外文翻譯---挖掘機(jī)開墾森林土壤與修正方案

1、附錄Reclamation of forest soils with excavator tillage and organic amendments Abstract In early 1994, a research project was initiated to evaluate the success of several techniques aimed at restoring productivity to degraded soils on landings near Vama Vama Creek, 44 km east of Prince George in Centra

2、l British Columbia. Soils were developed from morainal parent materials, the usual surface soil texture was silt loam. Two organic amendments were used in this study, including freshly prepared wood chips and old sawdust. An excavator equipped with a site preparation rake was used to till the soils

3、to a depth of 0.50 m. Organic amendments were subsequently added to the plots, and either left as a mulch or incorporated into the surface 0.20 m of the soil. Nitrogen was applied to all plots at a rate of 225 kg N ha-1, which represents about one-third of the 500±700 kg ha-1 that was estimated

4、 to be required to compensate for N immobilization during decomposition of the woody residues. Survival was good for all treatments, but after 3 years, trees were growing best in areas that were treated with tillage alone. Trees growing on areas where old sawdust was used as an amendment had more vo

5、lume than trees growing in areas where wood chips had been used. Control plots with no treatment had intermediate growth. Soil temperature and chemical properties were evaluated for their effect on growth.#2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Forest soil rehabilitation; British C

6、olumbia; Soil disturbance; Soil conservation; Soil productivity; Landing and road rehabilitation 1. Introduction Soils on forest landings in central British Columbia are frequently characterized by compaction and nutrient depletion (Carr, 1988a). Degraded soils on landings and other areas where soil

7、s have been disturbed by forest operations often support only meager growth of planted conifers (Arnott et al., 1988). In many cases, soil conditions are so degraded that planting is not attempted on landings. Restoring soil productivity on degraded soils requires that growth-limiting conditions be

8、alleviated (Bulmer, 1998). Tillage is frequently employed to decompact soils and improve soil productivity(Andrus and Froehlich, 1983). On coarse-textured soils, tillage alone may provide significant benefits for growth of conifers such as lodgepole pine, although the long-term consequences of soil

9、nutrient depletion may be of concern. On fine-textured soils,tillage results have been inconsistent (Carr, 1988b;McNabb, 1994), partly because there is a narrow rangeof moisture content where effective tillage can be carried out, but also because stable aggregates are required to prevent puddling an

10、d poor physical conditions from reappearing shortly after tillage. Stable soil aggregates form when soil mineral grains establish an intimate association with soil organic matter(Tisdall and Oades, 1982). Several approaches could be employed to re-establish stable soil structure after tillage of fin

11、e-textured soils. A cover crop of deep rooted grasses and legumes could be established to provide organic matter and enhance biological activity in the root zone,thereby encouraging the development of stable soil aggregates. Another approach that has been proposed involves the incorporation of organ

12、ic amendments into the surface soil layer to bring organic and mineral soil materials in contact with each other, and possibly encourage the formation of stable aggregates. This project was developed in order to gain more information about methods for restoring productivity to compact and nutrient-p

13、oor soils. We evaluated the effect of several combinations of tillage and the addition of organic amendments on soil properties and the establishment and early growth of lodgepole Pine.2. Materials and methods2.1. Study sitesThe study was carried out on three forest landings 44 km east of Prince Geo

14、rge, in the SBSwk1 biogeoclimatic subzone. Soils were developed from morainal parent materials. The usual surface soil texture was silt loam, but in at least one location, a clay-rich B horizon was encountered. Coarse fragment content varied between 15 and 40%. The landings were located on level or

15、gently sloping areas. Prior to treatment, there was little vegetation growth on the Landings.2.2. Experimental design Nine treatments were applied to 5 m6 m plots, as described in Table 1. Two control plots were established on each landing. The two organic amendments used were wood chips produced as

16、 part of treatments to reduce ®re hazard on the adjacent cutblock, and well-rotted sawdust from an old sawmill site. These materials are typical of soil amendments that may be available at remote rehabilitation sites. The chips had typical particle size of 0.1 m 0.05 m 0.005 m,while the sawdust

17、 particles had all dimensions smaller than 0.003 m. 2.3. Treatments Treatments were carried out in the summer of 1994 using an excavator equipped with a five-tooth site preparation rake. Soils were tilled to a depth of 0.50 m, and organic amendments were subsequently shoveled onto the plots to obtai

18、n an even distribution of the material. Amendments were either left as a mulch or subsequently incorporated into the surface 0.20 m of the soil. Pine seedlings (PSB 313) were planted at 1 m spacing on all plots. A legume seed mix was applied in the summer of 1995, but very poor establishment of the

