第六章介詞和連詞

1、第六章介詞和連詞介詞是一種虛詞，不能獨立充當句子成分，需與動詞、形容詞、名詞和代詞等搭配， 才能在句子中充當成分。介詞是用于名詞或代詞之前，表示詞與詞之間關系的詞類，介詞 常與動詞、形容詞和名詞搭配表示不同意義。介詞短語中介詞后接名詞、代詞或可以替代 名詞的詞（如：動名詞 v-ing ）。介詞后的代詞永遠為賓格形式。連詞在句中的作用是把詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子連接起來。它不能在句中單 獨作句子成分。高考重點要求：1、介詞的含義及在句中的作用。2、介詞+賓語構(gòu)成短語的作用。3、介詞短語在句子中的功能的理解。4、并列連接詞和從屬連接詞的使用和區(qū)別。第一節(jié)知識點概述一、介詞（一）表示時間的介詞

2、1. 表示時間段的介詞（1）in , afterclock)in +時間段，表示從現(xiàn)在起往后推算一段時間 after +時間段，表示過去某時間往后推算一段時間，如：He' II come back in two days.但鐘點用 after（ after three oHe left on July 2 and retur ned after three days.（2）in , during表示在一段特指的時間內(nèi)，可用 in或duringThe work was done in / duri ng the holidays.表示年份、月份、季節(jié)用 in ,如:in 1999 ,in

3、 June , in win ter（3）for the past + 時間段,during表示在最近一段時間內(nèi)，句中謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時I have bee n in Shan ghai in the last few years.（4）for表示延續(xù)一段時間I ' ll study in the U.S for two yearsI ' ve waited for Bingo for half an hour.2. 表示某一時間的介詞（1）at, onat 表示某一時刻， on 表示某一天或日期 , 如 : at 7:14, on Saturday morning on

4、the night of May 2 一天內(nèi)各段時間表達 , 須選用正確的介詞，請比較： in the morningon a winter / snow / cold / morning at nighton the night of March 7 thin the eveningon Friday evening（ 2 ） before, bybefore 表示某一時間之前， 而 by 表示到某一時間止， 句中謂語動詞多用完成時態(tài)。 如:You must get up before six. 你必須六點之前起床。By the end of last month the boy had g

5、ot 4“ As” .到上月底這個男孩已得了 4 個 A.（ 3 ） after , sinceafter 可以表示過去某一點時間之后，通常和一般過去時連用，而 since 表示從過 去某時間開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間 , 與現(xiàn)在完成時連用，如；My father lived in Shanghai after liberation . 解放后我父親住在上海 .Since the end of last year the lady has given five concerts. 自去年年底以來，這位女士開了五場音樂會。（4） from to, until / tillfromto 表示從某一點

6、時間到另一點時間的一段時間，而 until 或 till 表示某動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到某點時間。如：My mother studied in Beijing University from 1960 to 1964. 從 1960 年到 1964 年我媽媽在北京大學學習。My mother entered Beijing University in 1960, and studied there until 1964. 我媽媽 1960年進入北京大學，一直學習到 1964 年。3. 不用介詞表示時間的詞或詞組含 this, that, last, next 等表示時間的名詞詞組 ,以及某些時間的副詞

7、或名詞詞組前 不用介詞 ,如： this year，last summer, yesterday , the day after tomorrow 等。（二）表示事物位置的介詞（ 1） at, in當事物被視作一點，不強調(diào)其空間常用介詞at。而表示空間內(nèi)部用介詞in,女口：We' ll meet at the supermarket. 我們在超市見面I had to stay in the supermarket as it was raining hard. 因為下大雨，我只好呆在超市里*動詞arrive后接at,表示較小的地方，如：車站、村莊等；后接in表示較大地方， 如：城市，地

8、區(qū)等。（2）in, toin表示事物在區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的位置，to表示事物相對區(qū)域范圍之外另一事物的位置， 如：Shanghai is in the east of China.上海在中國東部Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中國東面。in front of表示在前面，一般不在范圍內(nèi)，in the fro nt of表示在前部，在同一范圍內(nèi)。（3）after, behindafter指順序先后,behind指位置在某事物之后，相對于in front of而言，女口：He en tered the classroom after the teacherHe hid

9、 himself behind the door。 他躲在門后。（4）on , inon表示"在某物表面上”。如將物看作空間，表示在其內(nèi)部，用介詞 in。There is a moder n pain ti ng on the wall .墻上有一副現(xiàn)代油畫。（指掛在墻上）There is a moder n pain ti ng in the wall .墻上有一副現(xiàn)代油畫。（指畫在墻上）（5）from , off都表示"離開”（6）above , over, below , underover , under 表示垂直的上下關系，而 above, below僅表示位置上

