初高中英語(yǔ)銜接課程講義：句子的成分和基本句型

1、第四章 句子的成分和基本句型句子成分：組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫作句子成分。英語(yǔ)的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分為：主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。一、主語(yǔ)表明句子里所談的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主語(yǔ)常用名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。例如:Lily likes her new bike.(名詞) 莉莉喜歡她的新自行車(chē)。He gets up early every day.(代詞) 他每天都起得很早。To learn English well is not easy.（不定式短語(yǔ)）學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不容易。二、謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，英語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)只能用動(dòng)詞

2、充當(dāng)。例如：We work hard.我們努力工作。The boy caught a bird. 那個(gè)男孩逮住一只鳥(niǎo)。He is my father. 他是我父親。They all look fine. 他們都很好。謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)方面必須保持一致。例如：I am reading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. We are reading.三、賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象。由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，和及物動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“做什么”。例如：Tom bought a story-book.（名詞）湯姆買(mǎi)了一本故事書(shū)。I saw

3、 him yesterday. （代詞）昨天我看到他了。He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短語(yǔ)）他想要一杯茶。直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫作間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ)。合稱(chēng)雙賓。例如：He gave me some ink . 他給了我一些墨水。間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ) Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老師給我媽講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)四、表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“怎么樣”，與連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)由名詞、形容詞、或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充

4、當(dāng)。例如：My sister is a nurse.（名詞）我的姐姐是一名護(hù)士。They were at home.（介詞短語(yǔ)）他們?cè)诩依铩he got angry. （形容詞）她生氣了。Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（數(shù)詞）她的祖父八十多歲了。五、定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是修飾名詞或代詞的，可以作定語(yǔ)的除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等。例如：This is a green cup.（形容詞）這是一個(gè)綠色的杯子。Are these students your classmates? （代詞）這些學(xué)生是你班的嗎？Winte

5、r is the coldest season of the year.（介詞短語(yǔ)）冬天是一年中最冷的季節(jié)。I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告訴你。The people here are very friendly.（副詞）這里的人們非常友好。注意：形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或副詞等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在被修飾的詞之后。六、狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、或副詞的，有的修飾全句?？梢宰鳡钫Z(yǔ)的主要是副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等。例如：You are quite right .（副詞） 你非常正

6、確。Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike. (介詞短語(yǔ)) 吳老師騎自行車(chē)上學(xué)校。She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介詞短語(yǔ)）她將于星期一到達(dá)北京。He stopped to have a look. （不定式短語(yǔ)）他停下來(lái)看了看。七、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后邊還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，意思才能夠完整。賓語(yǔ)和它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。例如：We call her Xiao Li. 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)You must keep the room clean and tidy. 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)John asked me to h

7、elp him with his Chinese. 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)句子成分巧記歌訣 主謂賓表定狀補(bǔ)， 七種成分記清楚。 句子主干主謂賓（表），枝葉成分定狀補(bǔ)。 定語(yǔ)修飾主賓表， 賓語(yǔ)之后常有補(bǔ)。 主謂人稱(chēng)數(shù)一致， 狀語(yǔ)位置最靈活。Exercises:指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。1We all study hard at English.A. 主語(yǔ) B. 謂語(yǔ) C. 賓語(yǔ)

8、 D.表語(yǔ)2Betty likes her new bike very much. A. 主語(yǔ) B.謂語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.表語(yǔ)3My brother is a policeman. A. 主語(yǔ) B.謂語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.表語(yǔ)4Were you at home last night? A.定語(yǔ) B.狀語(yǔ) C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語(yǔ)5Winter is the coldest season of the year. A 定語(yǔ) B.狀語(yǔ) C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語(yǔ)6He often walks in the park. A.定語(yǔ) B.狀語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.表語(yǔ)7Mary asked me to help her yest

9、erday.A.定語(yǔ) B.狀語(yǔ) C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語(yǔ)8He bought me a nice present last week. A.賓語(yǔ) B.直接賓語(yǔ) C.間接賓語(yǔ) D.賓補(bǔ)9His parents are doctors.A.賓語(yǔ) B.表語(yǔ) C.謂語(yǔ) D.定語(yǔ)10Ill get you some tea now.A.賓語(yǔ) B.直接賓語(yǔ) C.間接賓語(yǔ) D.賓補(bǔ)11My mother told us an interesting story last night.A.表語(yǔ) B.直接賓語(yǔ) C.間接賓語(yǔ) D.賓補(bǔ)12He has read the book twice.A.主語(yǔ) B.謂語(yǔ) C.表語(yǔ)

10、 D.賓語(yǔ)13They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表語(yǔ) B.謂語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.定語(yǔ)14Do you have something to eat ?A.狀語(yǔ) B.定語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.賓補(bǔ)15We made him our monitor.A.賓語(yǔ) B.定語(yǔ) C. 狀語(yǔ) D.賓補(bǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型： 由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）所構(gòu)成的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。根據(jù)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，簡(jiǎn)單句分為5種基本句型：1SV;（主語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞）I can swim. 我會(huì)游泳。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)（不及物動(dòng)詞）Everything changes. 萬(wàn)物

11、都在變。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)The plane has already arrived. 飛機(jī)已經(jīng)抵達(dá)。 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)2SVO;（主語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）I like English. 我喜歡英語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)They are reading books . 他們?cè)诳磿?shū)。主語(yǔ). 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)He bought a computer last week. 他上周買(mǎi)了臺(tái)電腦。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)3SVP;（主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)）My mother is a scientist. 我母親是個(gè)科學(xué)家。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)She looks young. 她看上去很年輕。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)The food tastes very d

12、elicious. 這食物嘗起來(lái)很香。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)4SVIODO;（主語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)）My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母親昨天給我買(mǎi)了本字典。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)Can you give me the math book? 你能給我那本數(shù)學(xué)書(shū)嗎？謂語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)Will you tell us something about your school life? 你給我講講你們的學(xué)習(xí)生活，好嗎？謂語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)5SVOOc;（主語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)） We must keep

13、 our classroom clean and tidy. 我們必須保持教室干凈、整潔。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible. 我母親要求我盡可能多地講英語(yǔ)。 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 剛才我聽(tīng)到她在房間里高興地唱著歌。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型巧記歌訣：英語(yǔ)句子萬(wàn)萬(wàn)千，五大句型把線牽。句型種類(lèi)看動(dòng)詞，后接成分是關(guān)鍵。系詞之后接表語(yǔ)，不及物后無(wú)需連。及物又可分三類(lèi)，單賓雙賓

14、最常見(jiàn)。還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，各種搭配記心間。Exercises:指出下列句子的基本類(lèi)型1They are listening.2My mother is fifty now.3I have bought three books.4My friend gave me a birthday present.5I painted the wall white.6The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.7They arrived at six oclock.8The map is on the wall9Children often

15、 sing this song.10Mr Wu teaches us English.11She showed her friends all her pictures.12I find him a lovely boy.請(qǐng)朗讀以下句子，劃分下列句子的成分，并指出他們分別屬于簡(jiǎn)單句中的哪種。1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.4. The new rule came out.5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.6. They can stop using plastic bags.7. What is particularly positive i