第二十章-替代

1、第二十章 替代替代（Substitution）和省略一樣，是力求簡潔，避免重復(fù)，連接上下文的手段，它是用替代詞替代上文出現(xiàn)過的詞語，從而避免重復(fù)使用某個(gè)或某些詞。在英語中主要有三種替代現(xiàn)象：名詞性替代（Nominal Substitution）、動(dòng)詞性替代（Verbal Substitution）和分句性替代（Clausal Substitution）。一、名詞性替代用名詞性替代詞（Nominal Substitute）替代名詞短語或其中心詞。常用的名詞性替代詞有：1、用人稱代詞替代人稱代詞可作為作替代詞，替代上文中的名詞及其短語。例如：We love China. She is a grea

2、t country. 我們熱愛中國。她是一個(gè)偉大的國家。John and I may move to New York. We hear that the climate there is good. Both you and Nancy can go there by bus. You dont have to walk along with us. That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old. 那個(gè)花瓶很珍貴，它有200多年的歷史。I love swimming. It keeps us fit. 我喜歡游泳，它能使我們保持健康。W

3、hats this? 這是什么？Its a pen. 是一支鋼筆。If you see Mary, please give her this book. 如果你見到，把這本書給她。I am going to visit the old man; from him I once learned English. 我要去拜訪一位曾經(jīng)教過我英語的老人。2、用物主代詞替代Ours is a great country. 我們的國家是偉大的國家。His dictionary is English-Chinese, but mine is English-English. 他的詞典是英漢的，我的是英英的。

4、We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history. 我們一人買了一本書。你的是關(guān)于管理的，我的是關(guān)于美國歷史的。I dont like my own bicycle. I like his. 我不喜歡我自己的自行車，我喜歡他的。These are not his belongings, they are mine. 這些不是他的財(cái)物，是我的。3、用指示代詞替代1）this或these代替前面離它較近的名詞，that或those代替離它較遠(yuǎn)的名詞。Work and

5、 rest are both necessary for us; this is for better work and that is for revolution. 工作和休息對于我們都很必要，一方面是為了更好的工作，另一方面是為了革命。Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比財(cái)富更重要，因?yàn)樨?cái)富不象健康那樣給人們帶來幸福。2）有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞，可用that或those代替。如：that替代指物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于the one。替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)

6、，that只替代“the單數(shù)名詞”，不可替代“a單數(shù)名詞”， 后面也要求有限定性的后置定語。例如：This book is not so interesting as that I read yesterday. 這本書不象我昨天讀的那本書有趣。The pen you bought is more beautiful than that I bought. 你買的那支鋼筆比我買的漂亮。The engine of your car is better than that of his. 你汽車的引擎比他的要好。His life was that of a great revolutionary

7、fighter. 他的一生是偉大革命戰(zhàn)士的一生。The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one. 粗電線的電阻比細(xì)電線的小。The music by Schubert is as tuneful as that by Beethoven. 舒伯特的音樂與貝多芬的一樣音調(diào)和諧。The victims own blood was of a different blood group from that found on the floor. 受害者自己的血液與地板上發(fā)現(xiàn)的是不同的血型。The best coal is

8、 that from Newcastle.  最佳的煤炭來自紐卡斯?fàn)?。The output of steel this year will be twice as much as that of last year. 今年的鋼產(chǎn)量將是去年的兩倍。The climate here is just as good as that of Beijing. 這里的氣候跟北京的一樣好。The area of the sea is about two and one half times that of the land. 海洋的面積是陸地面積的二點(diǎn)五倍。The air of the hills

9、 is cooler than that of the plains. 山上的空氣比平原的空氣涼。No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 自己勞動(dòng)所得的面包最香甜。Few pleasure can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day. 很少能有樂趣比得上在炎熱的天喝一杯涼快的飲料。In the case of reflection, the angle at which the ray of light struck the mirror was exact

10、ly the same as that at which it came off after reflection. 就反射來說，光線照在鏡子上的角度正好和反射后光離開鏡子的角度一樣。Our tea is of a better quality than that which the buyers imported from other origins. 我們的茶比買家從其它來源進(jìn)口的質(zhì)量好。those替代可數(shù)名詞，可指人，也可指物，相當(dāng)于the ones。后面也要求有限定性的后置定語。例如：The houses of the rich are generally larger th

