初中英語語法總復習

1、初中語法復習 詞類。詞類英語名稱意 義例 詞名詞The Noun (縮寫為n)表示人或事物的名稱basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠詞The Article (art)用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物a, an, the 代詞The Pronoun (pron)用來代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞they, his, him, mine, which, all 形容詞The Adjective (adj)用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 數(shù)詞The Numeral (num)

2、表示數(shù)量或順序three, thirteen, twenty, second 動詞The Verb (v)表示動作或狀態(tài)hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副詞The Adverb (adv)修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介詞The Preposition (prep)表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關系from, with, at, into, behind, between, for 連詞The Conjunction (conj)用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句and,

3、 or, but, so, because 感嘆詞The Interjection (interj)表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一） 名詞： 專有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 個體名詞：表示單個的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱。如 family, people, class, police . 可數(shù)名詞普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。如 water, ai

4、r, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可數(shù)名詞 2名詞的數(shù)?？蓴?shù)名詞有單復數(shù)，不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復數(shù)。 3名詞的格：名詞有三個格：主格（作主語）、賓格（作賓語）、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。 （二）冠詞 1定冠詞the . 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good. 說話人與聽話人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? 重復提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is whi

5、te and black . 表示世界上獨一無二的事物。The moon moves around the earth . 形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . 樂器的名稱前常用定冠詞the 。I like playing the piano / violin . 和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表某一類人。We should help the poor . 放在某些專有名詞前。We will go to visit the Great Wall ne

6、xt week . the peoples Republic of China . 放在姓氏的復數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV . 固定詞組中。In the morning / afternoon / evening . 2不定冠詞a / an . 指人或事物的某一種類。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs. 指某一類人或事物中的任何一個。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen. 指某人或某物，但不具體說明何人或何物。The b

7、ook was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory. 不定冠詞還可以指“事物的單位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo. 3零冠詞。 泛指人類或男女。Man will conquer nature . 抽象名詞在用來表示它的一般概念時，通常不加冠詞。Knowledge begins with practice . 有些個體名詞有時可以轉(zhuǎn)化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不加冠詞。We had better send

8、 him to hospital at once. 在專有名詞前一般不用冠詞。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist. 在三餐飯何球類運動名稱之前不用冠詞。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball. 在節(jié)假日、星期幾、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前。October 10th is Teachers Day. 稱呼語或表示頭銜、職務的名詞前不用冠詞。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor. 在語言名詞前，名

9、詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數(shù)詞時，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can speak English . 不用冠詞的慣用語。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。 （三）形容詞 1形容詞的構成。 簡單形容詞由一個單詞構成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping . 復合形容詞由一個以上的詞構成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-w

10、ord, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking. 2形容詞的用法。 修飾名詞作定語。She is a beautiful girl . 作表語。He is very strong. 作賓語補足語。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean . “定冠詞形容詞”表示一類人或物，在句子中可作主語或賓語。We should speak to the old politely. 大多數(shù)形容詞既可作表語又可作定語，但少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語，不能作定語。如：a

11、sleep, ill, awake 等。 有些形容詞只能作定語而不能作表語。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。 3形容詞的位置。 形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。A heavy box. 與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away . 與不定代詞something, anything, everything, nothing 等連用時，可以放在這些詞之后。 Something important . nothing serious . 當名詞前有多個形容詞修飾時，一般按下面的詞序排列：

12、冠詞（包括物主代詞、序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞）描述形容詞（brave, beautiful）表示形狀（大小、長短、高矮）的形容詞表示年齡或新舊的形容詞表示顏色的形容詞表示國籍、出處或來源的形容詞表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞表示用途或類別的形容詞被修飾的詞。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables . 4形容詞的比較級和最高級。（一般加 er / est ，不規(guī)則見表） 原級的用法：“和相同”A 肯定句：A 動詞 as 形容詞原級 as B . He is as tall as me .B 否定句：A not

