實用英語語法歸納

1、Grammar一、數詞1. ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score 等表示精確數字時只用單數形式, 但在表示不確切數字時要用復數。 e.g. six hundred students 六百名學生 hundreds of students 成百上千的學生 two dozen bottles of beer 24瓶啤酒 dozens of times 幾十次2. 倍數比較的表示法1) X times + as + 形容詞或副詞原級+ as, “ A是B 的X倍”e.g. Room A is twice as wide as Ro

2、om B. A的寬度B房間是兩倍。2) X times + 形容詞或副詞的比較級 （ longer, greater, faster）+ than這個句型表示的數為凈增加數。 e.g. A is three times longer than B. A 比B長三倍。（A是B的四倍。）3) 動詞 + to + X times （增加到）4) 動詞 +by + X times（增加了）二、 不定代詞one, it 和that 的代詞用法差異:one 只能代替可數名詞，等于a + 名詞，為泛指；that 代替可數或不可數名詞，等于 the + 名詞，所指的名詞與前面提到的為同一類，但非同一物；it

3、等于 the ( this, that, my) + 名詞，所指的名詞就是前面提到的同一物。e.g. The climate of my hometown is not so warm as that of Taiwan. A wall made of bricks is much firmer than one of mud. The pen is very beautiful; I like it very much.三、形容詞1. 形容詞在某些動詞后作表語：1) 表示 “變成，成為” 的動詞要求用形容詞作表語。例如：turn, get, grow, go (變成); run ( 很快變成

4、); come (果然變成)。e.g. Her dream has come true. ( 不可用truly。)2) 感覺，感官動詞要求用形容詞作表語。例如：see, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等。e.g. It sounds nice. The news proved correct.1. as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as 和 not + so / as + 原級 + as前者的意思為 “和一樣”，表示肯定意義，為等量比較；后者意思是 “不及” 表示否定意義，為不等量比較。兩個as 之間通常為表示數量、程度、性質的詞，如：many,

5、 much, little, few, good, tall 等。e.g. The tree is as tall as the building. Your coffee is not so good as mine.2. be afraid to和 be afraid of 的差別：be afraid to表示不敢做某事； be afraid of 表示害怕某事本身e.g. He is afraid to swim in that river after that accident. 那次事故以后，他不敢到那條河里游泳。 She was afraid of being found out.

6、 她害怕被人發(fā)覺。e.g. She was afraid to wake her husband up. 她不敢叫醒她丈夫。（怕她丈夫生氣或打她。） She was afraid of waking her husband up. 她害怕叫醒她丈夫。（疼愛她丈夫，想讓他多睡一會。）3. compared to (with), 主句里的形容詞或副詞要用原級。意思為“同相比”。例如：This fish is big compared with the one you caught just now.He is rich compared with most villagers.4. 表示最高級意義

7、的幾種特殊結構:1) She is as bright as any in the school.2) He is as happy as happy can be.3) Nothing is more precious than health.4) No one is so deaf as those who wont listen.5) She is more careful than any other / any one else.6) I have never read a more interesting novel.四助動詞1. used to + 動詞原形表示一種過去的習慣，過

8、去的例行活動或方式，一個與現在情況相反的過去狀況，意思為“過去常?！保穸ㄊ綖閡sed not to ( usednt to ),疑問式把 used 放在主語前，也可用did 引起。be ( become, get, grow, accustomed, ) used to + 動名詞或名詞（不能加動詞原形）意思為“習慣于，對習慣”。例如：She didnt use to come. / She usednt to come. 她過去不常來。Didnt he use to get up early? / Usednt he to get up early?他過去不是早起嗎？2. had bett

9、er (best); would rather這兩個短語后跟動詞原形；would rather (sooner) + 動詞原形 + than +動詞原形。 had better 表示 “最好”, 否定式為 had better not, 疑問句把 had放在主語前，這個結構用于現在時或一般將來時，通用于所有人稱。had不是過去式，例如： Had he better leave at once? You had better not go by air. Would rather 的意思為“寧愿，寧可”，后接動詞原形，否定式為“would rather not”, 疑問句把would 放在主語前

10、。Would rather (sooner)than意思為“寧愿而不”，than后接原形不帶to。Would rather接從句時要用虛擬式。例如： He would rather die than tell the secret. 他寧死也不泄露秘密。 Wouldnt you rather work here? 你不愿意在這里干活嗎？3. 情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成式（may, must, should+ have + 過去分詞）1) may / might + have done 此結構用于推測過去的行為，表示“可能已經”，例如： He may have said so. 他可能這樣說過。It m