11、an those of the poor. 富人的房子一般比窮人的大。The results obtained agree approximately with those expected. 所得到的結(jié)果幾乎和所料的一致。The text is more difficult than those we have learnt before. 這篇課文比我們以前學(xué)過的要難。The television sets made in our factory are just as good as those made in Shanghai. 我們廠生產(chǎn)的電視機(jī)和上海的一樣好。A poet must

12、 not write The book is more difficult than those we have before .for the ages past, but for that in which he lives and those which are to follow. 一個(gè)詩人不應(yīng)為過去的時(shí)代而寫作，而因?yàn)樗畹臅r(shí)代以及將來的時(shí)代而寫作。In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong who regard the language

13、 as a first or a second language. 在中國，除了那些在香港把英語作為一或第二種語言以外，學(xué)生在學(xué)校學(xué)英語作為一門外語。The computers in your office are more advanced than those in our school. 你辦公室的計(jì)算機(jī)比我們學(xué)校的先進(jìn)。His last two books are a great success as compared with those he wrote earlier. 他的最后兩本書與他早些寫的相比是個(gè)巨大成功。4、用不定代詞替代1）one是最常用的替代詞，用來替代單

14、數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；ones是one 的復(fù)數(shù)形式，替代復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。它們可以指人，也可指物，一般帶有限定詞和修飾語，和所替代的名詞中心詞所指不一定是同一對象，所替代的名詞詞組中心詞的數(shù)可以不一致。例如：If you want to hear a joke. Ill tell you a good one. 如果你想聽笑話，我給你講個(gè)好聽的。This problem is a difficult one. 這個(gè)問題是個(gè)不好解決的問題。This coat is too small for him; He wants to buy a bigger one. 這件大衣他穿太小，他要大一點(diǎn)的。Anna bou

15、ght a cotton dress and a silk one. 安娜買了一條棉的連衣裙和一條絲的。This film is not so good as the one we saw last week. 這部電影沒有我們上周看的那部好。The new designs are much better than the old ones. 這些新的圖樣比舊的好得多。Give Betty the red cup and take the blue one for yourself.  給貝蒂一個(gè)紅杯子，你自己拿個(gè)藍(lán)杯子。Try to compare the new edi

16、tion with the old one. 將新版本與老版本比較一下。This room and the one upstairs are well furnished. 這個(gè)房間和樓上的那個(gè)布置得很好。Our new model is superior compared to the old one in energy saving. 我們的新款式在節(jié)約能源方面要優(yōu)于舊款。He is the one to be trusted. 他是個(gè)可信賴的人。Hand me my coat. It is the one hanging on the third hook. 把我的上衣拿給我，

17、掛在第三個(gè)鉤上的那一件。If you want to buy an electric heater, you may be interested in this one in the window. This brand is more popular than that one in European market. 這個(gè)品牌在歐洲市場上比那個(gè)更受歡迎。Is this museum the one you paid a visit to last week? 這個(gè)展覽館是你們上周參觀的那個(gè)嗎？There are good films as well as bad ones.

18、0;有好影片也有壞影片。This chapter is much longer than the preceding ones.  這個(gè)章節(jié)比之前的長。He likes yellow roses instead of red ones. 他喜歡黃色玫瑰，而不是紅玫瑰。There are only hard chocolates left; weve eaten all the soft ones. 只有硬的巧克力留下了，我們把軟的都吃了。My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday.  我的鞋子與你昨天穿的很相似

19、。I dont like colored envelopes. I like white ones. 我不喜歡花信封，我喜歡白的。Small apples are more expensive than small ones. 大的蘋果比小的蘋果貴。There was a mother bird in the nest and four young ones. 鳥窩里有一只母鳥和四只雛鳥。Of all Byrons poems, she likes the ones that were concerned with love. 在所有拜倫的詩中，她喜歡有關(guān)愛情的詩。Your cheap cam

20、era seems just as good as my expensive one. 你的這臺(tái)便宜的照相機(jī)和我的那臺(tái)貴的似乎一樣好。one單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，不帶前置定語，但可帶后置定語。例如：I cant find my pen. I think I must buy one. 我找不到我的鋼筆了。我想我該去買一支。There are plenty of apples here. Take one. 這里有很多蘋果。吃一個(gè)。He had not bred a musician, and he had no inclination to become one. 他未曾受過音樂家的教育，他也不想成為音