13、as 形容詞原級 as B （即A 不如 B 那么） A not so 形容詞原級 as B = A+ less + 形容詞原級than + B . 比較級的用法：A A 動詞 形容詞的比較級 than B . （A 比B 更 ，在這種句型中，比較級前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修飾，表示“得多”，“甚至”，“更”，“一點兒”。B “比較級 and 比較級”、 “more and more 部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)的原級” 譯為“越來越”。 最高級的用法：（個體用of ，范圍用in，最高級前面要用定冠詞the）A

14、三種最高級表示法。最高級：Shanghai is the largest city in China .比較級：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .原級： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China . （四） 副詞 1副詞的種類： 時間副詞：often, always, us

15、ually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now 地點副詞：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere 方式副詞：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully 程度副詞：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 疑問副詞：h

16、ow, when, where, why 關系副詞：when, where, why （引導定語從句） 連接副詞：how, when, where, why, whether 頻率副詞：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly 其他副詞：really, certainly, surely, maybe 2副詞的用法： 作狀語 ： He can finish the work easily . 作定語（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin . 作表語 ： I

17、must be off now . 作賓補，構成復合賓語 ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night . 3副詞的比較級和最高級。（一般加 er / est ,不規(guī)則見表） 副詞的原級：A as + 副詞的原級 + as “與一樣”B not as(so) + 副詞的原級 + as “與不一樣”C too + 副詞的原級 + to do sth . “太而不能”D so + 副詞的原級 + that 從句 “如此以致于”E 副詞的原級 + enough to do sth . “足夠能做” 副詞的比較級： AA + 動詞 +

18、副詞比較級 + than + B B副詞比較級前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修飾。 C比較級 and + 比較級，表示“越來越”，the more the more 表示“越就越” D副詞的最高級前通常不加定冠詞 the . （五）數(shù)詞 1基數(shù)詞：112131920901001 one13 thirteen20 twenty100 a hundred2 two14 fourteen21 twenty-one300 three hundred3 three15 fifteen22 twenty-two1,00

19、0 a thousand4 four16 sixteen30 thirty5,000 five thousand5 five17 seventeen40 forty1,000,000 a million6 six18 eighteen50 fifty1,000,000,000 a billion7 seven19 nineteen60 sixty8 eight70 seventy9 nine80 eighty10 ten90 ninety11 eleven12 twelve 2序數(shù)詞：1-1011-1920-90100-1 first 1st11 eleventh 11th20 twentie

20、th 20th100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd12 twelfth 12th21 twenty-first 21st103 one hundred and third 103rd3 third 3rd13 thirteenth 13th30 thirtieth 30th134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th4 fourth 4th14 fourteenth 14th37 thirty-seventh 37th200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th15 fifteenth 15th40 f

21、ortieth 40th1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 sixth 6th16 sixteenth 16th50 fiftieth 50th1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 seventh 7th17 seventeenth 17th60 sixtieth 60th1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th8 eighth 8th18 eighteenth 18th70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th19 nineteenth 19th80 eightieth 8

22、0th10 tenth 10th90 ninetieth 90th作主語：The first is better than the second . 作賓語：He was among the first to arrive . 作表語：He is the first to come to school . 作定語：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .（六）代詞類 別作 用例 詞例 句人稱代詞代替人或事物，主格作主語，賓客作賓語 數(shù)

23、格 人稱單 數(shù)復 數(shù)I am a teacher .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book to me .一二三一二三主 格Iyouheshe it weyouthey賓 格meyouhimhe t usyouthem物主代詞形容詞性只作定語，名詞性可以作主、賓、表語等，表示所屬關系 詞義類型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的My book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is broken .形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryou

24、rtheir名詞詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代詞起強調(diào)作用，只作同位語和賓語數(shù) 人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱We ourselves did the work.He did the work by himself.單 數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復 數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves相互代詞表示相互關系，作賓語賓 格所 有 格We should help each other.Please correct each others mistakes .each other（兩者相互

25、）each others（相互的）one another（三者或三者以上）one anothers（相互的）指示代詞起指示作用，作定語、主語、賓語、表語等This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.My point is this .不定代詞代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)量及不定范圍的人或事物some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another,

