托福聽力中的信號詞

1、信號詞和分層是緊密聯(lián)系的。首先,信號詞往往是連接句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的一座橋梁。通過注意信號詞,可以有助于考生進(jìn)行前后文的判斷。而信號詞可以分為以下幾大類:第一大類是邏輯性信號詞。如最常見的原因、對比、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列等。對于原因,考生可以尤為注意because (of, so, the reason, why, since, as, for 等類型的詞或詞組,考生在聽到這些信號詞的時(shí)候一定要注意聽后面的解釋,通過現(xiàn)象或定義看到問題的本質(zhì)和根源,這才是考核的關(guān)鍵所在。對于對比,考生除了注意比較級和最高級之外,還要多注意compare to,different from, unlike, (

2、not as as等這些間接表達(dá)對比的詞或詞組,有助于在不同食物中找到相同的聯(lián)系點(diǎn)或者在相同相似的事物中找到不同點(diǎn)。對于轉(zhuǎn)折,however, nevertheless, yet, still, though, anyhow, even so, in any case, anyway, after all, in spite of that, by the way等則是考生應(yīng)該注意的信號詞。即作者最終想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的點(diǎn),是考官喜歡出考題的地方?？脊倏傁矚g一開始先出現(xiàn)一長段迷惑性的段落,分散考生的注意力,或者是先陳述一部分事實(shí)或者拋出一個(gè)問題,然后來一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折性的連詞,提出真正的觀點(diǎn)。因此這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后

3、是考生必須要注意的地方。對于并列,first, second, third, for a start, for one thing, for another, to begin with, next則是很好的信號詞,提示了兩句句子之間的平等并列關(guān)系。第二大類是解釋說明類信號詞。常見的有同義重述和舉例。同義重述,常見的信號詞有that is, namely, or rather, to be more exact, to put it another way , in other words, by definition等。而在托福聽力中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到類似的說法如“this is what w

4、e call + 專有名詞”,或者“this is +現(xiàn)象”。一般而言,這類專有名詞屬于某個(gè)特定的領(lǐng)域,如醫(yī)學(xué)、心理學(xué),考生相對不太熟悉,因此這些信號詞前面或后面的內(nèi)容能讓能夠增加考生對整體文章的把握和理解。而舉例,常見的就是for example, just as, for instance, 通過舉一些常見或者比較容易理解的例子,去解釋某樣事物或某個(gè)現(xiàn)象,使得其更加生動(dòng)形象,通俗易懂。第三大類也是考的相對較多的,就是數(shù)字、時(shí)間和人名地名這類信息題。不過要注意,不能光聽數(shù)字和時(shí)間,更多的是要注意數(shù)字或時(shí)間背后所對應(yīng)的內(nèi)容和發(fā)生的事件。人名和地名也是一樣,要注意該人物的特點(diǎn)或經(jīng)歷,該地點(diǎn)發(fā)生的

5、事件。綜上所述,這些信號詞會(huì)直接或間接暗示文章的主旨或者作者的觀點(diǎn)意圖,因此考生可以開始逐漸培養(yǎng)起對這些信號詞的敏感度,更加迅速準(zhǔn)確地抓住把握文章的內(nèi)涵,在聽力中努力拿高分。托福聽力十大考點(diǎn)信號詞通常來說,對于一個(gè)著手準(zhǔn)備托福考生的學(xué)生要想把文章聽得滴水不漏、字字俱清,通常需要1000個(gè)小時(shí)的精聽練習(xí)量,如果我們按照學(xué)生可以每天聽3小時(shí)計(jì)算,需要聽多久呢?答案是1年。即便是每天聽5小時(shí),那也要200天,何況真要是每天聽個(gè)5小時(shí),別的事情基本都不用做了,估計(jì)最后用不了幾天廣大考生就口吐白沫、含笑九泉了。那么廣大考生看到這里不禁會(huì)問:啊?!那聽不夠1000小時(shí)豈不是還沒去考試就意味著我們注定沒戲了

