中考英語復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解技巧之猜測詞義答題策略

1、中考英語復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解技巧之猜測詞義答題策略英語閱讀中，我們常常會遇到一些不認(rèn)識的單詞或短語，或者認(rèn)識的單詞 短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當(dāng)這些單詞短語并不妨礙我們理解文章 的主要內(nèi)容時(shí)，我們通?？梢院雎运鼈?；但如果這些詞或短語影響了我們對文 章的理解，這就需要我們根據(jù)上下文來猜測它們在文中的意思了。這種情況下，掌握猜詞的技巧就顯得尤為重要。猜測詞義可以在一定程度上考查學(xué)生的邏輯 推斷能力，也是考察閱讀能力的一個(gè)重要部分，所以這種題目頻繁出現(xiàn)在各種 考試中。在英語閱讀中根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義，有助于鍛煉同學(xué)們分析問題、解 決問題的能力，也有助于擴(kuò)大詞匯量。通常，猜測詞義可采用以下14種方法：一

2、、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：為了幫助學(xué)生更好地理解文章的中的句子之間的意思， 通常會出現(xiàn)一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞。例如：though, although, but, however等，通 過這些連接詞，使讀者更加清楚地了解句子的含義。例 1 ： Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it.由but可知genius是與fool（蠢才）相對的，由此推測其意為“有才能的人、 天才”。例 2 ： A vegetarian doesn' t wantneat, but may value bananas highly, while a mea

3、t-eater may prefer steak.句中vegetarian通過while與meat-eater對比，可猜為“吃素者”。例 3: Most of them agreed;however,John dissented句中 dissented通過 however與 agreed對比，dissented意思是 “反對二、根據(jù)對比關(guān)系：在一個(gè)句子或段落中.有對兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast

4、 等。例 4： If you agree, write"Yes” diSsent write"No'.根據(jù)前后的對比關(guān)系，不難猜出dissent是意思與agree相反，即：“不同意”。例 5: 104 studies, involving 15,000 people is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimisrrieads, by contrast（對 比）,to hopelessness, sickness and fail

5、ure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness.optimism “樂觀主義”與 Pessimism意義相反，所以可猜 Pessimism之意為“悲觀主義”。例 6: Some students wereunintentionally late for class while a few were purposely late.根據(jù)從句中的該例中的purposely （決心，故意，目的）對比關(guān)系，我們便 能猜出unintentionally意為“無心，有時(shí)三、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系：在句子或段落中.若兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成

6、因果關(guān)系， 我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系來推測所出現(xiàn)的生詞詞義。表示因果關(guān)系的有 because, so that, so/such - that 等。例 7: The girl began to feel homesiclbecauseshe had been away from her family for years.根據(jù)原因狀語從句和homesick本身的構(gòu)詞方法，我們推斷它的詞義為“想家例 8: Since I could not afford to buy the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye c

7、ould not tell the difference.根據(jù)買不起原創(chuàng)的，所以只好買個(gè)“復(fù)制品沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人看不出區(qū)別。例 9： Mary didn ' t notice me when I came into the classroom,because she was completely engrossedn her reading.句意：當(dāng)我走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，瑪麗沒有注意到我，因?yàn)樗诘乜磿?據(jù)此，我們可以推斷engross可能就是“使全神貫注，吸引”的意思。四、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系：因?yàn)橥徽Z是對前面名詞的進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明,兩部分之 間多用逗號連接，有時(shí)也用破折號、分號、引號或括號連接

8、。所以，同位語可 提供更為具體的信息，我們可根據(jù)同位語來推測前面名詞的意思。例 10: In some cultures, certain foods aretaboo, a word from the language of the Fiji Islands, which is used to describe something forbidden or not allowed.根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容，可猜測Taboo為“禁忌”。例 11: Such experiences are not unusual for thamateur conchologistspeople who collect s

9、hells.根據(jù)該詞后面的同位解釋 people who collect shells,理解為“收集貝殼的人 或貝殼收藏家五、根據(jù)并列關(guān)系：兩個(gè)或以上的并列成分由并列連接詞如：and, or, so, for等，并列詞組如：in addition , as a result等，和連接性副詞如：moreover, besides來連接。并成分之間關(guān)系密切，而并列連接詞是并列成分之間的紐帶， 起著承上啟下的作用，顯示了并列成分之間邏輯關(guān)系。因此，正確理解和掌握 連接詞語是我們閱讀理解的關(guān)鍵。例 12： Drinking some icy water from the river in front

