施工手冊第四版)第二章常用結(jié)構(gòu)計算2-1 荷載與結(jié)構(gòu)靜力計算表

1、.Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central "eight rules" and opposing "the four winds" and practicing "three Suns", and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on o

2、utstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the party's political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the party's political disciplines. C

3、onscientiously abide by the party's political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the party's political discipline

4、 problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strict

5、ly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs furtherplan environment

6、al impact assessment before and after project approval," the principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges,

7、 into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax,

8、financial and other resources, and construct "Government credit + business credit" credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to ra

9、ise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create "policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land" as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint

10、a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further

11、 reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central "eight rules" an

12、d opposing "the four winds" and practicing "three Suns", and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the party's political

13、discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the party's political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the party's political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, i

14、deological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the party's political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are l

15、ess grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture invo

16、lves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs furtherWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure

17、smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related tran

18、sactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance". To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS+, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieve

19、d information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS+, and ERP, and SCM, tec

20、hnology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero." To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped

21、trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, a

22、nd stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can

23、 control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system,

24、 achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to en

25、sure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards . Work, full play party, and branch, and m

26、embers in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction2 常用結(jié)構(gòu)計算2-1 荷載與結(jié)構(gòu)靜力計算表2-1-1 荷載1結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載分為下列三類：（1）永久荷載 如結(jié)構(gòu)自重、土壓力、預應力等。（2）可變荷載 如樓面活荷載、屋面活荷載和積灰荷

27、載、吊車荷載、風荷載、雪活載等。（3）偶然荷載 如爆炸力、撞擊力等。建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設計時，對不同荷載應采用不同的代表值。對永久荷載應采用標準值作為代表值。對可變荷載應根據(jù)設計要求，采用標準值、組合值、頻遇值或準永久值作為代表值。對偶然荷載應按建筑結(jié)構(gòu)使用的特點確定其代表值。2荷載組合建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設計應根據(jù)使用過程中在結(jié)構(gòu)上可能同時出現(xiàn)的荷載，按承載能力極限狀態(tài)和正常使用極限狀態(tài)分別進行荷載（效應）組合，并應取各自的最不利的效應組合進行設計。對于承載能力極限狀態(tài)，應按荷載效應的基本組合或偶然組合進行荷載（效應）組合。0SR （2-1）式中 0結(jié)構(gòu)重要性系數(shù)；S荷載效應組合的設計值；R結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件抗力的設計值。

28、對于基本組合，荷載效應組合的設計值S應從下列組合值中取最不利值確定：（1）由可變荷載效應控制的組合 （2-2）式中 G永久荷載的分項系數(shù)；Qi第i個可變荷載的分項系數(shù)，其中YQ1為可變荷載Q1的分項系數(shù)；SGK按永久荷載標準值GK計算的荷載效應值；SQiK按可變荷載標準值Qik計算的荷載效應值，其中SQ1K為諸可變荷載效應中起控制作用者；ci可變荷載Qi的組合值系數(shù)；n參與組合的可變荷載數(shù)。（2）由永久荷載效應控制的組合 （2-3）（3）基本組合的荷載分項系數(shù)1）永久荷載的分項系數(shù)當其效應對結(jié)構(gòu)不利時：對由可變荷載效應控制的組合，應取1.2；對由永久荷載效應控制的組合，應取1.35；當其效應對

29、結(jié)構(gòu)有利時：一般情況下應取1.0；對結(jié)構(gòu)的傾覆、滑移或漂浮驗算，應取0.9。2）可變荷載的分項系數(shù)一般情況下應取1.4；對標準值大于4kN/m2的工業(yè)房屋樓面結(jié)構(gòu)活荷載應取1.3。對于偶然組合，荷載效應組合的設計值宜按下列規(guī)定確定：偶然荷載的代表值不乘分項系數(shù)；與偶然荷載同時出現(xiàn)的其他荷載可根據(jù)觀測資料和工程經(jīng)驗采用適當?shù)拇碇怠?民用建筑樓面均布活荷載標準值及其組合值、頻遇值和準永久值系數(shù)（見表2-1）民用建筑樓面均布活荷載標準值及其組合值、頻遇值和準永久值系數(shù) 表2-1項次類別標準值（kN/m2）組合值系數(shù)c頻遇值系數(shù)f準永久值系數(shù)q1（1）住宅、宿舍、旅館、辦公樓、醫(yī)院病房、托兒所、幼兒

30、園0.50.4（2）教室、試驗室、閱覽室、會議室、醫(yī)院門診室2.02食堂、餐廳、一般資料檔案室0.53（1）禮堂、劇場、影院、有固定座位的看臺3.0（2）公共洗衣房3.04（1）商店、展覽廳、車站、港口、機場大廳及其旅客等候室0.5（2）無固定座位的看臺0.35（1）健身房、演出舞臺4.0（2）舞廳4.06（1）書庫、檔案庫、貯藏室5.0（2）密集柜書庫12.07通風機房、電梯機房7.08汽車通道及停車庫：（1）單向

31、板樓蓋（板跨不小于2m）客車4.0消防車35.0（2）雙向板樓蓋和無梁樓蓋（柱網(wǎng)尺寸不小于6m×6m）客車0.6消防車20.09廚房（1）一般的2.0（2）餐廳的4.010浴室、廁所、盟洗室：（1）第1項中的民用建筑2.0（2）其他民用建筑0.511走廊、門廳、樓梯：（1）宿舍、旅館、醫(yī)院病房托兒所、幼兒園、住宅2.0（2）辦公樓、教室、餐廳、醫(yī)院門診部0.5（3）消防疏散樓梯，其他民用建筑3.50.70.