10、"高于”或"低于”，不表示垂直關系。（7）between, amongbetwee n表示"兩個事物之間”，amo ng表示"三者以上的事物之間”（三）表示運動方向的介詞（1） in to, in side , in從外到內(nèi)，女口：He went quickly into / inside the room.He went quickly out of / outside the room.（2） out of從里到外，相當于 outside,或從里向外，相當于fromShe went out of the office in a hurry 她匆匆走出

11、辦公室。The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window . 這男孩透過窗觀看外面的公交車、小汽車和自行車。（3） on在表面，onto 至U上A boat is on the river. 一條小船在河上。He jumped onto a tree.他跳上一棵樹。（4 ） across穿過一平面，through穿過一空間The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass.這男孩用力踢球，球飛過草地。The train moved fast through

12、 the tunn el. 火車飛駛穿過隧道。(5) to towards 朝去She walked to the bank.她步行到銀行去。She swam towards the shore.她朝岸邊游去。(四) 常用介詞用法比較(1) as , likeas表示“作為”強調(diào)身份，like (介詞)表示“像”As a teacher, he cares for these childre n.Like a teacher, he cares for these childre n.(2) with , inwith表示“外貌特征或附帶的東西”，“用作工具”in表示”衣著”，用某語言，也用i

13、nA man with dark glasses wan ted to buy drin ks.A man in black wan ted to buy drin ks.The boy is lear ning to write in_pe ncil / with a pen cil.He retold the text in_En glish.(3) for , tofor表示“為了 .”to表示動作對象，對，向”，如：He would do anything for his motherla nd.Did you men tio n this to_my father?你對我父親提起過這

14、件事嗎？for表示“就某情況而說 ”，to表示“對某對象而言”如：It ' s quite warm todOyi February.就二月的天氣，今天夠暖和的。What he told you just now was not new to_me 。他剛才對你所說的話對我并不新鮮。for表示“目的，用途”。與go, come動詞連用。(4) except , besidesexcept表示“從總體中排除一部分”，與but同義，besides表示“除了一部分還有另一部分”We all failed except him.我們都失敗了，但他沒有。He speaks German besi

15、des French.除法語外，他還會講英語。(5 )注意成對介詞的用法：get into (out of ) the car, jump onto (off) the platform, out of(6) 介詞和名詞動詞等有不少固定搭配和習慣用法：to one ' s surprise / joyn charge of , in stead of, in bed (hospital), in trouble, in a hurry, in surprise, with a smile, with one voice, according to, at once, on time,

16、in time, in all, at last, at least, in the end, by the way, for example, at the same time, at the same speed, on one' way （to）, in the sun, on the football team, in line, with the help of, in red / green , put on, look for, look after, run after, send for, enter for, pay for, show around, liste

17、n to, arrive in / at, get to, agree with, succeed in, think of （about）, wait for,女二、連詞（一）并列連詞和從屬連詞的用法連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為：1并列連詞，如：and, or, but, so for,等，連接并列的詞與詞，短語與短語，句子與句子。例如： Rice and potatoes are com mon foods.（詞與詞）Today we can travel by pla ne or by train.（短語與短語）Many trees lose their leaves in winter, but

18、 evergreen trees do not.（ 句子與句子）關聯(lián)連詞是一類成對使用的連詞例如：bothand,notbutnot only but also not only but as welleither orneither nor關聯(lián)連詞必須后接同樣的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。女口： Either the windows or the door was open .2. 從屬連詞，如 that, whether, when, because, though等，用以引導名詞性從句、定語從句和 狀語從句。3. 從屬連詞引導的從句不可以與主句斷開。例如： When the alarm clock ran

19、g.（不完整）4. though （although）引導讓步狀語從句，because引導原因狀語從句，所以though（although）不能和并列連詞 but , because不能和并列連詞so 一起使用。只能單獨使用。第二節(jié)實戰(zhàn)演練S 、復習時需注意的要點1、介詞一般放在名詞之前，但它后面的介詞賓語是疑問代詞、疑問副詞或者關系代詞時， 這些詞提到了前面而只剩下介詞在后了。2、介詞和動詞、形容詞、名詞等常常構(gòu)成固定搭配，也就是說，在這些詞的后面常常要 求用一定的介詞。這一點在學習時要特別注意。如：a. 動詞 + 介詞：laugh at, wait forb. 形容詞、過去分詞 +介詞：b

