跨文化交際名詞解釋

1、Introduction1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)視角中的 全球化 表現(xiàn)為不斷增加的國(guó)際商務(wù)往來(lái)過(guò)程。Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏觀文化 意味著種族差異的消失和一個(gè)大社會(huì)的形成。Melting pot means a sociocul

2、tural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔爐 :不同背景和國(guó)籍的人們之間的社會(huì)文化的同化。Microcultures: cultures within cultures微觀文化： 文化中的文化Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communic

3、ation event.跨文化交際:指擁有不同文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)體系的人文之間進(jìn)行的交際。Chapter 1Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化 是習(xí)得的一套關(guān)于信仰，價(jià)值觀，規(guī)范的公認(rèn)的解釋，這些信仰，價(jià)值觀， 規(guī)范對(duì)相當(dāng)大人類群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。Culture identity refers to one s sense of belo

4、nging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份 ：指有意識(shí)地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亞文化 :具有能在更大的一個(gè)社會(huì)范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點(diǎn) 的人類群體所形成的文化。Subgroup

5、 are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.亞群體 :與主流文化不一致，并與主流文化有交際障礙的交際群體。Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.規(guī)則 :社會(huì)認(rèn)同的行為或行為的個(gè)體原則。Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incor

6、rect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就意味著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。Chapter 2Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社會(huì)文化適應(yīng)： 人們學(xué)習(xí)適應(yīng)自己所在社會(huì)的文化的社會(huì)化過(guò)程。Acculturation refers to an individual s learning and ad

7、opting the norms and values of the new host culture.文化適應(yīng)： 人們學(xué)習(xí)適應(yīng)新文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀的過(guò)程。分隔和隔離separation and segregation refer to maintaining one s original cultureand not participating in the new culture.在文化適應(yīng)過(guò)程中保留了原有文化，完全沒(méi)有接受和習(xí)得新文化。融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the

8、new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化適應(yīng)中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時(shí)又保留了自己文化的完整性。同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose

9、their previous culture.人們放棄原有文化， 接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化， 人們就失去了原有的文化。邊緣化 Marginalization or deculturation , refers to losing one s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society人們不僅失去 自 己原有 的文化身份，而且與廣大社會(huì)失去了心理聯(lián)系。文化震蕩 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that

10、 an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人們?cè)谶M(jìn)入種新文化環(huán)境時(shí)，遭遇 的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。Chapter 3信息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.是具有交際需要和愿望的具體的人。編碼 encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.是指將思想轉(zhuǎn)換成代碼的行為過(guò)程。信息 message is the resulting object.是交流的內(nèi)

11、容，編碼的結(jié)果。渠道 channel 是信息傳遞的手段。干擾 noise 指任何會(huì)曲解信息源所要表達(dá)的信息的事情。解碼 decoing 信息接收者在積極參與交流的過(guò)程中對(duì)所接收到的符號(hào)信息賦予意義的過(guò)程。反饋 feedback 指信息接收者的反應(yīng)被信息源所了解的那一部分反應(yīng)。情境 context 交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內(nèi)容的含義。Chapter 4人際交際 interpersonal communication : a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and wh

12、o therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them. 指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對(duì)方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對(duì)方那里獲得解釋。內(nèi)文化交際intracultural communication is defined as communication between andamong members of the same culture .指同一文化內(nèi)某成員之間的交際，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，同

13、一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。國(guó)家間交際internation communication 指國(guó)家和政府而非個(gè)人之間的交際， 此種交際非常正式和儀式化?？缑褡褰浑Hinterthnic communication ： refers to communication between peopleof the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一種族，不同民族背景的 人們之間的交際。跨種族交際interracial communication: occurs when the sender and the rec

14、eiverexchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics指信息源和信息來(lái)自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征?？绲貐^(qū)交際interregional communication :refers to the exchange of messagesbetween members of the dominant culture within a country. 指一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)主流文化成員之間的信息交換過(guò)程。Chapter 5世界觀 worldview :i

15、s the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.指我們持有的對(duì)宇宙，神，人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法。 宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. 對(duì)超自然力量宇宙創(chuàng)造者和控制者權(quán)力的相信與崇敬。個(gè)人主義 individualism :個(gè)人利益勝于集體利益， 集