6、?其實(shí)不然!大家應(yīng)當(dāng)知道,托?？荚囀莻€(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試,文章的編纂者絕對不能由著自己的性子、隨著自己的心情來編寫或者換一班人馬就換一種行文套路,上述情況不能出現(xiàn)?？荚囁牭降奈恼峦际前凑找欢?biāo)準(zhǔn)或者規(guī)律來研發(fā)編寫。既然是這樣,也就有了先河教育托福名師為大家提煉的托福聽力十大考點(diǎn)信號詞。一、開頭處的常見信號詞考點(diǎn)Conversation:I was wondering/I was thinking/I was hoping/I wanted to/the reason I'm her e等小強(qiáng)精講需要大家注意的是,上述的幾個(gè)信號詞中,考生若聽到前面的四個(gè)請不要進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)對譯,此處實(shí)際上表示的

7、是一種委婉語氣,近似于“寡人以為”或“小女子竊以為”,聽到后請直接理解為我現(xiàn)在想要如何即可。請看實(shí)例(TPO 19 C1: 聽力原文Student:Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bi t about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.考題再現(xiàn)1. Why does t

8、he man go to see the professor?A. To ask for help in choosing a topic for his term paperB. To ask the professor to explain how to complete an assignmentC. To ask about a point raised in a recent lectureD. To offer to help the professor with her research project先河教育托福名師原文中出現(xiàn)了what I wanted to ask was,

9、考生應(yīng)當(dāng)知曉主旨即將給出,認(rèn)真聽后面的內(nèi)容就可以拿分,重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是but I am not clear about its use in biology.我們可以看到,抓住了信號詞和后面的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,即便之前的部分內(nèi)容聽得不好,也不會(huì)影響將此題做對。此題答案為C。lecture請注意下面的三種情況:文章中教授的設(shè)問句;標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的lecture 主旨句型:today I am going to talk about或者today I am going to discuss;開頭處的第一個(gè)but.請看實(shí)例(TPO 2 L2:聽力原文Today we'll continue talking abou

10、tuseful fibers, and we'll begin with a fiber that's commonly known as "Manila hemp."考題再現(xiàn)1.What aspect of Manila hemp fibers does the professor mainly discuss in the lecture?A. Similarities between cotton fibers and Manila hemp fibersB. Various types of Manila hemp fibersC. The econ

11、omic importance of Manila hemp fibersD. A use of Manila hemp fibers先河教育托福名師考生聽到Today we'll continue talking about就應(yīng)該意識到出題點(diǎn)到來,需要用筆或者大腦記住其后重要的信息useful fibers,與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行核心詞比對即可確認(rèn)D為正確選項(xiàng)。二、人名等專有名詞先河教育托福名師先河教育托福名師在此提醒考生兩點(diǎn)需要注意:其一,并非每次聽力考試中聽到重要人名或者地名后,屏幕上都會(huì)出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的“黑板提示詞”,所以平時(shí)備考的準(zhǔn)備過程中,各位考生必須注意重要人名的讀音積累,尤其是那些影響巨

12、大、故去已遠(yuǎn)的知名人物,比如蘋果神話的締造者喬布斯,他名氣夠大,影響深遠(yuǎn),可惜離我們還不夠久遠(yuǎn),所以托福是不可能將其列入備考對象的。其二,考生僅僅聽出了人名或者記下了人名,是不夠應(yīng)對托福聽力考題的,因?yàn)橥懈Ｂ犃碱}從來不會(huì)在題干描述一個(gè)事實(shí),然后列出四個(gè)選項(xiàng)問你是誰做的。這種弱智的題目問法,只有在弱智的托福?？荚囶}里才能找得到!假若我們聽到人名或者看到人名提示詞了,該怎樣聽呢,這里先河教育托福名師給大家一句口訣:人名要聽其生平背景,記其何德何能!所謂生平背景,是說文章這個(gè)人很牛;何德何能,是說這個(gè)人為啥就這么牛!、請看實(shí)例(TPO19 L4:聽力原文A great example of tha