20、e good at, be proud ofc 名詞 + 介詞：pay a visit to , the key to3、 表示選擇關系的連詞，連接的雙方只取其一。常用連詞有or, either.or, otherwise 例如：a) You can go to Beiji ng either today or tomorrow.b) You must get up early or you wo n'catch the early bus.4、表示轉(zhuǎn)折關系，連接的雙方構(gòu)成對比，意義上有轉(zhuǎn)折。常用連詞有but, however, while,on ly例如：a) His brother

21、 is fond of football while he likes basketball.b) You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.5、 表示聯(lián)合關系，聯(lián)合的雙方是對等的，意義上趨向一致。常用連詞有：and, both.a nd, neither.nor, not only.but also, as well asTo study En glish well, we n eed both dilige nee and careful.That horse is not only the youn gest am

22、ong the five, but also runs the fastest.6、表示因果關系，連接的雙方，互為因果，或者前因后果，或者前果后因。常用的連詞有: for, so例如：It must have rain ed, for the ground is wet.必二、歷屆高考試題分析例 1、he did not know much English ， he got out his dictionary and looked up the word.A. As B. ForC. Si neeD. Because答案為A【解析】for，because和as雖皆可作連詞用，都可表示&quo

23、t;因為”，但用法有些區(qū)別。for引導的分句總是置于另一分句之后，常常對前一分句加以解釋，兩個分句之間，總是用逗號 分開。because引導的原因狀語從句時，往往以 why問句，語氣比較重，傳遞的往往是對 方未了解的新信息。as引導的原因狀語從句時，往往是對方也知道的信息。本句是他拿出 詞典查，顯然，“他知道的英語單詞不多”，這是明擺著的事，所以用as最恰當。例 2. John became a football coach in Sealion Middle Schoolthe beginning of March.A. onB. forC. withD. at答案：D【解析】at the

24、begi nning of “在的開始”。例 3. How far apart do they live?I know ,they live in the same n eighbourhood.A. As long as B. As far asC. As well asD. As ofte n as答案為B【解析】首先應分析這四個短語的意義區(qū)別。這是四個意義完全不同的短語。as long as意為“只要就” ；as far as意為“到目前為止” ；as well as意為“也” ;as often as意為“每次，每當”，根據(jù)原題as far as I know意為“就我所知”例 4.

25、The speech delivered by the mayor of Shanghai before the final voting for EXPO 2010 is stro ngly impressedmy memory.A. toB. overC. byD. on答案為D。【解析】 impress sb . （with sth.）給某人深刻印象。impress on/upon sb.是固定搭配，給留下印象。例 5. The home improvements have taken what little there ismy spare time.A. fromB. inC. of

26、D. at答案為C?！窘馕觥窟@是一個賓語從句，have taken后接感嘆句，其正常語序是what little of myspare time there is.例 6. The sun light came inthe win dows in the roof and lit up the whole room.A. throughB. acrossC. onD. over答案為A。【解析】"從窗戶縫隙中”要用介詞through。through指從里面穿過，透過；across強調(diào)從面上橫穿，橫跨； on “在面上” ；over從一地到另一地；經(jīng)過一段時間或距 離。譯文：陽光從屋頂

27、窗戶縫隙中照射進來，把整個屋子都照亮了。例 7. He was about to tell me the secret some one patted him on the shoulder.A. asB. untilC. whileD. whe n答案為D?！窘馕觥?as, until, while和when均可表時間，但各有不同：as強調(diào)一邊一邊;while“在期間 侗時”，表轉(zhuǎn)折；when有兩種用法：當時，從句動詞不限；就在此時，忽然，等于 at that time, sudde nly。常用的句式有： be doi ngwhe n（正在做 憑 然 ）;be about to dowhe

28、n（正要做 突然 ）;常與when連用。譯文：他 正要告訴我這個秘密，這時，有人拍了拍他的肩膀。例 8. I know nothing about the young lady She is from Beijing.A. exceptB. except for C. except that D. besides答案為C。【解析】except后接名詞或代詞，意思是“除之外”，表示從整體中除掉部分。exceptfor后接名詞或代詞，意思是“除之外”，表示兩種事物的類比。女口： Your compositionis very good, except for some mistakes.作文和錯誤

29、是兩個概念。except that弓丨導句子。besides后接名詞或代詞，前邊常有other, else等，意思是“除以外還有” 。she is fromBeijing是一個句子，只有 except that才能引導從句。例 9. Don't be afraid of asking for helpit is needed.A. uni essB. sinceC. althoughD. whe n答案為 D 。【解析】 考連詞的用法及區(qū)別。答案 D 容易和 B 混淆。這里的 when=if（ 如果、倘若 ） 。 根據(jù)句子的前后關系，應該是未發(fā)生的事情，但由 when 引導的時間 /條

30、件狀語從句中謂 語動詞應用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。而since（既然）引導的是原因狀語從句，其謂語若是將來時，不可用一般現(xiàn)在時代替。譯文：如果需要，就別怕向人求助。例 10. They had a pleasant chat a cup of coffee.A. forB. withC. duringD. over答案為 D 。【解析】 考查介詞搭配。 to chat over a cup of coffee 意思是邊喝咖啡邊聊天。 for 和 during 都有“在期間”之意，但后邊通常加時間；with “隨著，用”；over “在（做）期間，邊邊”。第三節(jié) 鞏固練習Direction:

31、Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.1. The doctor will be free .C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes afterA. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes2. Did you have trouble the post office ?A. to have foundB. w

32、ith findingC. to find D. in findingWe offered him our congratulations his passing the college entrance exams.A. atB. onC. for D. ofIf you keep on , you 'll succeed .A. in timeB. at one timeC. at the same time D. on time How long has this bookshop been in business? 19..3.

33、0.A. After B. InC. Form D. SinceThe train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station 5:40 pm. at the latest.A. untilB. afterC. byD. aroundYour performan ce in the driving test didn't reach the requi;re_d_s_ta_n_d_a, rydou failed.A. in the endB. after allC. in other word

34、sD. at the same timeI don ' t think I' ll need any money but I' ll bring some .A. at lastB. in caseC. once againD. in timeproduction up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A. AsB. ForC. With D. ThroughFaced serious flooding , the victims got aid from all parts of the count

35、ry.A. withB. byC. toD. aboutIt took them long to be accustomed the local food and customs.A. toB. ofC. inD. forCome and see me two or three .A. for daysB. after days C. in days 'tinDfeduringday timeFor miles around me there was nothing but a desert , without a single plant or tree .A. in sightB.

36、 on earthC. at a distance D.in placeI wanted two seats Madame Curie for Friday night , so I rang the cinema to see if Icould book two tickets.A. ofB. aboutC. toD. for most students, she was always well prepared and never came to class late.A. LikeB. AsC. ForD. ToWashington , a state in the US, was n

37、amed one of the greatest American presidents.A. in honor ofB. instead ofC. in favor ofD. by means ofThe number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200 . This means it has risen 20 percent .A. byB. atC. toD. withThe suit fitted him well the color was a little brighter.A. expect forB. except th

38、atC. except when D. besides You seem to show interest in cooking .What ? , I ' m getting tired of it .A. On the contrary B. To the contrary C. On the other hand D. To the other hand The lady is not in the mood going on a sightseeing trip.A. ofB. forC. inD. to21. Beijing is an ancient capital a h

39、istory of 3000 years.A. onB. ofC. forD. with22. We need fifteen more people our team to do the job.A. butB. exceptC. as wellD. besides23. No one knew Mr. Benson ' s address his daughter.A. exceptB. exceptsC. onlyD. beside24. I learned German when I was a child , but now I have forgotten everythi

40、ng a fewwords and expressions.A. instead ofB. besidesC. except forD. about25. It was so hard for them to sail the strong wind.A. alongB. againstC. toD. toward26. Dr Robert went to New York , bought some books his daughter.A. visiting B. to visitC. and visited D. visited27. On the farm , the children

41、 always did the same work as grown-ups did got paid less.A. and B. asC. if D. though28. I was having a beautiful dream someone knocked at the door.A. whenB. asC. whileD. since29. Some are reading newspapers , others are playing chess.A. orB. soC. forD. while30. We want high speed good quality.A. bot

42、h andB.either orC.neithernorD. not butalso31. They have found many elements in the moon rocks which are round on earth , theyhave not been able to find any sign of life.A. andB. orC. thenD. but32. He his students went to visit the Great Wall.A. as wellB. as well asC. altogetherD. together with33. Do

43、n 't stand by the gate , you come inyou go out to play.A. either or B. neither nor C. not only but also D. not but34. does he do his own work well , he helps others with their work.A. Either or B. Not only but also C. Neither norD. Both and35. Would you please fill the application from before we arrange an interview?A. ofB. inC. withD. on36. Tommy caught the school bus , .A. and Jane