32、50.312陽臺：（1）一般情況0.5（2）當人群有可能密集時3.5注：1本表所給各項活荷載適用于一般使用條件，當使用荷載較大或情況特殊時，應按實際情況采用。2第6項書庫活荷載當書架高度大于2m時，書庫活荷載尚應按每米書架高度不小于2.5kN/m2確定。3第8項中的客車活荷載只適用于停放載人少于9人的客車；消防車活荷載是適用于滿載總重為300kN的大型車輛；當不符合本表的要求時，應將車輪的局部荷載按結(jié)構(gòu)效應的等效原則，換算為等效均布荷載。4第11項樓梯活荷載，對預制樓梯踏步平板，尚應按1.5kN集中荷載驗算。5本表各項荷載不包括隔墻自重和二次裝修荷載。對固定隔墻的自重應按恒荷

33、載考慮，當隔墻位置可靈活自由布置時，非固定隔墻的自重應取每延米長墻重（kN/m）的1/3作為樓面活荷載的附加值（kN/m2）計入，附加值不小于1.0kN/m2。設計樓面梁、墻、柱及基礎時，表2-1中的樓面活荷載標準值在下列情況下應乘以規(guī)定的折減系數(shù)。（1）設計樓面梁時的折減系數(shù)1）第1（1）項當樓面梁從屬面積超過25m2時，應取0.9；2）第1（2）7項當樓面梁從屬面積超過50m2時應取0.9；3）第8項對單向板樓蓋的次梁和槽形板的縱肋應取0.8；對單向板樓蓋的主梁應取0.6；對雙向板樓蓋的梁應取0.8；4）第912項應采用與所屬房屋類別相同的折減系數(shù)。（2）設計墻、柱和基礎時的折減系數(shù)1）第

34、1（1）項應按表2-2規(guī)定采用；2）第1（2）7項應采用與其樓面梁相同的折減系數(shù)；3）第8項對單向板樓蓋應取0.5；對雙向板樓蓋和無梁樓蓋應取0.8；4）第912項應采用與所屬房屋類別相同的折減系數(shù)。注：樓面梁的從屬面積應按梁兩側(cè)各延伸二分之一梁間距的范圍內(nèi)的實際面積確定。活荷載按樓層的折減系數(shù) 表2-2墻、柱、基礎計算截面以上的層數(shù)123456892020計算截面以上各樓層活荷載總和的折減系數(shù)1.00（0.90）0.850.700.650.600.55注：當樓面梁的從屬面積超過25m2時，應采用括號內(nèi)的系數(shù)。樓面結(jié)構(gòu)上的局部荷載可換算為等效均布活荷載。4屋面活荷載水平投影面上的屋面均布活荷載

35、，按表2-3采用。屋面均布活荷載，不應與雪荷載同時組合。屋面均布活荷載 表2-3項次類別標準值（kN/m2）組合值系數(shù)b頻遇值系數(shù)f準永久值系數(shù)q1不上人的屋面02上人的屋面2.03屋頂花園3.0注：1不上人的屋面，當施工或維修荷載較大時，應按實際情況采用；對不同結(jié)構(gòu)應按有關(guān)設計規(guī)范的規(guī)定，將標準值作0.2kN/m2的增減。2上人的屋面，當兼作其他用途時，應按相應樓面活荷載采用。3對于因屋面排水不暢、堵塞等引起的積水荷載，應采取構(gòu)造措施加以防止；必要時，應按積水的可能深度確定屋面活荷載。4屋頂花園活荷載不包括花圃土石等材料自重。5施工和檢修

36、荷載及欄桿水平荷載（1）設計屋面板、檀條、鋼筋混凝土挑檐、雨篷和預制小梁時，施工或檢修集中荷載（人和小工具的自重）應取1.0kN，并應在最不利位置處進行驗算。注：對于輕型構(gòu)件或較寬構(gòu)件，當施工荷載超過上述荷載時，應按實際情況驗算，或采用加墊板、支撐等臨時設施承受。當計算挑檐、雨篷承載力時，應沿板寬每隔1.0m取一個集中荷載；在驗算挑檐、雨篷傾覆時，應沿板寬每隔2.53.0m取一個集中荷載。（2）樓梯、看臺、陽臺和上人屋面等的欄桿頂部水平荷載，應按下列規(guī)定采用：1）住宅、宿舍、辦公樓、旅館、醫(yī)院、托兒所、幼兒園，應取0.5kN/m；2）學校、食堂、劇場、電影院、車站、禮堂、展覽館或體育館，應取1

