

25、to supply the entire world with gas for 20 days. This flaring is highly concentrated: 10 countries account for 75% of emissions, and twenty for 90%.8 The largest flaring operations occur in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The leading contributors to gas flaring are in declining order: Nigeria, Ru

26、ssia, Iran, Algeria, Mexico, Venezuela, Indonesia, and the United States.9 RetailRetail operations in the low-carbon economy will have several new features. One will be high efficiency lighting such as compact fluorescent, halogen, and eventually LED light sources. Many retail stores will also featu

27、re roof-top solar panel arrays. These make sense because solar panels produce the most energy during the daytime and during the summer. These are the same times that electricity is the most expensive and also the same times that stores use the most electricity.10Transportation ServicesMore energy ef

28、ficiency and alternative propulsion: oIncreased focus on fuel efficient vehicle shapes and configurations, with more vehicle electrification, particularly through plug-in hybridsoMore alternative and flex-fuel vehicles based on local conditions and availability oDriver training for more fuel efficie

29、ncyoLow carbon-biofuels cellulosic biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol oPetroleum fuel surcharges will be a more significant part of consumer costs?Less international trade of physical objects, despite more overall trade as measure by value of goodsGreater use of marine and electric rail transport, le

30、ss use of air and truck transport?Increased bicycle and public transport usage, less reliance on private motor vehicles?More pipeline capacity for common fluid commodities such as water, ethanol, butanol, natural gas, petroleum, and hydrogen in addition to gasoline and dieselSee 111213Health Service

31、sThere have been some moves to investigate the ways and extent to which health systems contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and how they may need to change to become part of a low-carbon world. The Sustainable Development Unit14 of the NHS in the UK is one of the first official bodies to have been

32、 set up in this area, whilst organisations such as the Campaign for Greener Healthcare 15 are also producing influential changes at a clinical level. This work includesQuantification of where the health services emissions stem from?Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of tr

33、eatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are:Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices e.g. in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment?A shift from focusing solely on cure to prevention, through the promotion o

34、f healthier, lower carbon lifestyles, e.g. diets lower in red meat and dairy products, walking or cycling wherever possible, better town planning to encourage more outdoor lifestyles?Improving public transport and liftsharing options for transport to and from hospitals and clinics Initial stepsInter

35、nationally, the most prominent early step in the direction of a low-carbon economy was the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force on February 16, 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions.1617 Importantly, all member nations of the Organ

36、ization for Economic Co-operation and Development except the United States have ratified the protocol CountriesCosta RicaCosta Rica sources much of its energy needs from renewables and is undertaking reforestation projects. In 2007 the Costa Rican government announced the commitment for Costa Rica t

37、o become the first carbon neutral country by 2021.181920IcelandMain article: Renewable energy in IcelandIceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However since dramatic economic growth, Iceland's emissions have increased signif

38、icantly per capita. As of 2021, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly geothermal energy and hydropower, renewable energy in Iceland, and since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nation's primary energy and 99.9% of Iceland's electricity.21 As a result of this, Iceland's carbon emissions

39、per capita are 62% lower than those of the United States22 despite using more primary energy per capita,23 due to the fact that it is renewable and thus limitless and costs Icelanders almost nothing. Iceland seeks carbon neutrality and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by generating hydro

40、gen fuel from renewable energy sources AustraliaMain article: Renewable energy in AustraliaAustralia has implemented schemes to start the transition to a low carbon economy but carbon neutrality has not been mentioned and since the introduction of such scheme emissions have increased. The current go

41、vernment has mentioned the concept but has done little and has pledged to lower emissions by 5-15%. In 2001, The Howard Government introduced a Mandatory Renewable Energy Target MRET scheme. In 2007, the Government revised the MRET - 20 per cent of Australia's electricity supply to come from ren

42、ewable energy sources by 2021. In 2021, the Rudd Government will legislate a short-term emissions reduction target, another revision to the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target as well as an emissions trading scheme. Renewable energy sources provide 8-10% of the nation's energy and this figure will