13、t, that vision in portraiture, is Cecilia Beaux. Cecilia Be aux was born in 1854, and after learning to paint and studying with several i mportant artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrai t painters in the United States. She was very successful. She even had portra its of t

14、he wife and children of Theodore Roosevelt, while he was president. S o hedid not get much more prestigious than that.Yeah, she really stood o ut back in the 1800s. And today, she is still considered one of the greatest p ortrait painters of her time, male or female. In fact, she was the first full-

15、tim e female instructor at the PennsylvaniaAcademy of the Fine Arts, and she wa s a full member of the National Academy of Design. These are pretty importa nt institutions, so, yeah, she definitely made headway for women artists.考題再現(xiàn)2. What evidence does the professor cite to illustrate Cecilia Beau

16、x's reputati on as an artist? Click on 2 answers.A. The instructors that she studied art withB. Her role in professional art organizationsC. Her connection with an important politician's familyD. The features of her work that the Impressionists imitated先河教育托福名師相信各位考生在反思上述文段時(shí)可以看到,除了劃橫線部分的句子外,

17、其余的句子都是在介紹人物的生平背景,告訴你她是牛人,但是只有橫線部分的句子告訴了你,她是如何達(dá)到大牛的地步的。所以,此題答案為BC。三、表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞先河教育托福名師考生在聽力、口語、閱讀和寫作的課上肯定學(xué)到過無數(shù)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞,多到無以計(jì)數(shù),多到讓大家高瞻仰望,不過小強(qiáng)在這里只給大家提煉四個(gè)重要的轉(zhuǎn)折詞,它們是ETS出題所鐘愛的,它們分別是:but, however, actually, in fact.請看實(shí)例(TPO16 L3:聽力原文Now I would have thought the bigger the tree, the farther the beaver would be

18、 willing to travel for it. That would make sense, right? If you're going to tr avel far, make the trip worth it buy bringing back most wood possible. But a ctually, the opposite is true. Beavers will cut down only large trees that are c lose to the water.They will travel far only to cut down cer

19、tain small trees tha t they can cut down quickly and drag back home quickly.考題再現(xiàn)4. What does the professor say about the cutting down of large trees?A. Beavers generally prefer cutting down large trees to small trees.B. Beavers generally do not travel long distances to cut down large trees.C. Beaver

20、s will not cut large trees of certain species.D. Beavers use large trees mainly for the purpose of building shelters.先河教育托福名師橫線前面的句子是教授的一種虛擬假設(shè),然后利用橫線部分的句子來自我推翻,文章明確告訴了我們這種動(dòng)物只喜歡在離水近的地方啃大樹,去遠(yuǎn)處只喜歡啃小樹。所以此題答案為B。四、表示因果關(guān)系的詞同樣地,各位在各種書上和培訓(xùn)課程中見到過浩如煙海的表示因果關(guān)系的詞或者詞組,但是小強(qiáng)老師這里依然為大家提煉這么幾個(gè)ETS鐘愛有加的考點(diǎn)詞,它們是:because/bec

21、ause of /the reason is/ that's why/account for/so.請看實(shí)例(TPO2 L2:聽力原文Now, why was that? Well, the main reason was that steel cables degrade ver y, very quickly in contact with salt water.If you've ever been to San Francisc o, you know that the Golden GateBridge is red. And it's red because

22、 of the zi nc paint that goes on those stainless steel cables.考題再現(xiàn)4.Why does the professor mention the Golden Gate Bridge?A. To demonstrate a disadvantage of steel cablesB. To give an example of the creative use of colorC. To show that steel cables are able to resist salt waterD. To give an example