37、.0kN/m。當采用荷載準永久組合時，可不考慮施工和檢修荷載及欄桿水平荷載。6動力系數(shù)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設計的動力計算，在有充分依據(jù)時，可將重物或設備的自重乘以動力系數(shù)后按靜力計算進行。搬運和裝卸重物以及車輛起動和剎車的動力系數(shù)，可采用1.11.3，其動力作用只考慮傳至樓板和梁。直升飛機在屋面上的荷載，也應乘以動力系數(shù)，對具有液壓輪胎起落架的直升飛機可取1.4；其動力荷載只傳至樓板和梁。7雪荷載屋面水平投影面上的雪荷載標準值，按下式計算：skrs0 （2-4）式中 sk雪荷載標準值（kN/m2）；r屋面積雪分布系數(shù)（表2-4）；s0基本雪壓（kN/m2）。基本雪壓可按全國基本雪壓圖（圖2-1）近似確定。

38、*;36 a nouzové záchranné plány pezkoumat systém zmny, cílem specifikace bezpenostní havárie havarijní plány managementu, perfektní havarijní plány systém, rozíené nouzové plány vdecké a cílené, a

39、 úinnost pohlaví, podle lidová republika íny praskla události mly metody a lidová republika íny bezpenostní metody a výroby bezpenostní havárie havarijní plány ízení pístupu (národní Ann vzení generál

40、 iní 17,), právních pedpis a naízeních, vyvinutý tento systém. Druhé, rozsah tato zásada platí pro nouzové pípravy, revize a revizní práce. Zatetí, vypracování pohotovostních plán na 1, píprav pohotov

41、ostních plán by mly splovat tyto základní poadavky: 1.1 v souladu s ustanoveními písluných zákon, pedpis, pravidel a norem; 1.2 v kombinaci s skutené situace organizace bezpenost produkce; 1.3 obsahují analýzu rizik podniku; 1.4 odpovdnost havar

42、ijní personál a organizace jasné a konkrétní opatení 1.5 má jasnou a konkrétní havarijní prevenci a nouzové postupy a odpovídající jeho schopnosti nouzové reakce; 1.6 jasné nouzových ochranných opatení a m

43、e splnit mimoádné poadavky projektu; 1.7 plán pro základní prvky je úplný, kompletní plán pílohy poskytnuté informace jsou pesné 1.8 plány a související nouzové vzájemný vztah. 2, projekt v souladu s píslu

44、nými zákony a pedpisy a výrobu a provoz výroby bezpenostní nehody havarijní píprav smrnice (dále jen pravidla), v kombinaci s nebezpeími, analýzy rizik a moností charakteristik nehod a vypracovat písluné pohotovostní plány. 3

45、, projektového oddlení nouzový systém pro komplexní havarijní plány, speciální havarijní plány a vlastní eení. 3.1 vechny druhy rizika pro firmu, komplexní havarijní plán formulované manaery spolenosti. Komplexn

46、7; popis aktivaního signálu patí organizace spolenosti a její odpovdnost za havarijní, pipravenost na systém a postupy pro reakci, prevenci nehod a nouzovou podporu, havarijní plány a cviení jako hlavní obsah. 3.2 u uritých druh rizik, poád

47、ané editelem Zhi rozvíjet konkrétní pohotovostních plán. Speciální pohotovostní plány, vetn analýzy rizik, moné nehody charakteristiky a nouzových organizace a odpovdnost, nouzové postupy a preventivní opatení, v pí

48、pad nouze a tak dále. 3.3 pro nebezpenjí klíové posty klíové pozice a klíových oblastí (vetn hlavních rizik), poádanéstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improv

49、e news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideol

50、ogical work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four winds"

51、; some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especia

52、lly based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the spirit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and impleme

53、ntation of ideas and initiatives. Second, work arrangements, and less supervision. Propaganda and ideological work is the objective, which needs to keep the continuity efforts deployed, but stressed in the work time, less supervision. For example, color weekends in the summer theatrical activities,

54、city square performances, urging townships, communities and rural areas shows the implementation is inadequate, insufficient cultural an educational role to play. Third base enough, master grass-less real. Propaganda and ideological work in the new situation of characteristics and regularity of enou

55、gh, deep enough for grass-roots public opinion Dynamics survey, for grass-roots typically drive less. For example, rural culture team active, . I'm not actively take the initiative to take up, the lack of spirit of daring to, resulting in some job had a lot of power, but no tangible results. Thi

56、rd, innovation, lack of motivation. Emancipation did not end, innovation does not exist. In practical work, not your head, previous work experience, lack of innovation initiatives, study on the characteristics of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation through, grip on grassroots ide

57、ological trends and changes are not deep, to promote new initiatives and explore new methods of ideological and cultural work is not much, and some lack of relevance and timeliness. 4, discipline, lowering, and hard work are lacking. While working and enterprising spirit down. No real solution to tr

58、eat yourself right, correctly treat past honors, their complacency, and work to see their scores more, less checking his own shortcomings, like to listen to the praise, satisfied face, online promotion, there are typical, and lack of high standards and strict requirements, the effect is real. Second

59、 hard drive less. On hard andstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the r

60、egulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four winds" some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study