16、體主義 collectivism ：個(gè)人融入集體。對(duì)不確定因素的回避態(tài)度： uncertainty avoidance deals with a society s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man s search for truth.是關(guān)于 一個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。權(quán)利距離 power distance ： 組織或機(jī)構(gòu)里邊，沒(méi)有權(quán)力的成員對(duì)于權(quán)力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。Chapter 6感覺(jué) sensation： is the neurological process

17、 by which people become aware of their environmnent .人們意識(shí)到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過(guò)程。低語(yǔ)境low context ：交際過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的信息量的大部分由顯性的語(yǔ)碼負(fù)載，只有少量的信息蘊(yùn)含在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。高語(yǔ)境high versus： 在人們交際時(shí)，有較多的信息量蘊(yùn)含在社會(huì)文化環(huán)境和情景中，明顯的語(yǔ)碼負(fù)載較少的信息量。Chapter 7焦慮 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and no

18、t be totally present in the communication transaction. 在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應(yīng)對(duì)， 過(guò)多關(guān)注自己的情緒， 不能全身心投入到交際中。假定一致性： (1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based onhow they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.從自己看待事物的角度來(lái)判斷別人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to th

19、e assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.定勢(shì) stereotypes ： refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.

20、t對(duì)目標(biāo)群體成員所特有 的正面或方面的判斷。偏見(jiàn) Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏見(jiàn) 是指對(duì)于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無(wú)端的憎惡和懷疑。種族主義是基于種族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributescharacteristics or status to individuals based on

21、 their race 把性格特點(diǎn)或地位歸因于個(gè)人的任意政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。語(yǔ)言絕對(duì)論： Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought andcultural norms.語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)控制思維和文化。語(yǔ)言相對(duì)論： Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controlslanguage文化由語(yǔ)言來(lái)決定，同時(shí)也決定語(yǔ)言。Chapter 8言語(yǔ)交際 Verbal intercultural communications happ

22、ens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language 當(dāng)來(lái)自不同 文化背景的人們用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交流時(shí) 言語(yǔ)交際 就發(fā)生了。禁忌語(yǔ) ： Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain for religious or social reasons在特定文化中出于宗教 或社會(huì)原因被一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞

23、語(yǔ)或行為。委婉語(yǔ) ： Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用溫和的，間接的方式來(lái)代替嚴(yán)厲的， 生硬的或冒犯的言語(yǔ)。Chapter 10非言語(yǔ)信號(hào)： （狹義） noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspokensymbol to communicate a specific message運(yùn)用非言語(yǔ)符號(hào)傳達(dá)特定信息的交際 行為。 （廣義）

24、 refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people ' s use of them們交際時(shí)運(yùn)用的環(huán)境因素。副語(yǔ)言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是與口語(yǔ)交際有關(guān)，指說(shuō)的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些

25、要素會(huì)打斷 或臨時(shí)取代語(yǔ)言并影響信息的語(yǔ)意表達(dá).時(shí)間行為： Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r(shí)間。時(shí)空行為： proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.指對(duì)空間的認(rèn)知和使用時(shí)空進(jìn)行溝通，包括地盤(pán) 性和個(gè)人空間。目光語(yǔ)：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed ocule

26、sics®究目光傳遞的交流信息。氣味行為 Olfactics: The study of communication via smell is called Olfactic劉通過(guò) 味道進(jìn)行交流的研究。觸覺(jué)行為 Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通過(guò)身體接觸來(lái)進(jìn)行交流。身勢(shì)語(yǔ)行為Kinesics： is the term used for communicating through various types ofbody movements including facial expr

27、essions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交際時(shí)所使用的不同類型的動(dòng)作，包括表情，手勢(shì)，姿勢(shì)，和其他代替語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)信息的行為舉止。色彩學(xué) Chromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting people smood,emotions,and impression of others.指影響你的情緒，情感和對(duì)他人的印象的 顏色的研究。Chapter 11禮節(jié) Etiquett

28、e:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社會(huì)或商務(wù)往來(lái)中被認(rèn)為可接受的行為舉止。Chapter 12良好的交際Competent communication ： as interaction that is perceived as effectivein fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一種適合交際發(fā)生場(chǎng)景的方式來(lái) 完成一定的有回報(bào)的目標(biāo)的有效交際?？缥幕芰?intercultural competence :refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,the ablity to behave in an appro