10、of the bear trap and splashing a lot of water over my headbrought me fully to my senses.并列的兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語所提供的相關(guān)信息（喝冰冷的河水，再往頭上灑大量 的水）足以說明brought me fully to my senses的意思，即“使我完全清醒了例 13: But sometimes, no rainfalls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought從a dry period和drought是同義語，drought所

11、在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，由此可見drought意思為“久旱，旱災(zāi)六、根據(jù)比喻關(guān)系：比喻猜詞法就是把兩種或兩種以上不同的事物進(jìn)行對 比，找出其相同之處，根據(jù)閱讀中的這種比喻上下文線索去推測生詞的詞意。表示比喻的詞一般有as- as, like 等。例 14： The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.根據(jù)“就像水中的玫瑰葉”這樣的比喻可知，buoyant是“飄浮的”之意。例 15: Just as air and water isindispensableto li

12、ving things, so is learning to a man in the civilized society.由just as6。引起的句子表示比喻。indispensable的詞義可以根據(jù)比喻關(guān) 系來確定。既然我們深知空氣和水與生物的關(guān)系，再聯(lián)想到學(xué)習(xí)與文明社會的 人的關(guān)系，那么indispensable的詞義想必就是“必不可少的” 了。七、根據(jù)定義關(guān)系：文章的上下文對某個(gè)詞語進(jìn)行定義、解釋，使讀者清楚 地了解它的含義。表示定義的常用語有：為be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as , be define

13、d as , be described as 也可用標(biāo)點(diǎn) 符號表示定義，如破折號、逗號、括號、冒號等。例 16: Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.根據(jù)“是用來描述人類社會的科學(xué)研究的術(shù)語”的定義，可知 sociology是 “社會學(xué)”之意。例 17: Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the fiel

14、d of engineering.根據(jù)“一種提供新鮮空氣的系統(tǒng)”來看，句中“ventilation”是個(gè)“通風(fēng)設(shè)備”。例 18： Instinctive behavioris a pattern of behavior that an animal is born with.根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容，可猜測Instinctive behavior為本性八、根據(jù)所舉實(shí)例：為了闡明某一種重要觀念或者講清某一抽象概念，作者往 往采取舉例的方式對這一觀點(diǎn)或概念進(jìn)行具體的說明和解釋，從而使讀者理解得更具體些.那么文中的例子自然也就成了讀者理解文章生詞的線索.表示列舉關(guān)系的信號詞有:like, for example

15、, for instance, such as, especially, include, consist of, specially。例 19： Many United Nations employees are polyglot Ms. White, for example speaks six languages.由所舉實(shí)例，不難推出polyglot的意思是 僮多種語言的”。例 20： Some artists plan their painting around geometric formslikesquares, circles and triangles.從文中所列舉的三角形、正

16、方形、圓形來猜得其意為“ 幾何圖形例 21 ： Some missing ships carriedcargo such as coal and military supplies,while others carried only passengers.其中cargo為生詞，根據(jù)句后面的列舉部分：coal,oil,and military supplies可 推測cargo指煤油等貨物工九、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系：有時(shí)作者為了使他的意思表達(dá)得更清楚明白，通常用一個(gè)同 義詞或近義詞來解釋另一個(gè)比較難的詞或關(guān)鍵詞，這些同義詞或近義詞為讀者推斷生詞詞義提供了線索.另外有些作者在表達(dá)同一概念時(shí)喜歡用兩個(gè)或更多

17、的同 義詞或近義詞，其中必定有讀者所熟悉的詞，根據(jù)已知的詞語，就不難推斷出生詞 的詞義來.例 22： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator （管理者）because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指 獨(dú)斷專行的”。例 23： We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately （精確地

18、）,or they willmake our speech silly and vulgar根據(jù)“選詞和使用精確”來判斷，vulgar的意思為“粗俗的，庸俗的”。例 24： Doctors, scientists, and public health experts often travel to these regions to solve themystery of a long healthy life; the experts hope to bring to the modern world the secrets of longevity生詞longevity,的意思為長命的、長壽