26、 somebody, nobody, nothing, eachI have something to tell you.Neither answer is right.疑問代詞表示疑問，構成特殊問句who, what, whose, which, whomWhom did you see ?關系代詞引導定語從句which, that, who, whom, whoseThe book that I lost was new.連接代詞引導名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）what, who, that I know what you are doing .Thats wha

27、t I hope . （七）動詞類 別意 義例 子例 句行為動詞含有實在的意義，表示動作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨立作謂語。及物動詞后面一定接賓語Open, visit, hear He visited Gaozhou yesterday.不及物動詞后面可以不接賓語Laugh, cry, live He lives in Beijing .連系動詞（link v）本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須與表語一起構成謂語。Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat smells bad .He

28、is a student .助動詞（v.aux.）本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)或其他語法形式Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would He doesnt speak English .We are playing football .He had gone to Beijing .情態(tài)動詞（Modal Verbs）本身有一定的意義，但不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。Can,

29、may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to She can speak English .May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now . 注：動詞（除情態(tài)動詞，只有原形和過去式）有原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、動詞ing、動詞過去式、動詞過去分詞五種形式。（八）介詞 1介詞的種類： 簡單介詞：in, at, of, from, since, around, to 合成介詞：onto, into, without, upon, within 短語介詞：because of, in front of, acc

30、ording to 分詞介詞：regarding, following, concerning 2介詞短語在句子中的作用： 作定語。I know the answer to the question . 作狀語。The children are playing basketball in the playground . 作表語。Mike is in the classroom . 作賓語補足語。He found himself in the middle of the river . 作主語補足語。Tom was seen inside the cinema . 3常用介詞的基本用法： 表示

31、時間的介詞（at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within ） 表示位置，方位的介詞（in, at, on, to ） 表示交通方式的常用介詞（by, on, in ） 其他一些詞組搭配介詞（be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth ）（九）連詞 1并列連詞： 表聯(lián)合關系連詞。（and, or, but, for, not onlybut also, as well as, bothand, neithernor .）

32、轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。（but, while, yet, however .） 選擇連詞。（or, or else, eitheror, otherwise .） 2從屬連詞： 引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句的連用，主要有三個：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student . 引導狀語從句的從屬連詞：A 連接時間狀語從句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since B 連接讓步狀語從句：although, though, even if, h

33、owever C 連接原因狀語從句：as, because, since, now that, for D 連接目的狀語從句：that, so that, in order that E 連接條件狀語從句：if, unless, once, in case F 連接結果狀語從句：sothat, suchthat G 連接方式狀語從句：as, as if, as though H 連接地點狀語從句：where .I 連接比較狀語從句：as, asas, not as/so as, than （十）非謂語動詞 1定義：動詞除在句子中作謂語以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語、表語、

34、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等，這就是動詞的非謂語動詞?？煞譃槿N：動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。 2動詞不定式：to 動詞原形（在某些情況下可以不帶to ）。（沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，可以有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化） 一般式：主動語態(tài)：to do , 被動語態(tài)：to be + 動詞過去分詞 (表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生) 進行式：主動語態(tài)：to be doing , 被動語態(tài)：無 (表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生) 完成式：主動語態(tài)：to have +動詞過去分詞，被動語態(tài)：to have been +動詞過去分詞 (表示動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動作之前就

35、發(fā)生) 用法：A 作主語：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = Its not easy to learn a foreign language .B 作表語：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .C 作賓語：a. 動詞to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford )b. 動詞疑問詞t

36、o do I dont know where to put the bike .c. 動詞形式賓語(it)賓補to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .D 作補語：a. 動詞賓語to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage)b. 動詞賓語不帶to的動詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel

37、, watch, notice, have, make, let)E 作狀語：a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示結果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They arent old enough to go to school .c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you . F作定語： I have something

38、 to tell you . I want to buy something to eat . 動詞不定式to 的省略：A 在感官動詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動語態(tài)時要還原不定式to。 I often saw him go out of the room .- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .B在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。 動詞不定式的否定形式：not + to