19、legume cover crop occurred due to dry weather.Grass and legume cover has been maintained at a low level throughout the experiment. All plots, including controls, were fertilized in the summer of 1995, using a combination of urea (45-0-0) and a complete NPK fertilizer (18-18-18). Nitrogen was applied

20、 at a rate of 225 kg N ha-1, which represents about one-third of the 500±700 kg N ha-1 that was estimated to be required to compensate for N immobilization during decomposition of the woody residues. The plots received 50 kg ha-1 of K2O and P2O5.2.4. Soil analysis and tree productivity measurem

21、ents Composite soil samples were collected in October,1994 from the recently treated plots. Samples were air dried, passed through a 0.002 m sieve, and analyzed at the Pacific Forestry Centre. Soil temperature and moisture were evaluated approximately every two weeks during the summer of 1995 by obt

22、aining three readings with a hand-held thermometer that was inserted 0.15 m below the mineral soil surface. Tree survival and early growth was monitored after one,two, and three growing seasons. Tree height and caliper was determined, along with an assessment of the tree condition. Tree volume was d

23、etermined as the volume of a cylinder with base diameter equal to the caliper, and height equal to the seedling height. 3. Results and discussion3.1. Soil properties Soil temperature results are presented in Fig. 1.Even though no analysis was done on the data, and replication was limited, general co

24、nclusions appear to be justified. Daytime soil temperatures tended to be lower for mulch treatments compared to soils without added amendments. Plots where organic amendmentshad been tilled into the surface had intermediate soil Temperatures. The sawdust had a much lower C : N ratio than the wood ch

25、ips (Fig. 2), reflecting higher N concentrations for woody materials that have experienced several years of decomposition. P, Ca, Mg and Fe concentrations also appeared to be slightly higher in the sawdust material (data not shown). Concentrations of other elements did not appear to vary consistentl

26、y between the sawdust and wood chip amendments. C : N ratios of surface mineral soils ranged from16.5 to 72.9. Incorporated sawdust increased the C : N ratio of the ®ne fraction of mineral soils compared to plots without added amendments. Incorporated wood chips also resulted in a slight increa

27、se in mineral soil C : N, even though the wood chips were generally much larger than 0.002 m. Carbon concentrations of surface mineral soils were affected by several factors,including the presence of buried wood and other organic materials in the untreated landings, and the effect of the organic ame

28、ndments on soil C concentrations.Untreated soils at one of the landings had high C concentrations in surface mineral soils, probably resulting from the presence of buried wood and forest floor material. A 0.05 m layer of wood chips is equivalent to an addition rate of 500 m3 ha-1. The chips had dry

29、bulk density of 152 kg m-3, so the addition rate is equivalent to 76 000 kg ha-1 of organic matter, or approximately 44 000 kg ha-1 of carbon. Incorporation of wood chips at a rate of 44 000 kg ha-1 of C into the surface 0.20 m of a hypothetical mineral soil with a bulk density of 1200 kg m-3, would

30、 increase the C concentration by 1.8%. Only a portion of this C would end up in the ®ne fraction of soil in the first few years after treatment, but all of it is expected to become part of the soil carbon cycle, and portions will eventually contribute to the ®ne soil organic matter content

31、. In contrast, sawdust incorporation would be expected to result in similar changes to total C concentration, but the C would appear in the fine soil fraction sooner,because the initial particle size is much smaller for sawdust than for wood chips. As expected, Fig. 2 shows that the plots where sawd

32、ust was incorporated into the surface had higher organic matter levels in the surface mineral soils than other treatments. Concentrations of other nutrients in surface mineral soils were variable, and did not show obvious trends arising from the treatments.3.2. Tree survival and early growth Seedlin

33、gs on plots with tillage alone produced the most volume over the 3 year period (Fig. 3). Trees growing in plots where sawdust was used as an amendment tended to have more volume after 3 years than trees growing where wood chips were used as the amendment. Heavy applications of wood chips left as a s

34、urface mulch resulted in the lowest volume growth after 3 years. Survival rates were over 90% for all treatments (Fig. 4). The silty soils were prone to frost heave, and high mortality rates and seedling damage due to frost heave were observed on control and tilled only plots on a wet area of one la

35、nding where seepagewater was present, while lower rates were observed for adjacent plots that had received organic amendments. Although data on soil moisture content are not presented here, several effects of the treatments on soil moisture status and availability to tree roots could be considered a

36、s causing the observed growth response. Lower soil moisture contents may result from better drainage from areas with raised surfaces, resulting in warmer soil temperatures and increased aeration of the root zone. During dry periods,increased soil organic matter contents of soils treated with sawdust