19、的十、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換說法：有時(shí)作者在闡述某個(gè)概念或某一事情時(shí),為了把它講述 得更清楚，常采取另一種方式重述一下前面的內(nèi)容，這種重述往往用比前面一 種表達(dá)更為簡單易懂的詞語。后面這種簡單易懂的詞語無疑為前面較難的詞語 提供了猜測的線索。因此，在閱讀的過程中如遇到生詞時(shí)，不妨看一下該生詞 后面是否有另一種闡述或解釋。表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)述信號的詞有：that is, that is to say,in other words 以及i.e.,等都可以用來對前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋，意為“也就是說、即”。例 25： He is very fastidious In other words, it is extremely di

20、fficult to please and satisfy him.從后面的重述中可以清楚地看出“fastidiou箱為“挑剔的”。例 26: He is aresoluteman. That is to say, once he sets up a goal, he won't give it up easily.從后面的重述中可以清楚地看出“resolut用旨的是“堅(jiān)定的、果斷的”。十一、根據(jù)定語從句：在很多情況下，定語從句直接給出了某一生詞的定義， 所以,以定語從句為線索猜測詞義也是一個(gè)行之有效的猜詞方法。例 27： Jack is now a florist , who kee

21、ps a shop for selling flowers in our district.由后面起補(bǔ)充作用的非限制性定語從句可推知生詞florist 是“花店主”之意。例 28： An expedition is a long, organized trip or journey, which is made into an unfamiliar area for a particular purpose by a group of people.句中which引導(dǎo)的定語從句進(jìn)一步解釋了 expedition之意為“遠(yuǎn)征隊(duì)”。例 29： He was a prestidigitator wh

22、o entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.此句中，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句對生詞“ prestidigitator”的詞義給出了非常清楚的 定義。根據(jù)能從帽子里拉出兔子、吞火和玩具他類似的把戲的人應(yīng)是“ 變戲法 者”。十二、根據(jù)邏輯推理：根據(jù)生詞前后的搭配關(guān)系和上下文的意思等來推測 其意思。例 30: Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile we must keep it in a b

23、ottle which has a tight lid.由后面的解釋必須保存在密封或有很緊的蓋子的瓶子里，可推測出這個(gè)化 學(xué)物質(zhì)是“易揮發(fā)的”。例 31 ： If he thinks he can invite me out, he isall wet I don ' t like to be with him.根據(jù)I don ' t like to be with mi （我不愿意跟他在一起），那么，他要邀請我出去 是不可能的，他就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。因此 all wet的意思是“mistaken”。例 32： For people who live within a stone &

24、#39; s thrtown the office to be late for work is unforgivable.根據(jù)后面上班遲到是不可原諒的來推測，指的是那些“ 住得很近”的人。't have tofaskhegainwas in big例 33: We found that bar at last. I didn letters over the windowStar Bar. There were some iron tables outside with plastic chairs around them. A few people sat listlessly （

25、無精打采地） around, looking at a portable television set that someone had brought out of the bar. They were all in thin summer dresses or short sleeved-shirts; even at that late hour it wastifling. Two thin dogs lay under one of the tables with their tongues out, and some of the women were fanning themse

26、lves unenthusiastically比精打采的）with magazines.根據(jù)語境我們猜出stifling的詞義為“憋悶的、沉悶的”。十三、根據(jù)生活常識：有時(shí)根據(jù)?；罱?jīng)驗(yàn)和基本常識可以推測出牛詞的意 思。根據(jù)日常生活中的常識和相關(guān)的背景知識，大膽想象，合理發(fā)揮，推測出 生詞的含義。例 34： The snakeslithered through the grass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識，我們可以推測出slithered的詞義為“爬行例 35: Metal.expandswhen heated andcontractswhen cooled.根據(jù) 熱脹冷縮”的常識，我們可以推

27、出expand詞義為 膨脹，擴(kuò)大”，而contract 詞義為“收縮，縮小”。例 36: When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaestheticto make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.根據(jù)直接或間接的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般具有一點(diǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)常識的人都知道醫(yī)生在給病人動(dòng)手術(shù) 之前，為了減輕病人的痛苦，往往給病人注射麻醉劑使病人失去知覺后再動(dòng)手術(shù)所以根據(jù)這一常識，通過上下文就能比較準(zhǔn)確地確定"anaesthetic，詞的意思應(yīng)該是“麻醉劑”。十四、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞方法：根據(jù)前綴、后綴、合成、轉(zhuǎn)換等構(gòu)詞法來推測生詞 的意思。例 37: Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. Because you can ' stee or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus som