畢業(yè)論文-維生素E對鯉魚生長性能的影響

1、學(xué)士學(xué)位論文（設(shè)計） 題 目：維生素E對鯉魚生長性能的影響姓 名： 劉彬 學(xué) 號： 2010034012 學(xué) 院： 生命科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院 專業(yè)/屆別： 生物技術(shù)（制藥）/2014屆 指導(dǎo)教師： 喬征磊 職 稱： 講師 目 錄1 引言11.1有關(guān)鯉魚的研究進(jìn)展11.2魚類飼料營養(yǎng)研究11.3維生素E的化學(xué)性質(zhì)21.4維生素E在腸道中的吸收和運轉(zhuǎn)31.5選題目的及意義32 研究方法42.1實驗魚及實驗設(shè)計42.2飼養(yǎng)管理42.3指標(biāo)測定43 結(jié)果與分析54 討論65 結(jié)論參考文獻(xiàn)7致謝8摘要采用單因子實驗設(shè)計方法，進(jìn)行了飼料中添加維生素E對鯉魚生長(存活率、特定生長率和增重率)影響的研究，設(shè)計了5個

2、不同維生素E水平(0、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg 、200mg/kg和300mg/kg)的飼料，對鯉魚進(jìn)行為期30d的生長實驗，每個水平設(shè)3個重復(fù)，每個養(yǎng)殖單元放養(yǎng)初始體重為1.6±0.1g左右的鯉魚3尾。飼養(yǎng)實驗在1000ml燒杯中進(jìn)行。結(jié)果表明，鯉魚飼料的最適維生素E添加量為50 mg/kg 100mg/kg。關(guān)鍵詞：鯉魚；維生素E；生長Abstract A single-factor experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary vitamin E on growth (feed efficiency

3、 ratio,specific growth rate and weight gain rate). We designed five different vitamin E level (0, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg) of feeding diets. Triplicated groups of 3 fish at initial body weight of about 1.6±0.1g were fed with the diets in the level for a month. The experiment wa

4、s done in many beakers with the capacity of 1000 milliliters. Results indicated that the optimal adding amount of vitamin E in carp feed is fixed from 50mg to 100mg every kilogram. Key words: carp, vitamin E, growth維生素E對鯉魚生長性能的影響1 引言鯉魚(Cyprinus carpio)隸屬于鯉形目(Cypriniformes)鯉科(Cyprinidae)，亞洲原產(chǎn)溫帶性淡水魚，屬

5、于底棲雜食性魚類。鯉魚不僅是我國最早最古老的養(yǎng)殖品種，也是我國主要的養(yǎng)殖魚類品種，屬于我國主要名優(yōu)淡水魚類之一，又因肉質(zhì)鮮美細(xì)嫩刺少，價格適中，營養(yǎng)豐富(每百克含蛋白質(zhì)20.5克，脂肪2.7克，鈣95毫克)，頗受人們的喜愛，素有“家魚之首”的美譽1。鯉魚的蛋白質(zhì)不但含量高，而且質(zhì)量也佳，人體消化吸收率可達(dá)96%，并能供給人體必需的氨基酸、礦物質(zhì)、維生素A和維生素D。鯉魚的脂肪多為不飽和脂肪酸，能很好的降低膽固醇，可以防治動脈硬化、冠心病，因此，多吃魚可以健康長壽。鯉魚產(chǎn)于我國各地淡水河湖、池塘，一年四季均產(chǎn)，但以2-3月產(chǎn)的最肥。1.1 有關(guān)鯉魚的研究進(jìn)展由于鯉魚可以為養(yǎng)殖者帶來很大的經(jīng)濟效益

6、，有關(guān)鯉魚生物學(xué)和養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)的研究很多。在鯉魚育種方面，隨著生物科學(xué)的發(fā)展，細(xì)胞工程技術(shù)有很多應(yīng)用，如細(xì)胞核移植、細(xì)胞融合、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)等技術(shù)結(jié)合成功的例子就有很多2?；蚬こ逃N在鯉魚選育種工作中也有很重要的作用。隨著科學(xué)家轉(zhuǎn)基因魚的研究，指出利用遺傳和生理學(xué)相結(jié)合的操作方法，可以加快魚類育種研究進(jìn)展。轉(zhuǎn)基因育種方法的范圍和效率都是傳統(tǒng)育種方法無法相比的。中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)院培育的“超級鯉”，就是轉(zhuǎn)基因育種方面出色的例子。轉(zhuǎn)基因鯉魚，在生長速度、體重、餌料效率等方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出一般的鯉魚3。為培育出更好的更健康的鯉魚新品種，中國科學(xué)院水生生物研究所開展鯉魚全基因組研究計劃，鯉魚全基因組研究不僅能夠促進(jìn)鯉魚分

7、子育種學(xué)等現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，還能夠為其他重要鯉科養(yǎng)殖魚類的分子生物學(xué)和育種學(xué)的發(fā)展提供必要的數(shù)據(jù)支持。鯉魚是黑龍江省地方主要養(yǎng)殖魚類品種之一，以往傳統(tǒng)的鯉魚商品魚養(yǎng)殖方式普遍是“一茬”春放秋捕。但近年來，逐漸推廣一年養(yǎng)“兩茬”的新技術(shù)，即先養(yǎng)一茬商品魚提供市場后，再養(yǎng)一茬魚種。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，應(yīng)用該技術(shù)比傳統(tǒng)的春放秋捕的養(yǎng)殖效益高1倍以上，并取得了顯著的經(jīng)濟效益。1.2 魚類飼料營養(yǎng)研究對于魚類飼料營養(yǎng)方面的研究4，Wolfe早在1951年就進(jìn)行了魚類維生素試驗飼料的配制工作。1957年Halver和Coates對其組織進(jìn)行了調(diào)整,使飼料內(nèi)含16種維生素，成功地用于飼喂大鱗大馬哈魚。這為進(jìn)一步研

8、究魚類維生素需要量及缺乏癥奠定了基礎(chǔ)。Hashimato和Okaichi于1969年編輯出版了維生素飼料喂魚的實用指南(瑞士Roche公司發(fā)行英文版本)，這對維生素在魚類飼料中的應(yīng)用起到了相當(dāng)大的推動作用。Harrison 等1990年報道了許多有關(guān)維生素對水生動物性腺成熟、 胚胎發(fā)育和早期幼體影響的研究。Miho 等2001年研究了飼料中維生素 K 水平對魚將魚生長發(fā)育的影響。國內(nèi)黃忠志等1986年以肝臟中維生素最大積累量為評定標(biāo)，研究認(rèn)為草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idella)飼料中維生素 C 適宜添加量為600mg/kg，發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素 C 缺乏時，草魚會出現(xiàn)缺乏癥，如出血癥狀

9、等。周歧存等2000年研究表明維生素 A 對皺紋盤鮑幼鮑生長、存活及體成分組成都有影響。這一段里的每項研究都是一個引用，不能一個【4】就概括了。1.3 維生素E的化學(xué)性質(zhì)維生素E（如圖1）作為苯并二氫毗喃的衍生物5，主要由一個6一輕基色滿環(huán) (chrolnanolring)和一個16碳原子的植基側(cè)鏈 (phytalchain)組成(見圖1)。根據(jù)植基側(cè)鏈上不飽和雙鍵的數(shù)目可分為生育酚和生育三烯酚兩大類，且生育三烯酚的分布不如生育酚廣泛；根據(jù)色滿環(huán)上甲基取代基的位置和數(shù)目的不同，每類又可分為a、p、Y和6四種，并且不同形式維生素E的生物活性存在很大的差別，其中a一生育酚的活性最高。因此，在許多科

10、學(xué)研究和實踐應(yīng)用中，注意力主要集中在生育酚上。 圖1 維生素E的基本結(jié)構(gòu) Fig.l The basic structure of Vitamin E英文跟漢語不能分兩頁色滿環(huán)上的經(jīng)基？是維生素E的活性部位，這就使得其本身極易被氧化。生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用中，為了提高其穩(wěn)定性和易于保存，故通常將其轉(zhuǎn)化為酷？的形式，使用較多的是維生素E醋酸醋和維生素E唬拍酸酷？。缺乏耐心和細(xì)心！1.4維生素E在腸道中的吸收和運轉(zhuǎn)維生素E作為一種脂溶性維生素6，其吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運與日糧中的其他脂類物質(zhì)一樣，也要經(jīng)歷一系列復(fù)雜的過程。由于飼糧中通常以維生素E酉旨的形式添加，必須先經(jīng)過胰脂肪酶水解為a一生育酚和游離脂肪酸，然后分別吸收

11、。游離a一生育酚在膽汁的作用下，乳化、溶解于膠粒微團中，摻合入膠粒微團的維生素E極易穿過腸腔水層，以被動擴散的形式，經(jīng)由腸細(xì)胞刷狀緣被腸粘膜細(xì)胞攝取20？。目前，維生素E在腸道的吸收主要建立在動物和人的研究之上，通過口服或十二指腸給藥的方式，分析淋巴和血漿中的維生素E濃度來探討其在腸道的吸收L川仁2z23？，;？并且在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):維生素E被腸細(xì)胞攝取吸收的效率低于其它的脂溶性維生素。研究表明，飼糧中大約20%一50%的維生素E被腸細(xì)胞吸收，而維生素E在24h內(nèi)，80%被腸細(xì)胞吸收24？。目前有關(guān)腸細(xì)胞對維生素E吸收率較低的原因還未見報道。維生素E吸收入腸粘膜細(xì)胞內(nèi)，主要貯存在亞細(xì)胞器微粒體膜和

12、線粒體膜上，與其它脂類或腸粘膜細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的載脂蛋白形成乳糜微粒，并以該形式轉(zhuǎn)運出腸粘膜細(xì)胞，通過淋巴系統(tǒng)，最后進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)25。由此可知，乳糜微粒的形成對于維生素E在腸細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)運極為重要。但是，有研究表明，維生素E在腸細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)運包括兩個不同的途徑，一個就是通常所說的以乳糜微粒的形式轉(zhuǎn)運，另一個途徑是通過高密度脂蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運2S26。這些細(xì)小和瑣碎的問題再讓老師修改嗎？1.5 選題目的及意義在養(yǎng)殖鯉魚時，飼料中應(yīng)添加適當(dāng)?shù)木S生素E，以滿足鯉魚的生長和抗氧化能力等方面的需求，但國內(nèi)對鯉魚生長過程中維生素E需求量的研究還未曾見到。本實驗以鯉魚為試驗動物，以維生素E作為研究對象，研究維生素E對鯉魚生長性能和

13、抗氧化能力的影響，旨在通過在鯉魚飼料中添加不同水平的維生素E，探討維生素E組合在飼料中的最適添加量，為鯉魚的飼養(yǎng)繁殖提供參考依據(jù)。2 研究方法2.1 實驗魚及實驗設(shè)計實驗于2013年9月3日10月3日在牡丹江師范學(xué)院生命科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院動物學(xué)實驗室進(jìn)行,鯉魚購自牡丹江市花鳥魚市場。試驗分為5組,每組3個重復(fù),將平均體重為1.6±0.1 g的45尾鯉魚隨機分在15個1000ml的燒杯中,每個燒杯3尾。試驗飼料由魚粉、豆粕、酵母粉、小麥粉、魚油構(gòu)成，蛋白質(zhì)含量38%，維生素E分別按0(對照)、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200mg/kg和300mg/kg 加入飼料后進(jìn)行混合和粉碎

14、，攪拌儀器為磁力攪拌器。2.2 飼養(yǎng)管理8實驗期間飼養(yǎng)水源為靜置1天后的自來水，每組1000ml水，平均水溫為23,每天在9:00時和17:00投喂,投喂時嚴(yán)格遵守“定點、定時、定量、定質(zhì)”原則。日投飼料為體重的2%,投飼量上午為40%，下午為60%。每周測一次體重，調(diào)整投飼量。每2d排污、換水50%。家里的不用泵的也死不了，不寫這個2.3 指標(biāo)測定9經(jīng)過30d的飼養(yǎng)之后,對試驗魚生長性能指標(biāo)等進(jìn)行測定,計算公式為:增重率（Weight gain rate,WGR,%）=(Wt-Wo)/Wo×100%成活率（Feed efficiency ratio,FER,%）=Nt/No

15、5;100%式中，Wt為第t天后各組魚體總重(g)，Wo為初始時各組魚魚體總重(g)； Nt為第t天后各組魚總數(shù)(尾)，No為初始各組魚總數(shù)(尾)。采用SPSS16.0對增重率數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。對增重率數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行方差分析和多重比較，當(dāng)P0.05時認(rèn)為差異顯著。3 結(jié)果與分析維生素E對鯉魚生長性能的影響，從表1可知:其中成活率對照組（1組）為56%，實驗組2組和3組成活率均為89%,4組成活率為78%,5組成活率為67%。對照組為維生素E缺乏組，鯉魚成活率明顯低于實驗組。增重率隨著飼料維生素E水平的提高顯著增加（P0.05），但當(dāng)達(dá)到一定水平后不再增加，反而有下降的趨勢，這與鯉魚成活率的結(jié)果相一致

16、。表 1 不同維生素E添加水平對鯉魚生長性能的影響Table1 Effect of vitamin E on growth performance of common carp實驗組Experimental group12345P維生素E水平（mg/kg）Vitamin level050100200300初始尾數(shù)Initial mantissa99999末尾數(shù)Final mantissa58876平均初始重（g）Initial weight1.5331.7001.6641.6701.679平均末重(g)Final weight1.9052.3532.1892.0452.023增重率(%)Wei

17、ght gain rate24.2738.4131.5522.4620.49<0.05成活率(%)Feed efficiency ratio5689897867結(jié)果中組2和組3增重率值較高（多重比較2組和3組之間無顯著差異，P0.05）。以上說明鯉魚對維生素E的需要量是有一定范圍的，過少和過多都不合適。從表1可知鯉魚飼料中維生素E水平最適值為50mg/kg100mg/kg。維生素E是鯉魚需要攝入的必需營養(yǎng)元素，對鯉魚的成活可能有影響。較高的維生素E水平可能使鯉魚成活率維持在較高水平，而過量的維生素E水平則可能對鯉魚的成活造成不利影響。當(dāng)然鯉魚的死亡也有可能是環(huán)境因素造成的。4 討論適量的

18、維生素E能促進(jìn)水產(chǎn)動物生長，提高飼料利用率，間接提高水產(chǎn)動物機體免疫力，改善水產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)。本實驗結(jié)果表明，飼料中添加適量維生素E能使鯉魚的增重率維持在較高水平。維生素E需要量的研究表明適量的維生素E能促進(jìn)機體生長，維生素E缺乏, 會導(dǎo)致鯉魚的增重率降低，即影響了鯉魚對蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪的吸收和利用。而維生素E過量也可能會影響動物的生長發(fā)育。本實驗中當(dāng)飼料中維生素E添加量超過100mg/kg時，鯉魚的增重率增加不明顯，隨著維生素E添加量的增加反而有所下降，因此鯉魚飼料中維生素E添加量應(yīng)適當(dāng)。以增重率為指標(biāo)，鯉魚飼料中維生素E適宜添加水平為50mg/kg100mg/kg。因為水生動物該類營養(yǎng)因子需求本來就

19、很少，但作用卻很大，所以這些營養(yǎng)因子稍有微量的變化就會引起嚴(yán)重的生理變化。本實驗方法亦可應(yīng)用于研究維生素E對其它各類魚類的生長性能的影響。維生素E對魚類生長具有很大的影響，它所參與的生理代謝反應(yīng)非常廣泛，有些反應(yīng)是生物維持生命、生長所必需的，若因為維生素E的不足而使某些代謝循環(huán)中斷，最先表現(xiàn)出的是生理異常，此種現(xiàn)象發(fā)生在生長階段時即是生長受阻，而年齡愈小的個體代謝愈快，需求量則愈大。所以，以鯉魚幼魚為對象測定的維生素E需求量亦滿足成年鯉魚。參考文獻(xiàn) 1 楊丹.不同維生素E水平對鯉魚生長性能和肌肉品質(zhì)影響的研究D.四川：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，什么學(xué)院？2009 2 樓允東.中國魚類遺傳育種研究的進(jìn)展J.

20、水產(chǎn)學(xué)報,1989,1(13):93-100 3 閆學(xué)春,孫效文,梁利群.轉(zhuǎn)基因超級鯉及子代的生長研究J.中國水產(chǎn),2004,1(1):12-154 肖秀芝.鯉魚的維生素營養(yǎng)J.黑龍江水產(chǎn),2004,2(1):8-105 蔡中華.維生素E對鯉魚健康的影響J .天津：天津農(nóng)學(xué)院水產(chǎn)，2009這個期刊格式不對6 鄭婷. 維生素E對鯉魚腸上皮細(xì)胞生長發(fā)育及抗氧化能力的影響D.四川：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，學(xué)院？20077 周立斌,王安利,張偉等.飼料維生素E含量對美國紅魚生長和非特異性免疫的影響J.漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展,2009,32(3):521-5238 趙紅霞,曹俊明,譚永剛等.軍曹魚幼魚維

21、生素C需要量的研究J.動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)報,2008,20(11):435-441參考文獻(xiàn)字體是五號不是小四這上面空著干啥？致謝首先衷心感謝指導(dǎo)教師喬征磊老師對我的熱情指導(dǎo)和無私幫助，大到課題的選題、開題報告、實驗設(shè)計、實驗實施、資料查找，小到文章結(jié)構(gòu)、標(biāo)點符號、字體排版，他都認(rèn)真對待，悉心指導(dǎo)，花費了大量的精力，使得我的課題最終順利完成。同時，我也看到了一位教師身上那種嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度和忘我的工作作風(fēng)，這些都將讓我受益終身。還要感謝其他幫助過我的老師們。最后我要特別感謝我的父母和所有親人及朋友，感謝他們給予了我關(guān)愛、理解與支持。請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！Many people have the

22、 same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued

23、after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy

24、 traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that you' ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to

25、 only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming "Golden Week" it may not be

26、a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountain

27、s are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, "China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli". It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, R

28、ussian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the

29、breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name "Haren Arxan" means "hot holy water&q

30、uot; in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled gre

31、en.  Nestled close to the country's largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth.  You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of e

32、motions.  Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland.  Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors arou

33、nd the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder.  The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as th

34、e glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as it's time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chi

35、nese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the sev

36、enth lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an ol

37、d cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first

38、 sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch

39、Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang's misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off o

40、n a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Ev

41、en the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the

42、constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival." In this day, girls will throw a sewing nee