37、 or chip incorporation may improve soil moisture retention and provide moisture for plants.Surface mulches can also enhance moisture retention,although mulches also insulate the surface and may result in lower temperatures. Several factors, including the extent of summer drought during a particular

38、year would determine the beneficial or detrimental effects of variations in soil moisture storage or altered thermal properties on seedling growth. In general,only minor summer moisture deficits are experienced in the SBSwk1.4. Conclusion After 3 years, trees were growing best in areas that were tre

39、ated by tillage alone, and trees growing on areas where old sawdust was used as a soil amendment had more volume than trees growing in areas where wood chips were used as a soil amendment. Control plots with no treatment had intermediate growth. Soil temperature appears to have a large influence on

40、tree growth rates on these plots. Survival after 3 years was high, indicating that commonly available techniques for landing rehabilitation can restore soil conditions to a state suitable for establishment and early growth of conifer seedlings. Some of the variation in early growth results may relat

41、e to differences in initial conditions on the landings.The results also likely reflect the condition of the planting stock shortly after leaving the nursery, along with conditions at the time of planting. These effects have diminished after 3 years and significant treatment effects were observed. Tr

42、eatment effects are expected to become even more dramatic in subsequent years as the establishment effects diminish further. The old sawdust had chemical (low C : N) and physical (smaller particle size, expected higher water holding capacity) that may be implicated in the improved growth, but the da

43、ta available to date and analyses that have been carried out so far do not allow further interpretation of the cause for the improved growth of trees on the plots treated with sawdust.Acknowledgements Funding for establishment of this project in 1994and 1995 was provided by a grant from Canada's

44、 Green Plan to the Canadian Forest Service. Since1996, continued measurements have been made possible by the BC Ministry of Forests. Support for this project was also provided by Carrier Lumber. Field assistance during plot installation and for subsequent measurements was provided by Matthew Plotnik

45、off and Colin Peters. ReferencesAndrus, C.W., Froehlich, H.A., 1983. An evaluation of fourimplements used to till compacted forest soils in the Pacificnorthwest. Res. Bull. 45. For. Res. Lab., Oregon StateUniversity, Corvallis, OR.Arnott, J.T., Carr, W.W., Waines, A.C., 1988. Establishing forestcove

46、r on winter landings in the central interior of BritishColumbia. For. Chron. 64, 121±126.Bulmer, C.E., 1998. Soil rehabilitation in British Columbia: aproblem analysis. Land Manage. Handbook 44. BC Min. For.,Victoria, B.C.Carr, W.W., 1988a. Nutritional and soil compaction aspects ofestablishing

47、 forest cover on winter landings in the Fort St.James area. FRDA Report 047. BC Min. For. and Can. Fore.Serv., Victoria, BC.Carr, W.W., 1988b. The rehabilitation of degraded forest soil inBritish Columbia: an overview. In: Lousier, J.D., Still, G.W.(Eds.), Degradation of forested land: forest soils

48、at risk. Proc.10th BC Soil Sci. Workshop, February, 1986. Land Manage.Rep. No. 56. BC Min. For., Victoria, BC, pp.197±204.McNabb, D.H., 1994. Tillage of compacted haul roads and landingsin the boreal forests of Alberta. Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 66,179±194.Tisdall, J.M., Oades, J.M., 1982

49、. Organic matter and water stableaggregates in soils. J. Soil Sci. 33, 141±163. 13 / 13文檔可自由編輯打印挖掘機(jī)開墾森林土壤與修正方案 BC省的森林,卡拉瑪卡研究站,水庫路3401,弗農(nóng),加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省c7 V1B 2 審核1999年10月6日。摘要： 在1994年初發(fā)起的一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目評(píng)估成功的幾種技術(shù)，旨在恢復(fù)瓦馬瓦馬溪以東44公里附近中環(huán)不列顛哥倫比亞省喬治王子上岸退化土壤生產(chǎn)力。土壤從材料開發(fā)，通常表面土壤質(zhì)地為粉質(zhì)壤土。兩個(gè)有機(jī)修訂這項(xiàng)研究中，包括新制的木屑和舊木屑。一臺(tái)挖掘機(jī)配備整

50、地耙來耕地土壤深度0.50米。隨后添加有機(jī)添加物的地塊，要么離開覆蓋或納入0.20米的土壤表面。氮225公斤每公頃的速度被應(yīng)用到這次研究，據(jù)估計(jì)500±700公斤公頃的約三分之一，被要求固定應(yīng)用為在木質(zhì)殘留物的分解。挽救措施是處理好了，但3年后，樹木的長勢最好的領(lǐng)域分別用單獨(dú)耕作。老鋸末作為一項(xiàng)修正案量比在木片的地方已被用于生長的樹木有更多的樹木生長。沒有治理的對(duì)照地塊中間有增長。土壤溫度和化學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的影響評(píng)估。2000 愛思唯爾科學(xué)BV保留所有權(quán)利1.介紹：眾多的特點(diǎn)，在不列顛哥倫比亞省中部的森林著陸土壤板結(jié)，養(yǎng)分耗竭（卡爾，1988a）。退化的土壤上和其他地區(qū)的土