43、 increase significantly in the coming years. However coal dependence and exporting conflicts with the concept of Australia as a low-carbon economy. Carbon neutral businesses have received no incentive; they have voluntarily done so. Carbon offset companies offer assessments based on life cycle impac

44、ts to businesses that seek carbon neutrality. The Carbon Reduction Institute is one such offset provider, that has produced a Low Carbon Directory to promote a low carbon economy in Australia New ZealandChinaMain article: Renewable energy in ChinaIn China, the city of Dongtan is to be built to produ

45、ce zero net greenhouse gas emissions.24Chinese State Council has announced its aim to cut China's carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 40%-45% in 2021 from 2005 levels.25SwedenOil phase-out in SwedenUnited KingdomIn the United Kingdom, the Climate Change Act outlining a framework for the t

46、ransition to a low-carbon economy became law on November 26, 2021. This legislation requires a 80% cut in the UK's carbon emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2021.26 Thus, the UK became the first country to set such a long-range and si

47、gnificant carbon reduction target into law.A meeting at the Royal Society on 17?18 November 2021 concluded that an integrated approach, making best use of all available technologies is required to move towards a low carbon future. It was suggested by participants that it would be possible to move to

48、 a low carbon economy within a few decades, but that 'urgent and sustained action is needed on several fronts'.27United StatesLow Carbon Economy Act of 2007.28譯文 低碳經(jīng)濟(jì) 從維基百科,免費(fèi)的百科全書(shū) 一個(gè)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)狀或Low-Fossil-Fuel經(jīng)濟(jì)LFFE1是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)具有最小輸出的溫室氣體排放的溫室氣體進(jìn)入生物圈,但具體指的溫室氣體二氧化碳。最近,大多數(shù)科學(xué)和輿論已得出的結(jié)論有這樣一種累積的GHGs特別是在大氣中二

49、氧化碳由于人為造成的氣候變化,。這些氣體的不得造成中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的全球變暖的影響,長(zhǎng)期氣候有負(fù)面影響人類(lèi)在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的將來(lái)。2,因此全球?qū)嵤┈F(xiàn)狀提出的手段來(lái)防止災(zāi)難性的氣候變化,并為先導(dǎo),以更先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)renewable-energy zero-carbon。 原理和目標(biāo) 國(guó)家尋求成為低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)作為全球變暖的一個(gè)組成局部緩解策略。一個(gè)全面的策略管理全球變暖是碳中和,geoengineering和適應(yīng)全球變暖。 這個(gè)目的是整合各方面的現(xiàn)狀,從其制造的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、交通運(yùn)輸、發(fā)電等技術(shù),生產(chǎn)能源,周?chē)男厥覛怏w排放材料;因此,圍繞人口、建筑、機(jī)械、設(shè)備和材料的使用這些能量效率、處分或回收的廢物,以便

50、有一個(gè)最小輸出的GHGs。再者,它已經(jīng)提議做轉(zhuǎn)變到經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的現(xiàn)狀,我們將不得不屬性的本錢(qián)每單位產(chǎn)出等方式GHGs通過(guò)排放交易和/或碳排放稅。 一些國(guó)家目前低碳:社會(huì)不重工業(yè)化或居住。為了防止氣候變化對(duì)全球水平上,所有的國(guó)家和社會(huì)的碳密集社會(huì)認(rèn)為是人口密集的可能要成為zero-carbon社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)。這些國(guó)家的承諾減少溫室氣體的排放100%通過(guò)抵消排放的溫室氣體的排放,而不是終止一切碳中和;換句話說(shuō),散發(fā)出不會(huì)停止,但仍將繼續(xù),將抵消到不同的地理區(qū)域。 能源政策, 一個(gè)國(guó)家的能源政策將被立即受到了向低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型。咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)的造型如兩極能量模式,可用于由政府和非政府組織為了研究轉(zhuǎn)型路