21、樂家。I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. 我希望有足夠的被子，每個(gè)客人有一只。Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure. 這么多歲月后遇見我的叔叔是令人難忘的時(shí)刻，一個(gè)我將銘記的時(shí)刻。Im having a drink. Would you like one too?  我要喝一杯。你也來一杯？Im looking for a flat. Id like

22、one with a garden. 我正在找一套公寓，我想要一個(gè)帶花園的。A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood. 石橋比木橋堅(jiān)固。His life was one devoted to the cause of the liberation. 他的一生是貢獻(xiàn)給解放事業(yè)的一生。After he lost his old dictionary, he bought one which had been strongly recommended by a friend. 他丟了舊詞典后，買了一本一個(gè)朋友極力推薦的詞典。A

23、good writer is one who can express the common place in an uncommon way. 好的作者能以不平凡的手法表達(dá)平凡的事。a one只能用在“tooto”等結(jié)構(gòu)中，或作其它意義解釋。例如：The subject is too vast a one to be treated in an article of this length. 這個(gè)選題太大，不能在這樣篇幅的論文里論述。He is a one. 他這人真怪。He is a one for basketball. 他是個(gè)籃球迷。2）one和ones的省略問題前面有形容詞（包括fir

24、st，last，next等）帶定冠詞時(shí)，one或ones可用可不用。例如：That blue pencil belongs to Owen. Mine is the pink (one). 那支藍(lán)鉛筆是歐文的。我的是粉紅色的。This house is bigger than my last (one). 這所房子比以前我住的房子要大。Hes never again written so good a novel as his first (one). 他再也沒有寫出與第一部一樣好的小說。Lets finish this exercise so we can go on to do the n

25、ext (one). 咱們做完這個(gè)練習(xí)，我們好繼續(xù)做下一道。There were two sorts of dictionaries in the bookstore; he only bought the cheaper (one). 書店里有兩種字典，但他只買了便宜的那種。Of all those sisters, Vanessa is the most beautiful (one). 在所有那些姐妹中，瓦妮莎是最美的。This book is the most difficult (one) Ive ever read. 這本書是我讀過中最難的一本。If you offer Wade

26、cookies, he will take a handful of the biggest (ones). 如果你給維德甜餅，他會(huì)拿一把最大的。Tony said that his hunting dog was the fastest (one). 托尼說他的獵狗是跑得最快的。one或ones的前置定語是this，these，that，those，either，neither，another，the last, the next，the former，the latter，which等限定詞時(shí)，one或ones可用可不用。例如：Few people are so self-confiden

27、t as this (one). 很少人象這個(gè)人那么自信。This book is much better than that (one). 這本書比那本好得多。It doesnt matter, either (one) will suit me. 沒關(guān)系，隨便哪一個(gè)都適合我。Neither (one) is satisfactory. 兩個(gè)都不令人滿意。You can take this one; Ill keep another (one). 你可以拿這一個(gè)，我拿另一個(gè)。Some of your answers were correct, but I do not remember wh

28、ich (ones). 你有些回答是正確的，但我記不清是哪些。Of these alternatives I prefer the former (one). 在這兩者之間我愿選擇前者。other ones可由others替代。As soon as you learn these dance steps, I will show you some others(=other ones). 你一學(xué)會(huì)這些舞步，我就教你一些其他的。前置定語是own、基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞時(shí)，一般不用one和ones。例如：Do you rent the house or is it your own? 這房子是你租的還是你

29、自己的呢？ Thank you for offering me your pen, but I prefer to use my own. 謝謝你把你的鋼筆給我，但我愿意用我自己的。You have three English reference books, but I have only two. 你有三本英語參考書，我只有兩本。Vita sat in the second row, and Adam sat in the eighth. 維達(dá)坐在第二排，亞當(dāng)坐在第八排。3）其他一些不定代詞如all、both、some、any、enough、several、none、many、much、m

30、ore、(the ) most、(a) few、another、the other、others、neither、either等也可用作替代詞。例如：I gave him five 500 yuan. But he spent all only in one day. 我給了他500元，但他僅一天就用光了。He lent me two books. Both were worth reading. 他借了我兩本書，兩本都值得讀。I dont have a dictionary but Im going to buy some. 我還沒有字典，但我正打算買幾本。Many children lea