11、ight have been last October. 那可能是去年十月的事。2) can / could + have done, 此結構用于推測過去的行為，表示“可能”，或表示過去能做而沒有做的事。有一種對過去未付諸實施的事情的惋惜Where can (could) she have gone? 她可能到那里去了呢？In those circumstances we could have done better. 在那樣的情況下，我們本來可以做的更好的。（但沒有做得更好）Cf. cant 和couldnt + 動詞原形可以用來表示否定推斷.例如: He cant be over fift

12、y. 他不可能超過50歲.3) must + have done表示對過去行為的推測,具有較大得可能性。譯為“一定，想必”，例如：She must have gone through a lot. 她一定吃過很多苦。Cf. must + 動詞原形可以表示對現在的猜測。must be + 現在分詞表示對未來或正在進行的推測。例如：She looks happy; she must be having a good time. (現在正在)It must be raining tomorrow according to the radio. (未來)4) neednt + have done 表示

13、一種已經做過的但并無必要的行為，例如：You neednt have watered the flowers because it is going to rain. 你本來不必澆花，因為天要下雨了。（但卻澆了）cf. didnt need to do 表示沒有必要做某事，實際上也沒有做。例如：I didnt need to clean the windows. My sister did it. 我不必擦窗。我妹妹擦了。5) should have done 此結構的肯定式表示應該做的事情而沒有做，否定式表示某種行為不該發(fā)生但卻發(fā)生了。例如： You should have given he

14、r more help. 你應該多給他一些幫助的。 （但沒有給） She shouldnt have left the hospital so soon, for she has not yet recovered. 她本不該那么早就離開醫(yī)院的。因為她還沒有康復。（但離開了）五 動詞1 get的用法1) get+ 形容詞表示某種狀態(tài)的變化,意思同become 相似。例如: When you get old, your memory gets worse.2) get + 過去分詞這種結構與 be + 過去分詞相似，相當于被動語態(tài)。His leg got broken in the car ac

15、cident.3) get + 賓語 + adj. （分詞，不定式）這種結構表示“使變得，使移動，使做. ，使.被做（用過去分詞）”。例如：I cant get my feet warm. 我沒法使腳暖和起來。Can you get the car going? 你能把車開動起來嗎？I got my watch repaired yesterday. 我昨天讓人把表修了。 2.have 的用法： have + 賓語 + 動詞原形 have + 賓語 + 現在分詞 have + 賓語 + 過去分詞1) 表示“使某人或某物做某事，使某物某事被他人做”。例如：He had everybody fil

16、l out a form. 他讓所有的人都填了表。She had us laughing all through the meal. 在吃飯過程中，她使我們始終笑個不停。 If you dont get out of my house, I will have you arrested. 如果你不離開我的房子，我就讓讓人把你抓起來。2) 經歷某個時間或行動，遭遇。句子的主語不是動作的執(zhí)行者。例如： He had his left hand cut off when operating the machine.他在操作這部機器時,左手被切掉了。3) 拒絕接受，不允許。（wont have）,相當

17、于 dont allow / permit sb. to do sth., 或forbid sb. to do sth. 例如： I wont have you do (doing) that again. 我決不會讓你做那件事。3. 后面接動名詞的動詞：wonder (at); object (to); insist (on); imagine; deny; consider; appreciate; admit; suggest六、時態(tài)1. 一般現在時在由when, if, after, before, although / though, as soon as, whether, bec

18、ause, even if, in case, till / until, unless, so long as, where / wherever, whatever 等引導的表示時間、條件、比較等狀語從句中，用一般現在時代替一般將來時。例如： I will tell her when she comes tomorrow. You will sonly succeed if you try your best. I shall have a good time whether I win or lose. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-hea

19、ded.2. 現在完成時1) 現在完成時主要用來表示a) 從過去到現在這段時間內完成而對現在有影響的動作或狀態(tài)，常和already, before, in the past few months, just, so far, this year, today, up to now, yet等狀語連用b) 從過去開始延續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)，常和be, live, stay, study, teach, want, work等延續(xù)動詞及for , since或these days等引出的狀語連用。 瞬時動詞的否定式可以和for或since引出的狀語連用。He has not come to wor

20、k for a week.I havent heard from him since last year.c)在時間和條件狀語從句中代替將來完成時。 I will let you know after I have talked with him. The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.2) 比較現在完成時與過去時a) 意義上的區(qū)別： 兩種時態(tài)的動作都發(fā)生在過去,現在完成時強調動作現在(now)的結果;過去時著眼過去(then)的動或狀態(tài)本身。比較: I have seen the film. I s

21、aw a film yesterday. She has taught English for ten years. She taught English for ten years. b)時間狀語的區(qū)別表示過去的時間狀語只用于過去時,不能用于現在完成時。 例如: He died ten days ago.He has been dead for ten days.since引出的狀語通常不與過去時而與完成時連用; 而since引出的狀語從句本身通常用過去時。例如: She hasnt eaten anything since yesterday. We have known each oth

22、er since we were boys.有時兩種時態(tài)可用同一時間狀語,但時間含義不同。例如: I have read ninety pages this morning.(說話時間在上午)I read ninety pages this morning.(說話時間在下午或晚上)c)特殊用法在“It is the first time”后用現在完成時。例如:It is the first time Ive worked on the farm.It is the first time they have traveled by air.在“It is/has been a long time

23、 since”后用過去時。例如:It is/has been a long time since we parted. It is/has been ten years since he left his hometown 在“It/ This is+最高級形容詞+名詞”后的從句中,用現在完成時。例如:It/ This is the best film I have ever seen this year.He is the most interesting person I have ever met.2.過去完成時1) 過去完成時主要表示：a） 過去某時刻前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和after

24、, before, by, up till等引入的詞連用。例如： Before John got home, Mary had gone to bed. b) 特殊用法:) 和before連用, 表示“還沒就”。 例如: They set out before I had told them the address.) 在“ It was the first time”后面。例如： It was the first time he had finished his composition in 30 minutes.）在“no sooner than ”和 “hardlywhen”的結構中。例

25、如：I had no sooner returned than he called.We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.2）比較過去時和過去完成時：過去完成時表示某一時刻，或某一動作前發(fā)生的事情，即過去的過去，它著眼于顯示過去發(fā)生的幾個動作的先后。過去時只敘述發(fā)生于過去某時刻或某時刻后的動作，但不強調時間順序。例如： When she got home, her husband had already prepared the dinner.When she got home, she saw a telegram on her desk

26、.She had learned how to drive before she came to work in the factory.She learned to drive 5 years ago.七、被動語態(tài)1. 主動形式表示被動意義的詞1) 某些感官動詞或系動詞加形容詞可以表示被動意義，如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet. The cloth feels very soft.2）某些及物動詞后加副詞（有些可不加動詞）也可以表示被動意義。如： wash, write, sell,

27、 read, cut, lock, play, clean等。This type of recorder sells well.This kind of shirt washes very well.The novel reads well.The meat cuts easily.This kind of shirt cleans easily.3) want, deserve, need. require, stand, take, worth等詞的后面可以用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。這時動名詞與句中的主語有動賓關系。若動名詞是不及物的，后面還應有適當的介詞，例如： The book

28、is worth reading. This point deserves mentioning. The coat requires mending. The children need looking after. The table wants cleaning.4) 某些作表語的形容詞后，用不定式主動形式表示被動意義。例如：The fish is not fit to eat.He is hard to please.The passage is difficult to read.九、非謂語動詞 （包括三種：動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞）非謂語動詞的特點：1） 非謂語動詞有動詞的一般特點

29、（如可有賓語、有時態(tài)、有語態(tài)的變化、可以被狀語修飾等），但在句中不能充當主要謂語。2） 沒有人稱和數的變化。3） 在句中可充當各種語法成分。1. 動詞不定式1) 在had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, rather than, would sooner, would soonerthan, cannot help but, do nothing but, might as well. 等結構后用省to不定式。 They would rather (would sooner, had rather, had sooner) d

30、ie than surrender. 他們寧死也不投降。She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一個勁地問一些傻問題。I cant help but be sorry.但是，如果but 或者except等前的謂語動詞不是do或help，to不能省略。例如：She had no choice but to fight to the end. 她別無選擇，只有斗爭到底。She never came except to quarrel.2) 不定式做主語時，常用“it”作形式主語，而將不定式放在謂語的后面。例如：To train a horse

31、to jump is difficult. 可改寫成： It is difficult to train a horse to jump. 3) 在let, make, have, see, hear, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to 等動詞后作賓補的不定式均省去to。如： We were made to work on Sundays.二、 動名詞1、動名詞具有名詞性質，故在句中充當表語，賓語，和介詞賓語。動名詞做主語時要注意：1） 在 (good) 等結構中常用動名詞作主語。句首的it作主語。如： It is no use doing it

32、again.2） 在 There is no + 動名詞結構中，動名詞作主語。例如：There is no joking about this matter.3) 有些動詞后面跟動詞不定式和跟動名詞所表示的意義完全不同，有時甚至相反，比較：He stopped talking. 他停止講話.He stopped to talk. 他停下來開始講話.Please remember to post the letters. 請別忘了寄著幾封信I remember posting your letters. 我記得寄出了你的信.I regret not having told her earlier

33、. 沒能更早的告訴她,我很后悔.I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 我很遺憾的說,我明天必須走了.He will try to finish the work as early as possible. 他將設法盡早完成這項工作.He will try making a model ship. 他將試做一個模型船.They want to repair the house. 他們要把房子維修一下.The house wants repairing. 這房子需要維修了.3. 分詞 分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞?，F在分詞的形式是動詞原形 + ing；規(guī)則動詞

34、的過去分詞在動詞原形后 +ed。 比較現在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：1） 現在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別主要在語態(tài)和時間概念上。在語態(tài)上，現在分詞（除被動式外）表主動意思，過去分詞表被動意思。在時間上，現在分詞表示動作正在進行，過去分詞則表示動作的完成。比較：What he said is very touching. 他說的話非常感人。（主動）I was touched by the sight. 我被這景象深深地打動了。（被動）the falling leaves 紛紛飄落的樹葉the fallen leaves 落了的樹葉boiling water 正在沸騰的水boiled water 煮沸了的水

35、十, 虛擬語氣1. 虛擬語氣在條件狀語從句中的運用條件從句結果主句與現在 事實相反動詞過去式或werewould / should / could+ 動詞原形與過去事實相反had donewould / should / could have done與將來時間相反一般過去式或were to do或should dowould / should / could + 動詞原形 I would not feel cold if I were in doors. 我要是在室內就不會覺得了冷了。 If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conferenc

36、e wouldnt have been so successful. 如果我們不做充分的準備，會議是不會開得如此成功的。 If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. 如果她嫁給杰克，她會幸福的。 If she should know it, she would tell me. 如果她知道那件事，她會告訴我的。2. 動詞wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣與現在事實相反，用were或動詞的一般過去式；與過去事實相反，用had + 過去分詞或would, could have+ 過去分詞；表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現的愿望，用would, shoul

37、d could might + 動詞原形。例如：I wish she were here.I wish you would go with us tomorrow.I wish she had taken my advice.3. if only 和would that 后面用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用一般過去時，表示現在沒有實現的愿望，用過去完成時表示過去沒有實現的愿望。常翻譯為“要是就好了” If only she had known where to find you. 她要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。Would that I were young again. would that實際上是I

38、(we) would 的簡化。I would 相當于I wish。 I would I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.4. 虛擬語氣用在suggest, order, demand 等后的賓語從句中。這類動詞有：propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, determine, recommend, advise, intend。這時謂語動詞用動詞原形或should + 動詞原形。例如：He determined that she go at once.They

39、intended that the news be suppressed.She insisted that the seats be booked in advance.注：當suggest作“暗示，表明”解時，insist 不表示“堅決要求”而作“堅決認為”解時，其后的從句要用陳述語氣，不用虛擬語氣。例如： He insisted that he was not involved in the case. 他堅持認為自己和那個案子沒有牽連。 When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on

40、good terms with the director. 5. 虛擬語氣用在advice, demand, order等名詞后的主語從句，表語從句和同位語從句中，常用的這類名詞有：advice, demand, order, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, recommendation, idea, request, desire, motion,等。這時謂語動詞用動詞原形或should + 動詞原形。例如：Their desire was that a treaty be signed.His issued

41、that the troops withdraw at once.The demand is that manuscripts be written on one side only.按照要求手稿單面眷寫。6. 虛擬語氣用在 important, necessary, 等后的從句中。 這類形容詞有：important, necessary, essential, urgent, vital, appropriate, insistent, advisable, 例如： It is necessary that some immediate effort be made. It is essen

42、tial that the program be loaded into computer. 把程序輸進計算機非常必要。7. It is (high / about) time 句型要求用虛擬語氣 這時謂語動詞用過去式,指現在或將來的情況。表示早該干某事但已經晚了。例如： It is high time that we were off. 是我們該走的時候了。 It is time that we went to bed. 我們該就寢了。 It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.8. for fear that, in or

43、der that, so that, 引導的目的狀語從句中謂語動詞用虛擬語氣，即should, could, might,+ 動詞原形。例如： I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you. 我不會作聲以免打擾你。 I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.9. would rather,

44、would sooner, had better, would as soon, just as soon 后的句子用虛擬語氣。1) 接動詞原形，指現在或將來時間，表示一種主觀愿望或選擇，例如： I would rather do it today. He would rather die than surrender. He would rather not go dancing tonight.4) 接不定式完成式，表示過去的某種選擇不恰當。例如：I would rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.I would

45、rather have stayed at home than went to the dull film.5) 接從句，用虛擬語氣，為一般過去時，表示一個現在或將來的愿望；用過去完成時，表示一個過去的愿望。例如：I would rather you paid the money yourself. (現在)I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. (將來)I would rather she hadnt done that. (過去)十一、從句1定語從句 (使用要點)1）如果關系代詞緊跟在介詞后面，不能用who, that，只能

46、用which, whom。This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks. 這就是幾周來他們反復討論的那個問題。 The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange. 同他一起工作的人都覺得他有點怪。2） 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代詞，關系代詞一般只用that, 不用which

47、。 Please just tell me anything that you know about the author of the book. 凡是你知道的關于本書作者的情況請都告訴我。That is all (that) I could do at that time. 這就是我當時所能做的。3）It is + 名詞 + 定語從句 + 定語從句的結構中，后一定語從句要用that。 It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.只有閱歷豐富的人才能當領導。 It is always the mou

48、th which talks too much that arouses troubles. 言多必失。 It is a man who is honest that can do the work. 只有誠實的人才能做這項工作。4）如果先行詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等詞修飾，關系代詞只用that。 He is the only person that was present at that time.他是當時唯一在場的人。 This is the best TV set that is made i

49、n China.這是中國生產的最好的電視機。5）在非限制性定語從句中，不能用that，作賓語用的代詞也不能省略。 The Heavenly Lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tienshan Mountain. 天池是世界名勝之一，位于天山之上。 There were thirty students in the class, the majority of whom are from the city. 這個班上有30個學生，大多數來自城市。2. 時間狀語從句1). when, whenever, as, w

50、hilewhen表示某個具體的時間，所引導的從句的動作或是與主句動作同時發(fā)生，或是先于主句動作。When 可指一段時間，也可指一點時間。即可表示一時性的動作也可表示持續(xù)的動作。Whenever 指的是任何一個不具體的時間。As所表示的動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生，具有延續(xù)的含義，一般與延續(xù)性動詞連用。While只能表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，不能表示一時性或短暫的動作。 As和while可翻譯為“一邊一邊”，“正當的時候”。例如：He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on. 正當開會的時候，他走進了房間。 （指一段時間）Wh

51、ile (as) Jim was reading, Jack was writing. 吉姆閱讀的時候，杰克在寫東西。 （指一段時間）As (when) he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause. 他講話結束的時候，聽眾掌聲雷動。 （指一點時間，不能用while）2). no soonerthan; hardly (scarcely)when 這幾個連詞詞組都是表示主句和從句動作隨即相繼發(fā)生，意思為“一就”，“剛就”，主句動詞用過去完成時，如果no sooner，hardly (scarcely) 位于句首，主句要倒裝，即

52、把had放在主句前。例如：He had hardly gone to bed when the doorbell rang. 他剛睡下門鈴就響了。No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him. 他剛一下車，女兒就跑了過來。3. 原因狀語從句1) because, since, for和as because 表示原因語氣最強，常用于回答以疑問詞why引導的問句。Because從句一般用于主句后面，也可放在主句前面，但是當because從句表示理由時，只能放在主后面。For引導的從句并不說明主句行為發(fā)生的直

53、接原因，只是提供一些有助于說明情況的補充說明，且不可位于主句前。Since表示一種附帶的原因，或者表示已經知道的顯然的理由，意思為“既然”，引導的從句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是對主句的附帶說明，重點在主句。As從句通常放在主句前，有時也可改用so引導的復合句。例如：Because he did not obey the regulations, he was punished. （不可說for he）他受了處分因為他沒有遵守規(guī)定。（原因）Since you say so, I supposed it is true. 你既然這么說，我想這是真的。 As I am about to

54、start a journey, I shall not be able to begin the work before I return. 因為我即將出去旅行，回來之前我不能開始呢外項工作。注意： 強調原因狀語只能用“it is because that”結構，這里只能用becauseIt was because he was too careless that he failed in the exam. 他正是因為太粗心才考試沒有通過。 for 不可用于 “not.but”的結構，引導的從句不可作表語，也不可被副詞，如 only, simply, just 修飾。I like her not because he is rich, but because she is noble hearted. 我喜歡她并不是因為她富有，而是因為她有一顆高尚的心。It is because he is warm hearted.He l