51、壤已經(jīng)不妥善的森林經(jīng)營活動(dòng)往往只支持種植針葉樹（Arnott等人，1988）輕微增長。在許多情況下，土壤條件退化，種植不試圖上岸。土壤生產(chǎn)力恢復(fù)退化的土壤上生長限制條件得到緩解（布爾默，1998）。經(jīng)常采用松軟土壤耕作，提高土壤的生產(chǎn)力（安德魯斯和弗勒利希，1983）。在粗質(zhì)地的土壤，耕作可提供黑松等針葉樹的增長，雖然土壤養(yǎng)分長期枯竭的后果可能會(huì)是關(guān)注的問題。在®NE質(zhì)感土壤，耕作結(jié)果不一致（卡爾，1988B;麥克納布，1994年），部分原因是一個(gè)狹窄的范圍內(nèi)可以進(jìn)行有效的耕作，水分含量，而且還因?yàn)榉€(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體需要防止耕作后不久再次出現(xiàn)樹體狀況不佳。穩(wěn)定的土壤團(tuán)聚形成土壤礦物顆粒時(shí)，建

52、立土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)（蒂斯和奧德的，1982年）。有幾種方法可以重新建立穩(wěn)定的土壤后免耕土壤結(jié)構(gòu)。根深蒂固的牧草和豆科植物可以建立覆蓋作物根區(qū)域中提供有機(jī)質(zhì)和提高生物活性，從而鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展穩(wěn)定的土壤團(tuán)聚體。已經(jīng)提出的另一種涉及到土壤表層帶來土壤有機(jī)和無機(jī)材料相互接觸方法，并有可能鼓勵(lì)摻入有機(jī)物穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體的形成。 這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是為了獲得更多的信息的方法恢復(fù)緊湊、貧營養(yǎng)的土壤生產(chǎn)力。我們對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)評(píng)估性耕作，并建立和早期生長的黑松添加有機(jī)添加物的幾種組合的效果。2. 材料與方法2.1研究網(wǎng)站這項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行了三個(gè)森林著陸喬治王子市以東44公里，在生物地球化學(xué)氣候分區(qū)。土壤開發(fā)的材料。通常的表面土壤質(zhì)地為粉砂壤土，

53、但至少有一個(gè)位置，遇到富含粘土的B層。粗碎屑含量介于15和40。著陸位于水平或平緩地區(qū)。處理之前，很少有植有生長。2.2實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)9個(gè)5米x6米處理應(yīng)用，如表1中所述。兩個(gè)控制地上建立每次著陸。兩個(gè)有機(jī)添加物使用木屑作為處理的一部分減少®相鄰的切口塊重再次危害，以及舊鋸木廠腐爛的木屑。這些材料是典型的土壤改良劑，可能是遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)站點(diǎn)。該模片有典型的顆粒尺寸為0.1mx 0.05米x 0.005米，而木屑顆粒有所有尺寸小于0.003米。2.3治理在1994年的夏天進(jìn)行治理使用的挖掘機(jī)配備一個(gè)®VE齒整地耙。土壤耕種的深度0.50米，有機(jī)修正隨后鏟到地塊，以獲得均勻分布的材料。修訂

54、要么離開覆蓋或隨后并入0.20米的土壤表面。所有種植松苗（PSB313）的地塊樹苗在1米的間距。豆科植物種子組合被應(yīng)用在1995年的夏天，但是非常貧瘠的土地由豆科植物建立作物覆蓋，由于天氣干燥，在整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)草和豆科植物一直維持在一個(gè)較低的水平。在1995年的夏天，所有的細(xì)節(jié)，包括控制，受精使用尿素（45-0-0）和一個(gè)完整的氮磷鉀復(fù)合肥（18-18-18）的組合。適用于氮?dú)?25公斤每公頃，據(jù)估計(jì)約占500±700 KGN公頃比例的三分之一，以固定在分解的木質(zhì)殘留物作為補(bǔ)償。該地塊收到50公斤K2O和P2O5每公頃。2.4土壤分析和樹生產(chǎn)力測量1994年10月采集復(fù)合土樣，從最近處理的情況。樣品在空氣中干燥后，通過0.002篩，并在起搏®C林業(yè)中心分析了。土壤溫度和濕度在1995年夏天