31、rn to read quite quickly, but some need special instruction. 許多孩子迅速學(xué)會(huì)了讀，但有一些需要特別指導(dǎo)。Ive bought some new books. Have you bought any? 我買了幾本新書。你買了沒有？ You told me there were three pictures by Van Gogh in the exhibition. But I didnt see any. I dont want any more food. Ive had enough. 我不想再要吃的了。我已經(jīng)飽了。D

32、o you have a pen? 你有鋼筆嗎？Yes, I have several. 有，我有幾支。Some people are playing badminton over there. Many are fond of this sport. 一些人在那兒打羽毛球。許多人喜歡這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。Around 100 people were invited to the party, but only few came. 大約100來人被邀請參加聚會(huì)，但沒幾個(gè)人來。If you liked that sweet, have another. 要是你喜歡那種糖，就再吃一顆吧！This book i

33、s mine and the other is Adrians. 這本書是我的，另一本是艾德里安的。Some girls go in for sports, while others like singing and dancing. 一些女孩喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)，而另一些人則喜歡唱歌跳舞。Ten students were praised at the meeting. Each has made rapid progress in the English studies. 十位學(xué)生在會(huì)議上受到表揚(yáng)。每個(gè)人在英語學(xué)習(xí)上都取得了快的進(jìn)步。He bought me two pairs of trousers

34、. I liked neither. 他給我買了兩條褲子，兩條我都不喜歡。If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 如果你同時(shí)追趕二只野兔以后，你一只抓不到。Here are two dictionaries, and you can take either. 這里有兩本詞典，你可以任意挑選。5、用其他名詞性替代詞替代the kind，the sort，the same，the former，the latter等也可用作替代詞。例如：Chinese food is not the same as the Japanese kind

35、. 中國食品與日本食品是不一樣的。Classical music is not the sort I like best. 古典音樂不是我最喜歡的。Cornell ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same. 康奈爾點(diǎn)了二個(gè)煎蛋。我點(diǎn)了同樣的。These apples are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same. 這些蘋果和我們上次吃的一樣酸。它們味道一樣。The mother clean the room and her child did the same. 母親打掃房

36、間，孩子也跟著干。Yesterday I felt under the weather, and today I feel the same. 昨天我有點(diǎn)不爽，今天同樣感覺。Charles is now an actor. Given half a chance I would have been the same. 查爾斯現(xiàn)在是演員。給一半機(jī)會(huì)我同樣會(huì)是。Nick sounded rather regretful. 尼克聽起來很后悔。Yes, Emma sounded the same. 是的，?，斅犉饋硪彩?。Id like a cup of tea. 我要一杯茶。Id like the s

37、ame with milk but without sugar. 我要相同的，但不要加糖。Of the two books, the former is better than the latter. 這兩本書中，前一本好于后一本。Brandon and Basil are twins, but the former is taller than the latter. 布蘭登和巴澤爾是孿生兄弟，但前者比后者高。二、動(dòng)詞性替代所謂動(dòng)詞性替代，就是用do或do so來替代動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語。1、do用來代替前面出現(xiàn)過的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞加其他成分。例如：Did you see the movie? 你看過那

38、部影片了嗎？Yes, I did. 是的，我看過了。I like Jack London very much. 我非常喜歡杰克·倫敦的作品。I do too. 我也喜歡。I know you better than he does. 我比他更了解你。He talks as a child does. 他說話跟小孩一樣。He speaks English as fluently as you do. 他英語說得和你一樣流利。Who broke the cup? 誰把杯子打碎了？Erin did. 艾琳打碎的。Have you finished your work? 你完成你的工作了嗎？

39、Yes, I did yesterday. 是的，昨天完成了。The production increases as it has done for the last few years.  同過去幾年一樣，產(chǎn)量上升了。The door was falling to pieces. The windows were doing too. 門破成了碎片。窗子也是。The children are watering in the garden. 孩子們在院子里澆水。They should do. 他們應(yīng)當(dāng)干。Has he finished his homework? 他有沒有完成作業(yè)？H

40、e might have. 可能已經(jīng)完成了。Use a book as a bee does a flower. 使用書要象蜜蜂利用花一樣。They finished their task ahead of time as we did ours. 同我們一樣，他們也提前完成了任務(wù)。She plays the piano better than she does the guitar. Linda studies modern history and doesnt do modern literature. 琳達(dá)學(xué)現(xiàn)代史，不學(xué)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)。Does she do ancient hist