23、of a use of Manila hemp先河教育托福名師文段中劃線的句子是自問自答表因果,句意大體意為:steel cables一和鹽水接觸便迅速腐蝕。題目問的是因果后面的內(nèi)容,此部分內(nèi)容是驗(yàn)證劃線部分內(nèi)容的。據(jù)此,我們可以選出A為正確答案。五、表示舉例的詞先河教育托福名師先河教育托福名師認(rèn)為舉例的詞在考試中遇到最多的就是for example, for instance, take, like, say這幾個(gè)了。考生要講例子的核心詞記下來,并且要努力聽出這個(gè)例子是為誰服務(wù)的,為什么要舉這個(gè)例子,那么題目無論怎么考我們都不用害怕。請看實(shí)例(TPO2 C1:聽力原文Student:Hmm

24、. . . something just came into my mind and went out the other side.Professor:That happens to me a lot, so I've come up with a pretty good memory mana gement tool. I carry a little pad with me all the time and jot down questions or ideas that I don't want to forget. For example, I went to the

25、 doctor withmy daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn't rememb er everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to.考題再現(xiàn)3.Why does the professor tell the man about the appointment at the doctor's office?A. To demonstrate

26、 a way of remembering thingsB. To explain why she needs to leave soonC. To illustrate a point that appears in his reportD. To emphasize the importance of good health先河教育托福名師學(xué)生說:“我剛想說什么來著,我給忘了?！崩蠋煱参繉W(xué)生說這個(gè)情況她也常有并且有個(gè)絕招可以克服遺忘,然后就舉了文中劃橫線處的那個(gè)例子,其目的必然是A選項(xiàng)。六、表示含義強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞先河教育托福名師表示含義強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞,這里給出以下幾個(gè):especially, agai

27、n, really, only, distinctive.如前所述,各位考生在聽到這些提示詞時(shí),請集中精力聽好其后所強(qiáng)調(diào)的具體內(nèi)容。請看實(shí)例(TPO2 L3: 聽力原文So how does all this relate to human happiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value . . . and value only intrinsically, for it s own sake and only for its own sake? If you could find

28、such a thing, that wo uld be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all h uman beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness. E veryone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself.考題再現(xiàn)

29、3.Why is happiness central to Aristotle's theory?A. Because it is so difficult for people to attainB. Because it is valued for its own sake by all peopleC. Because it is a means to a productive lifeD. Because most people agree about what happiness is先河教育托福名師教授的自問自答往往都是出題的要點(diǎn),該文段內(nèi),教授多次使用了含義強(qiáng)調(diào)詞來修飾一

30、個(gè)核心概念:for its own sake/for itself,利用此核心詞來比對選項(xiàng),可以輕松得到B為正確選項(xiàng)。七、表示名詞解釋的詞先河教育托福名師托福聽力模仿的是北美大學(xué)課堂教授講課的情景,作為老師,講課的成就感或快感來自于何處呢?必定是把一個(gè)復(fù)雜的東西或者奇葩的事情給學(xué)生深入淺出地講明白啦。托福聽力考試中,經(jīng)常有一些拗口的詞匯出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕上。據(jù)小強(qiáng)老師觀察,許多考生往往是忙著抄屏幕上的詞寫在筆記上,卻忽略了最重要的一點(diǎn)對名詞的解釋。托福聽力中解釋名詞的常見信號詞有:that is/which is/you know/in other words/by this definition

31、等等。請看實(shí)例(TPO2 L1:聽力原文Watson thought laryngeal habits . . . you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box . . . he thought those habits were an expression of t hinking.考題再現(xiàn)2.Why does the professor say this(A. To give an example of a laryngeal habitB. To explain the meaning of a termC