39、do ，有時也可以用never + to do 結構。 3動名詞：動詞原形ing 。具有名詞、動詞一些特征。 一般式：主動語態(tài)：doing ，被動語態(tài)：being + 動詞過去分詞（表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生) 完成式：主動語態(tài)：having +動詞過去分詞，被動語態(tài)：having been +動詞過去分詞 （表示動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I dont remember having ever seen the film . 動名詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞（

40、v-ing） I regret not being able to help you . 用法：A 作主語：a. 動名詞作主語如果太長，可以用形式主語it代替。Learning English is very important .- Its very important to learn English .b. No + 動名詞表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .B 作賓語：He finished doing his homework .C 作表語：His favourite sport is playing basketball .D 作定語：shopping b

41、asket, finishing line . （表明名詞的用途、功能等）E 動名詞的復合結構：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞動名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fangs opening the window ? 4分詞：動詞原形ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動詞一些特征。（可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞） 現(xiàn)在分詞 一般式：主動語態(tài)：doing ，被動語態(tài)：being + 動詞過去分詞（表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生) 完成式：主動語態(tài)：having +動詞過去分詞，被動語態(tài)：having been +動詞過去分詞 （表示動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動詞的動作或狀 態(tài)之前就發(fā)生） 動名

42、詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldnt explain the sentence . 用法：A 作表語。The result is surprising .B 作定語。Developing country (主謂關系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動作)C 作狀語。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a

43、girl playing the piano .D 作賓補。I found him lying on the grass. 過去分詞 形式：規(guī)則動詞ed，和不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞。 過去分詞的否定形式：not + 動詞過去分詞。 用法：A 作表語：My bike is broken . He is very worried .B 作定語：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .C 作狀語：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he wa

44、s absent, he said he was ill .D 作賓補：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday . （十一）動詞的語態(tài)1 語態(tài)定義：英語中表示主語和謂語之間的關系的動詞形式稱為語態(tài)。英語的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動) English is taught in our school .（被動）2 被動語態(tài)：助動詞Be + 及物動詞的過去分詞（be +p

45、.p.），be有人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。見下表：時 態(tài)謂語動詞的形式例 子一般現(xiàn)在時Am / is / are + 動詞過去分詞Colour TVs are made in the factory .一般過去時Was / were +動詞過去分詞My hometown was liberated in 1949 .一般將來時Shall / will + be +動詞過去分詞The film will be shown again .現(xiàn)在進行時Am / is / are + being +動詞過去分詞The walls are being painted .過去進行時Was / were +bei

46、ng動詞過去分詞The tickets were being well sold then .現(xiàn)在完成時Has / have + been + 動詞過去分詞A new road has been built here .時 態(tài)謂語動詞的形式例 子過去完成時Had + been +動詞過去分詞Much had been done before mother came back .含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)情態(tài)動詞be動詞過去分詞The composition must be handed in today .3 被動語態(tài)中值得注意的問題： 帶有雙賓語的動詞，可以把任何一個賓語變被動，一般在間接賓語前

47、加適當?shù)慕樵~。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father . 英語中有些動詞用主動語態(tài)表示被動語態(tài)。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long . 在英語中有時“be + V-ed”結

48、構并不是被動語態(tài)，而是系表結構。The mountains were covered with snow . 在“主語謂語賓語賓語補足語”的結構中，要補留賓語補足語。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken. 賓語補足語為省to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh . 如果短語動詞是及物動詞時，可以用被動語態(tài)，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked af

49、ter by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for . 下列情況不能用被動語態(tài)：A 不及物動詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .B 連系動詞： The girl looks like her sister .C 賓語為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .D 賓語為相互代詞：The students often help eac

50、h other .E 同源賓語：At that time, they lived a happy life .F 表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .（十二）動詞的時態(tài)：時態(tài)表示內(nèi)容謂語動詞的構成常用的時間狀語例句一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)動詞原形（包括第三人稱單數(shù)形式s / es）often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon )等He is often late for school.She usually goes to work on foot.一般將來時將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)shall / will + 動詞