41、ory, too? 她也學(xué)古代史嗎？2、do so代替句中出現(xiàn)過的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作。例如：She said she would go with us, but she didnt do so. 她說她要和我們一切去，但她沒有。He told me to open the door, and I did so as quietly as possible. 他要我打開門，我便盡量輕輕的門開了。Have you written the letter? 那封信你寫了嗎？I will do so immediately, sir. 我馬上就寫，先生。Just finish off whats left

42、 of the work. And let me know when youve done so. 把剩下的活干完，并告訴我什么時(shí)候已經(jīng)干完了。Have you visited her? 你看過她了嗎？Yes, I have done so many times. 是的，有好多次了。At last she divorced Stephen. It was a pity she had not done so earlier. 最后她與斯蒂芬離了婚。遺憾的是她沒有和他早點(diǎn)離婚。Lena is crying for chocolate in the kitchen. 莉娜在廚房里吵著要巧克力。Ye

43、s, but Porter isnt doing so. 是的，但波特不在吵。The soldiers were making their rounds. When asked why they were doing so, one of them replied: “Orders are orders.” 士兵們在巡邏。問及他們?yōu)槭裁匆@樣做，其中一人回答：“命令就是命令?！盌ick can jump over the fence. 迪克能跳過這個(gè)柵欄。Im not sure whether David can do so. 戴維能不能，我沒把握。The professor tas

44、ted the mixture and he wanted us to do so. 教授嘗了混合劑，他也要我們試一試。He had promised to pay, but failed to do so. 他答應(yīng)過付款，但沒付。If we make no allowances for others, how can we expect them to do so for us. 如果我們不體諒別人，如何能期待別人體諒我們呢？Beck hunts rabbits. 貝克總是獵野兔。Yes, I have noticed him doing so. 是的，我已注意到了。As no one el

45、se has succeeded in doing so, I shall attempt to solve the mystery myself. 因?yàn)闆]有其他人成功解決，我將試著自己解決這個(gè)迷。They decided not to go. To do so would have made things very difficult. 他們決定不去了。要是去了情況就非常不妙了。1）do與so用在一起，可構(gòu)成“sodo主語”和“so主語do”這兩個(gè)句型。在“sodo主語”句型中，主語和謂語需倒裝，表示前句所述的肯定情況也適用于另外一個(gè)人或另外一物。其中的so作“也這樣；也如此”解。例如：He

46、 likes fish. So do I. 他喜歡吃魚。我也喜歡。She bought a beautiful skirt in the shop yesterday. So did I. 她昨天在商場買了一條漂亮的裙子。我也買了一條。My father enjoys watching TV, and so does my mother. 我父親喜歡看電視，我母親也喜歡看。The student went to the farm last week, and so did the teachers. 上星期學(xué)生們?nèi)チ宿r(nóng)場，老師們也去了?！皊o主語do”這兩個(gè)句型表示說話者贊同前句所提到的情況或

47、事實(shí)，其中的so作“不錯(cuò)；確實(shí)如此”解。例如：You like playing football. 你喜歡足球。So I do. 正是如此。Li Ping speaks English very well. 李平英語講得很好。So he does. 他確實(shí)講得不錯(cuò)。She looks hungry. 她看上去餓了。So she does. 她看上去是餓了。You have to start early. 你得早點(diǎn)出發(fā)。So we do. 確是這樣。Father, you promised. 父親，你答應(yīng)的。Well, so I did. 哦，我確實(shí)答應(yīng)的。Mr. Harris lost a l

48、ot of money in his business. 海利斯先生做生意虧了很多錢。So he did. 他確實(shí)虧了不少錢。 You say he works hard; so he does, and so do you. 你說他很努力，對，他確實(shí)很努力，你也一樣。2）do so有時(shí)可與do that和do it交替使用。用it指具體事物或具體動(dòng)作，用that則表示較重的口氣。例如：The boys are playing hide-and-seek，and we watched them doing that. 孩子們在玩捉迷藏，我們在一旁看著。They played cards aft

49、er supper and I watched them do that. 他們晚飯后打牌，我在一旁觀看。Did you play with fire? 你玩火了嗎？No, I never did that. 不，出來沒有。Gloria, can you make some tea, please? 格羅莉亞，你能沏些茶嗎？Sure. Ill do it right away. 好的，我馬上就沏。Boris kicked the door several times. 鮑里斯把門踢了好幾下。He always does it when he wants to attract attention