32、. To explain why he is discussing laryngeal habitsD. To remind students of a point he had discussed previously先河教育托福名師這是一道重聽題。文段中的"laryngeal habits"就是出現(xiàn)在屏幕上的奇葩生詞,考生需留意后面是否有針對該名詞的解釋。我們可以聽到,教授接連使用了you know, in other words等詞,由此我們可以確定,教授的確是對該術(shù)語進(jìn)行了替換性解釋的。由此,我們可以得出B為正確答案。八、表示比較關(guān)系的詞先河教育托福名師托福聽力考試

33、很強(qiáng)調(diào)對不同事物或者一個(gè)事物不同時(shí)期的新舊比較,所以比較級、最高級、同向比較(如similar to/resemble、反向比較等(unlike/instead of等信號詞考生要在考試中格外注意。請看實(shí)例(TPO6 L2:聽力原文Now another interesting thing about the Nightcap Oak is that it isitreprese ntsera very old typeerkind of tree that grew a hundred million years a go. Um, we found fossils that old tha

34、t bear remarkable resemblance to the tr ee. So, it's a primitive tree. Aa living fossil you might say.考題再現(xiàn)2. According to the professor, what led scientists to characterize the Nightca p Oak as primitiveA. It has no evolutionary connection to other trees growing in Australia toda yB. It has an i

35、nefficient reproductive systemC. Its flower is located at the bases of the leavesD. It is similar to some ancient fossils先河教育托福名師該文段將古樹和已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石進(jìn)行了類比,不過采用類比的時(shí)候用了resemblance這個(gè)詞匯,需要考生具備一定的詞匯水平。根據(jù)文章與選項(xiàng)的名詞比對,我們可以確定D為正確選項(xiàng)。此外,考生仔細(xì)觀察可以發(fā)現(xiàn),正確選項(xiàng)把resemblance替換為了similar to。九、表示特殊語氣的詞先河教育托福名師如前所述,托福聽力是模仿北美大學(xué)課堂或者校

36、園真實(shí)情景的考試,錄音員不可能不動(dòng)聲色地讀完全部錄音稿,所以人類普遍的情感,喜怒哀樂或者吃驚、懷疑等都一應(yīng)俱全。聽力原文Librarian:But you can. All of the library's databases and electronic sources can be acce ssed through any computer connected to the university network.Student:Really?! I can't believe I didn't know that.考題再現(xiàn)5. Why does the woman

37、 say this(A. She had forgotten about the informationB. She is surprised she was not aware of the informationC. She is annoyed that the information was published only recentlyD. She is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect information先河教育托福名師此題為重聽題,考察對話中出現(xiàn)的特殊語氣和態(tài)度。從劃線部分的錄音可以聽出,女生對圖書管理員的提供的信

38、息表示出乎意料、難以置信,所以答案為B。十、表示隱性并列的詞先河教育托福名師小強(qiáng)在此希望廣大考生格外注意隱形并列詞also,對于廣大考生而言,沒人不認(rèn)識這個(gè)詞,可杯具的地方往往在于,這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)在文章的時(shí)候,絕大多數(shù)考生都聽而不理,因而錯(cuò)失考點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致丟分。特別提醒各位考生,當(dāng)這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候,有可能是雙選題等待著各位的。請看實(shí)例(TPO19 C2:聽力原文Director:Why don't you visit our cafeteria's website? We list all our food suppliers. Yo u know, where we buy the

39、food that we serve. And the site also suggests wa ys to make your overall diet a healthy one. You can also find some charts list ing fat and calorie content for different types of seafood, meat and the other major food groups.考題再現(xiàn)5. According to the woman, what information can be found on the cafete

40、ria's Web site? Click on 2 answersA. Requirements for food to be certified as organicB. Information on where the cafeteria food comes fromC. A list of the food choices offered to students for each mealD. The nutritional content of specific foods先河教育托福名師文段選自該對話的結(jié)尾,教授拋出了自己的建議,大體涉及到三方面的內(nèi)容:其一是有關(guān)食品供應(yīng)