51、徑。 核能,或者,該策略的碳采集和存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)CCS已經(jīng)提議為主要手段,實(shí)現(xiàn)在繼續(xù)開(kāi)發(fā)現(xiàn)狀是不可再生資源,值得關(guān)注的是,然而,spent-nuclear-fuel的存儲(chǔ)、平安及不確定性的本錢(qián)和時(shí)間的成功實(shí)施CCS所需全球和保證存儲(chǔ)的排放量將不會(huì)泄漏進(jìn)入生物圈。另外,許多人提出的可再生能源應(yīng)主要依據(jù)現(xiàn)狀的,但是,他們有關(guān)聯(lián)的高本錢(qián)和效率低下的問(wèn)題,這是變化的,然而,從投資、生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)日益明顯,在最近的幾次。3再者,不管效果由溫室氣體的排放,生物圈成長(zhǎng)問(wèn)題的“峰值石油也可能會(huì)有足夠的理由為過(guò)渡到一個(gè)現(xiàn)狀。 低碳飲食 食品應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能靠近最終消費(fèi)者最好步行或騎車(chē)的距離。這將減少碳能源的必要的運(yùn)輸食品。消費(fèi)者

52、還可以買(mǎi)到新鮮的食物,而不是食品加工、自碳能源可以用來(lái)加工食品。烹飪禮物一次時(shí)機(jī)節(jié)省能源。如果農(nóng)民能節(jié)省能源生產(chǎn)更多的食物,人們會(huì)吃生的。 同時(shí),大局部的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化興旺國(guó)家是由于農(nóng)村電氣化。農(nóng)村電氣化建設(shè)產(chǎn)生了顯著的生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng),但它也需要大量的能量。為了這一個(gè),也為了別的原因如運(yùn)輸本錢(qián)在一個(gè)低,農(nóng)村社會(huì)需要提供電力供給。引用可再生生物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)所需 灌溉可以是一個(gè)組件的農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施的能源消耗。在加利福尼亞的可高達(dá)90%。4在低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)、灌溉設(shè)備將保持與不斷更新和農(nóng)場(chǎng)使用較少的灌溉用水。 作物 不同的作物需要大量的能量輸入。例如,溫室作物的灌溉農(nóng)作物,和果園,需要大量的能量來(lái)維持,而排農(nóng)作物和農(nóng)作物不

53、需要太多的維修費(fèi)用。灌溉作物,這些溫室,確實(shí)存在將以下改善 家畜 家畜操作也可以使用大量的精力取決于他們都跑了。使用動(dòng)物飼料喂養(yǎng)很多是從玉米、大豆和其它作物。能量產(chǎn)生這些農(nóng)作物、過(guò)程和運(yùn)輸。由動(dòng)物找到自己的植物上。農(nóng)夫會(huì)消耗精力照顧,植被,但不是幾乎一樣多的農(nóng)夫,生長(zhǎng)oil-seed谷類(lèi)作物。 許多牲畜操作使用大量的精力去水飼養(yǎng)牲畜。在低碳經(jīng)濟(jì),這些行動(dòng)將會(huì)使用更多的水保育方法如雨水收集,水,等等,他們將貯水池的水也泵/分發(fā)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可再生能源最可能的風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能。 由于農(nóng)村電氣化,大多數(shù)興旺國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施的使用大量的電力。在一個(gè)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)、農(nóng)場(chǎng)才能運(yùn)行和裝備,以便更多的能源使用效率。乳品行業(yè),例如,將下面的變化5。 狩獵、捕魚(yú)為生。 釣魚(yú)是相當(dāng)能源密集的。例如熱回收在制冷拖網(wǎng)科技深圳將在低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)。5鏈接 林業(yè) 主要內(nèi)容:木經(jīng)濟(jì) 在低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)、林業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)將集中在低強(qiáng)度的實(shí)踐和再生。森林經(jīng)理將