50、. 他想引起別人注意時(shí)總這樣干。Darcy is playing table tennis. He always does it in the morning. 達(dá)西正在打乒乓球。他總是早上打。I havent got time to get the tickets. Whos going to do it? 我沒有時(shí)間去買票。誰去買？三、分句性替代分句，從句也。分句性替代就是用替代詞去替代名詞性從句句。1、so和not替代that從句1）用so來替代肯定的that從句，not替代否定的that從句，它們常與believe、expect、suppose、think、guess、imagine、

51、suspect、fear、hope、Im afraid、it seems等詞語搭配。例如：Is it going to rain tomorrow? 明天天會(huì)下雨嗎？I think so. 我想會(huì)。Have you got enough money? 你們有足夠的錢嗎？I suppose so. 我想有。Do you believe that he is honest? 你相信他誠實(shí)嗎？Yes, I believe so. 是的，我相信。Will you be able to help us? 你能幫助我們嗎？I hope so. 我希望我能。Did you lose? 你輸了嗎?I fear

52、 so. 恐怕是的。Have they put off the match? 他們已推遲比賽了嗎？Im afraid so. 恐怕是這樣。Is he going to study abroad? 他打算去留學(xué)嗎？I guess so. 我想是的。Has your brother fallen in love with Bills sister? 你的哥哥和比爾的姐姐在談戀愛？ So I suppose. They are together a great deal these days. 我也是這么想的。他們最近常是同進(jìn)同出的。 My father thinks that the intern

53、ational situation will deteriorate, but I dont believe so (I believe not). 我父親認(rèn)為國際形勢會(huì)惡化，但我相信不會(huì)。Will the scheme be a success ? 計(jì)劃會(huì)成功嗎？I dont think so. 我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。Are they making progress? 他們在進(jìn)步嗎？It doesnt seem so.  看上去不像。It wont take long, will it? 不會(huì)花很長時(shí)間，是嗎？No, I dont suppose so. (No, I suppose not

54、.) 是的，我想不會(huì)的。Is Frank coming with us? 弗蘭克要和我們一起去嗎？I dont expect so.(I expect not.) 希望不要。Will it rain tomorrow? 明天要下雨嗎？I hope not. 希望不要。Do you think the weather will turn fine this afternoon? 你認(rèn)為今天下午天氣會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)晴嗎？Im afraid not. 恐怕不會(huì)。Will Duncan be at the party? 鄧肯要來參加聚會(huì)嗎？I fear not. 恐怕不會(huì)。從上述例句可以看出，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的否定形式有

55、兩種：“否定的謂語動(dòng)詞so”和“肯定的謂語動(dòng)詞not”， 在hope，fear，Im afraid等后面常用后一種結(jié)構(gòu)。2）say和tell之后也能用so和not。例如：Oxford is likely to win the next boat race. 牛津下一次劃船比賽可能會(huì)贏。All my friends say so. 我所有朋友都這樣說。Did he fail in the examination again? 他又沒考及格？ He told me so yesterday. 他昨天是這樣告訴我的。tell的否定形式只有“否定的謂語動(dòng)詞so”這種結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Lynn ha

56、snt found a job yet. 林恩還沒有找到工作。He didnt tell me so. 他沒有告訴我這樣說。至于say的否定形式可以有“否定的謂語動(dòng)詞so”和“肯定的謂語動(dòng)詞not”兩種，但含義不同。例如：Is there going to be an examination next week? 下周要有考試了？Bess didnt say so.(= Bess didnt say that there would be a demonstration.) 貝絲沒這樣說。Bess said not. (= Bess said there wouldnt be a demons

57、tration.) 貝絲說沒有。3）so替代從句時(shí)偶爾也出現(xiàn)在句首，主語倒裝與否均可，但當(dāng)主語為代詞時(shí)，不能倒裝。例如：Is this seat not occupied? 這座位是空的吧？ Yes, so it seems. 是的，好像是的。Ida is leaving next week. 埃達(dá)下周要離開。So Ive been told. 有人是這樣告訴我的。I think Manchester United will win the championship. 我認(rèn)為曼聯(lián)將獲得冠軍。And so say most of the sports writers, too. 大多數(shù)體育記者也這樣說。2、so、any和not可用來代替if 后面的從句1）if so、if any和if not通常代表一個(gè)條件從句，用來代替前文中的整個(gè)句子。例如：I hope Paul wont come.  我希望保羅不會(huì)來。If so, why did you invite him? 如果這樣，為什么還要邀請