41、商的信息;其二是健康飲食策略;其三是日常飲食熱量值圖表。據(jù)此我們可以看到BD為正確答案。C意為食譜,和我們聽到的第二點(diǎn)健康飲食策略不是同一概念,故排除。先河教育托福名師為各位把托福聽力中常見的考點(diǎn)信號詞進(jìn)行了簡述,相信各位考生對相關(guān)知識有了一定程度的認(rèn)知。先河教育托福名師提醒各位考生,這十點(diǎn)內(nèi)容并不是彼此孤立或者總以單一形式出現(xiàn)在考試中的,也就是說你有可能在一個(gè)句群內(nèi)或者聽到的10秒左右的錄音內(nèi)它們會(huì)以套裝組合的形式出現(xiàn),這對我們而言,是個(gè)好事情,因?yàn)檫@等于是告訴我們,不得不聽、必定要考的內(nèi)容就在你的耳邊!托福聽力不“漏”點(diǎn)-信號詞的引導(dǎo)作用托福聽力除了要注意把握整體框架外,還要明確細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)的出

42、題規(guī)律,就好比是一幅骨骼,上面漸漸豐滿起來的血肉組成一個(gè)完整的軀體,不過,ETS在細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)的出題上還是有規(guī)律可循的,即:信號詞的提示細(xì)節(jié)題的出現(xiàn)。因此,接下來略談聽力細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)的信號詞。信號詞分為以下幾大類:專業(yè)名詞定義、原因、舉例、對比、強(qiáng)調(diào)、數(shù)字、人名地名、問答;1.專業(yè)名詞定義:by definition, xxx is xxx,“this is what we call + 專有名詞”,“this is +現(xiàn)象”,etc.在托福聽力中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到類似的說法如“this is what we call + 專有名詞”,或者“this is +現(xiàn)象”。一般來講,此類專有名詞是我們所不熟悉的,

43、但是會(huì)用一種比較簡單的方式表達(dá)出來,或者更難的考法是用另一個(gè)專有名詞來解釋一個(gè)專有名詞,那么考點(diǎn)非常明顯了,就是考察what is the definition for+ 專業(yè)名詞。尤其在生物學(xué)、天文、地理學(xué)等學(xué)科中,專業(yè)名詞的定義可能不僅僅出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)題的考點(diǎn),有時(shí)候?qū)φ恼碌闹髦及盐找财鹆撕艽蟮淖饔谩?. 原因:because(of, so, the reason, why? since, as, for,etc.在professor解釋某一個(gè)需要深入探討的現(xiàn)象或定義時(shí),尤其喜歡深究其根源。因此在聽力lecture里面經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到because這樣的詞,有些時(shí)候甚至?xí)rofessor自問自答

44、,先拋出一個(gè)why,然后片刻后給出解釋,because巴拉巴拉?？忌鷤冊诼牭竭@些信號詞時(shí)一定要注意聽后面的解釋,因?yàn)檫@里才出現(xiàn)透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)的環(huán)節(jié)(同樣,這句話的作用亦是如此。3. 舉例:for example, just as, for instance,etc.為了向?qū)W生們解釋某一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,或者一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的概念,老師一般喜歡舉常見的例子以使概念更通俗易懂,比如在TPO17,lecture4 中談到關(guān)于octopus如何變身躲避敵人,老師為了讓學(xué)生對章魚的變身能力更有印象,舉了Proteus(希臘神話中某個(gè)會(huì)變身的神的例子,用神話中的人物與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的生物進(jìn)行對比,是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者的相同點(diǎn)。需要注意的是,在舉例子的考點(diǎn)中,大部分情況都是在重點(diǎn)突出一種常見的事物與一種少見的事物進(jìn)行相同點(diǎn)的聯(lián)系。4. 對比:比較級,最高級,compare to,different from.,unlike.etc.除了第三點(diǎn)中說到的不同事物間相同點(diǎn)的聯(lián)系,